ABSTRACT
Caiman latirostris is one of the two species of the order Crocodylia that inhabit Argentina and is considered a species of vital ecological and economic importance in the north-east of Argentina. In this region, pesticides are the most common contaminants in natural environments and wild caiman populations are subject to this contamination constantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects the main pesticides used in the region: glyphosate (GLY), cypermethrin (CYP) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) -based formulations, as well as the mixture of them, on C. latirostris juveniles under semi-controlled condition of exposure (ex-situ) during 75 days. One hundred yearling caimans (10-month-old) were equally distributed into five experimental groups (20 animals per group): a negative control (NC -tap water), GLY 2% (Roundup® Full II formulation -RU), CYP 0.12% (Atanor® formulation), CPF 0.8% (Lorsban® formulation), and a mixture of the three pesticides (Mx3: GLY 2% + CYP 0.12% + CPF 0.8%). We applied early warning biomarkers to detect damage induced by these chemicals in peripheral blood: activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), analysis of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), DNA damage and specific base oxidation through the standard and modified comet assay (CA), chromosome damage by micronucleus (MN) test and other nuclear abnormalities (NAs), hematological and growth parameters. Results showed a statistically significant increase in MN and NAs frequency, DNA damage, with an important contribution of base oxidation for all exposed groups compared to the NC. Total white blood cells count (TWBCC), and growth parameters showed effects mainly at the Mx3. The principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated more sensitivity for biomarkers associated to genetic damage, including base oxidation to DNA than LPO, antioxidant enzyme modulation, immunotoxicity or growth parameters, to detect pesticides effects, applied under conditions similar to that found in natural environments.
ABSTRACT
Se intentó optimizar la degradación de un residuo frigorífico por el sistema de barros activados, incorporando un liofilizado de bacterias y enzimas, para hallar un modelo matemático que la interprete. Se trabajó con reactor biológico aeróbico a escala de laboratorio, se realizaron ensayos con sistema convencional y con agregado de liofilizado al reactor
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels in surface water used either as recreational or drinking water source, and to estimate the relationship with bacteriological and physicochemical parameters determining water quality. This study was carried out during 22 months, in Santa Fe and Santo Tomé cities (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). Cryptosporidium from 100% of the recreational samples (44-2404 oocysts/100 l) and from 92% of water sources (< 20-539 oocysts/100 l) was detected, while Giardia was found in lower concentrations and frequencies: 72% (< 20-670 cysts/100 l) and 31% (< 20-65 cysts/100 l), respectively. Statistically significant relationships were found between these parasites and organic matter, turbidity and bacteriological indicators of contamination (Escherichia coli, streptococci, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). These relationships, however, vary according to the sampling place, the source and levels of contamination.
Subject(s)
Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Fresh Water/parasitology , Giardia/isolation & purification , Water Microbiology , Water Pollution , Animals , Argentina/epidemiology , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Seasons , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Swimming Pools , Water SupplyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels in surface water used either as recreational or drinking water source, and to estimate the relationship with bacteriological and physicochemical parameters determining water quality. This study was carried out during 22 months, in Santa Fe and Santo TomU cities (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). Cryptosporidium from 100 of the recreational samples (44-2404 oocysts/100 l) and from 92 of water sources (< 20-539 oocysts/100 l) was detected, while Giardia was found in lower concentrations and frequencies: 72 (< 20-670 cysts/100 l) and 31 (< 20-65 cysts/100 l), respectively. Statistically significant relationships were found between these parasites and organic matter, turbidity and bacteriological indicators of contamination (Escherichia coli, streptococci, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). These relationships, however, vary according to the sampling place, the source and levels of contamination.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Fresh Water/parasitology , Giardia/isolation & purification , Water Microbiology , Water Pollution , Argentina/epidemiology , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Seasons , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Swimming Pools , Water SupplyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels in surface water used either as recreational or drinking water source, and to estimate the relationship with bacteriological and physicochemical parameters determining water quality. This study was carried out during 22 months, in Santa Fe and Santo TomÚ cities (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). Cryptosporidium from 100 of the recreational samples (44-2404 oocysts/100 l) and from 92 of water sources (< 20-539 oocysts/100 l) was detected, while Giardia was found in lower concentrations and frequencies: 72 (< 20-670 cysts/100 l) and 31 (< 20-65 cysts/100 l), respectively. Statistically significant relationships were found between these parasites and organic matter, turbidity and bacteriological indicators of contamination (Escherichia coli, streptococci, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). These relationships, however, vary according to the sampling place, the source and levels of contamination.
Subject(s)
Animals , Fresh Water/parasitology , Cryptosporidium , Giardia , Water Microbiology , Water Pollution , Argentina , Enterococcus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Seasons , Streptococcus , Swimming Pools , Water SupplyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels in surface water used either as recreational or drinking water source, and to estimate the relationship with bacteriological and physicochemical parameters determining water quality. This study was carried out during 22 months, in Santa Fe and Santo Tomé cities (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). Cryptosporidium from 100
of the recreational samples (44-2404 oocysts/100 l) and from 92
of water sources (< 20-539 oocysts/100 l) was detected, while Giardia was found in lower concentrations and frequencies: 72
(< 20-670 cysts/100 l) and 31
(< 20-65 cysts/100 l), respectively. Statistically significant relationships were found between these parasites and organic matter, turbidity and bacteriological indicators of contamination (Escherichia coli, streptococci, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). These relationships, however, vary according to the sampling place, the source and levels of contamination.