Complex and prolonged hypercoagulability in coronavirus disease 2019 intensive care unit patients: A thromboelastographic study.

BACKGROUND: A high number of thrombotic complications have been reported in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and appear to be related to a hypercoagulable state. Evidence regarding detection, management, and monitoring of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is still missing. We propose to describe the thrombus viscoelastic properties to investigate the mechanisms of hypercoagulability in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Thromboelastography (TEG) was performed in 24 consecutive patients admitted to a single intensive care unit for COVID-19 pneumonia, and 10 had a second TEG before being discharged alive from the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Compared with a group of 20 healthy participants, patients with COVID-19 had significantly decreased values of reaction time, coagulation time, and lysis index and increased values of α angle, maximum amplitude, clot strength, and coagulation index. Velocity curves were consistent with increased generation of thrombin. These values persisted in surviving patients despite their good clinical course. DISCUSSION: In patients with COVID-19, TEG demonstrates a complex and prolonged hypercoagulable state including fast initiation of coagulation and clot reinforcement, low fibrinolysis, high potential of thrombin generation, and high fibrinogen and platelet contribution. The antithrombotic strategy in patients with COVID-19 during intensive care hospitalisation and after discharge should be investigated in further studies.

Anesthesia during deployment of a military forward surgical unit in low income countries: A register study of 1547 anesthesia cases.

BACKGROUND: Military anesthesia meets unique logistical, technical, tactical, and human constraints, but to date limited data have been published on anesthesia management during military operations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe and analyze French anesthetic activity in a deployed military setting. METHODS: Between October 2015 and February 2018, all patients managed by Sainte-Anne Military Hospital anesthesiologists deployed in mission were included. Anesthesia management was described and compared with the same surgical procedures in France performed by the same anesthesia team (hernia repair, lower and upper limb surgeries). Demographics, type of surgical procedure, and surgical activity were also described. The primary endpoint was to describe anesthesia management during the deployment of forward surgical teams (FST). The secondary endpoint was to compare anesthesia modalities during FST deployment with those usually used in a military teaching hospital. RESULTS: During the study period, 1547 instances of anesthesia were performed by 11 anesthesiologists during 20 missions, totaling 1237 days of deployment in nine different theaters. The majority consisted of regional anesthesia, alone (43.5%) or associated with general anesthesia (21%). Compared with France, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of regional anesthesia in hernia repair, lower and upper limb surgeries during deployment. The majority of patients were civilians as part of medical support to populations. CONCLUSION: In the context of an austere environment, the use of regional anesthesia techniques predominated when possible. These results show that the training of military anesthetists must be complete, including anesthesia, intensive care, pediatrics, and regional anesthesia.

Management of septic shock in intermediate care unit.

BACKGROUND: While guidelines advocate goal-directed resuscitation based on timed bundles, the management of septic shock (SS) outside an ICU setting has been poorly studied in intermediate care units (IMCU). PATIENTS AND METHOD: We reviewed all cases of septic shock patients admitted to our IMCU between January 2013 and June 2014. The characteristics of sepsis, compliance of bundles, and outcomes were collected. The IMCU population was compared with the SS patients admitted to the ICU during the same period. The primary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of care in an IMCU. RESULTS: We treated 59 patients in the IMCU. Forty-three patients (73%) were fully managed in the IMCU and 16 patients (27%) were secondarily transferred to the ICU. In the first 3hours, the compliance to bundles was: blood cultures (95%), plasma lactate concentration (90%), vascular filling volume (1500ml (1000-2000)) and antibiotics (100%). A central venous line and an arterial catheter were inserted in 85% and 98.3% of the cases. At 24h, patients who were transferred to the ICU had higher lactate concentrations than the other patients (1.4±0.7mmol versus 2.9±3.4mmol; P=0.03). A 24 hours-SOFA score>4 was correlated with a transfer in ICU (OR 7,75 (95% CI 2.08-28,81; P=0.002)). CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrated the ability to manage SS patients solely in an IMCU. It showed that the SS resuscitation bundle can be successfully implemented outside the ICU. A lack of improvement at the 24th hour is associated with a transfer to the ICU.

Early-Onset Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Consequences in Cerebral Oxygenation and Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (EOVAP) occurs frequently in severe traumatic brain-injured patients, but potential consequences on cerebral oxygenation and outcome have been poorly studied. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, risk factors for, and consequences on cerebral oxygenation and outcome of EOVAP after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational study including all intubated TBI admitted in the trauma center. An EOVAP was defined as a clinical pulmonary infection score >6, and then confirmed by an invasive method. Patient characteristics, computed tomography (CT) scan results, and outcome were extracted from a prospective register of all intubated TBI admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Data concerning the cerebral oxygenation monitoring by PbtO2 and characteristics of EOVAP were retrieved from patient files. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to determine the risk factors of EOVAP and to describe the factors independently associated with poor outcome at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: During 7 years, 175 patients with severe TBI were included. The overall incidence of EOVAP was 60.6% (47.4/1000 days of ventilation). Significant risk factors of EOVAP were: therapeutic hypothermia (OR 3.4; 95% CI [1.2-10.0]), thoracic AIS score ≥3 (OR 2.4; 95% CI [1.1-5.7]), and gastric aspiration (OR 5.2, 95% CI [1.7-15.9]). Prophylactic antibiotics administration was a protective factor against EOVAP (OR 0.3, 95% CI [0.1-0.8]). EOVAP had negative consequences on cerebral oxygenation. The PbtO2 was lower during EOVAP: 23.5 versus 26.4 mmHg (p <0.0001), and there were more brain hypoxia episodes: 32 versus 27% (p = 0.03). Finally, after adjusting for confounders, an EOVAP was an independent factor associated with unfavorable neurologic functional outcome at the 1-year follow-up (OR 2.71; 95% CI [1.01-7.25]). CONCLUSIONS: EOVAP is frequent after a severe TBI (overall rate: 61%), with therapeutic hypothermia, severe thoracic lesion, and gastric aspiration as main risk factors. EOVAP had a negative impact on cerebral oxygenation measured by PbtO2 and was independently associated with unfavorable outcome at 1-year follow-up. This suggests that all precautions available should be taken to prevent EOVAP in this population.

Vittel criteria for severe trauma triage: Characteristics of over-triage.

AIM: Over-triage rates related to the use of Vittel criteria are unknown. We compared severe stable trauma patients with and without significant visceral injuries. STUDY DESIGN: A single-centre retrospective analysis of a single-centre prospective cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Trauma patients with at least one positive Vittel criterion from June 2010 to January 2012 in a level-1 trauma centre. Initial management included a systematic whole-body scanner. All significant lesions in stable trauma patients were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 252 trauma patients were admitted. One hundred and twenty were stable. In this group without vital distress, 72 (60%) had at least one occult lesion, 21 (17.5%) had an isolated orthopaedic injury and 27 (22.5%) had no injury. Thoracic injuries accounted for 44% of visceral injuries, abdominal for 17%, spinal for 16% and cerebral for 15%. Overall, the over-triage rate was 19%. Surgery for significant visceral injury was performed in 13 patients (18%) and arteriography in 4 patients (5.5%). Admission in an intensive care unit was required for 13 patients with occult injuries and for one patient without such a lesion (18% versus 2%, P=0.008). Hospital stays were longer in the group with visceral injuries (4±7 versus 9±8days; P=0.006). CONCLUSION: Vittel criteria use in trauma patients induces an acceptable over-triage rate. A large proportion of stable trauma patients have occult lesions. These visceral injuries frequently require special care. These data highlight the imperative need to transport major trauma patients immediately to a dedicated trauma centre and supports whole-body scanner use.

Lung ultrasound predicts interstitial syndrome and hemodynamic profile in parturients with severe preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: The role of lung ultrasound has never been evaluated in parturients with severe preeclampsia. The authors' first aim was to assess the ability of lung ultrasound to detect pulmonary edema in severe preeclampsia. The second aim was to highlight the relation between B-lines and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in a level-3 maternity during a 12-month period. Twenty parturients with severe preeclampsia were consecutively enrolled. Both lung and cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed before (n = 20) and after delivery (n = 20). Each parturient with severe preeclampsia was compared with a control healthy parturient. Pulmonary edema was determined using two scores: the B-pattern and the Echo Comet Score. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Lung ultrasound detected interstitial edema in five parturients (25%) with severe preeclampsia. A B-pattern was associated to increased mitral valve early diastolic peak E (116 vs. 90 cm/s; P = 0.05) and to increased E/E' ratio (9.9 vs. 6.6; P < 0.001). An Echo Comet Score of greater than 25 predicted an increase in filling pressures (E/E' ratio >9.5) with a sensitivity and specificity of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.00) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.92), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In parturients with severe preeclampsia, lung ultrasound detects both pulmonary edema and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. The finding of a B-pattern should restrict the use of fluid. However, these preliminary results are associations from a single sample. They need to be replicated in a larger, definitive study.

[Role of whole-body ultrasound in severe pre-eclampsia and post-partum hemorrhage]. / Pré-éclampsie sévère et hémorragie post-partum: apport de l'échographie « corps entier ¼

PURPOSE: Management of severe pre-eclamptic patients is a challenge for the staff on obstetrical wards. We demonstrate that ultrasound applied to several organs performed at a patient's bedside gave the information required for the patient's management, without the need to transfer her to the radiology department or to call external consultants. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 29-yr-old severely pre-eclamptic patient with HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, cytolysis, thrombopenia) presented, in the post-partum period, with an occult uterine hemorrhage diagnosed with bedside abdominal/pelvic ultrasound. Ultrasound was also used to insert a central venous catheter. After undergoing a hysterectomy to control hemorrhage and receiving activated factor VII, the patient recovered uneventfully. Hemodynamic management was optimized non-invasively using pulmonary and cardiac ultrasound, when the patient developed hemorrhagic shock followed by pulmonary edema. Volume replacement was guided by cardiac ultrasound findings, and we were able to detect incipient interstitial pulmonary edema and follow its course using pulmonary ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Practitioners must be aware of the role of whole-body ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of complex, multi-organ conditions such as pre-eclampsia. Moreover, ultrasound helps in the management of global hemodynamics. The training of anesthesiologists in a variety of ultrasound techniques should be encouraged.