Asociación entre la composición corporal y el rendimiento en 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test en futbolistas profesionales adultas de Chile / Association between Body Composition and Performance in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test in Adult Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Resumen Antecedentes: La participación de las mujeres en el fútbol se ha incrementado exponencialmente en los últimos años, por lo que integrar antecedentes basados en la evidencia en esta población, permite una mejor compresión y análisis del desempeño deportivo de atletas femeninas. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de asociación entre los indicadores de composición corporal y el rendimiento en test 30-15 IFT en futbolistas mujeres de primera división. Métodos: Participaron 29 jugadoras profesionales de un equipo de primera división de Chile. Se evaluó el test 30-15, se analizó la velocidad final alcanzada (VIFT) y se estimó el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx). La composición corporal (CC) fue estimada a través de antropometría y se analizó la talla, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), masa adiposa absoluta (MA) y relativa (PMA), masa muscular absoluta (MM) y relativa (PMM) y sumatoria de 6 pliegues (S6P). Para analizar el nivel de asociación, se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) con un alfa de 0.05. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones negativas débiles entre MA con VIFT (r = -0.384 y p = 0.04) y VO2máx (r = -0.375 y p = 0.45); correlaciones negativas moderadas entre S6P con VIFT (r = -0.476 y p = 0.009) y VO2máx (r=0.454 y p=0.013); correlaciones negativas moderadas entre IMC con VIFT (r = 0.401 y p = 0.031) y VO2máx (r = -0.379 y p = 0.043). No se hallaron correlaciones entre MM y PMM con VIFT o VO2máx. Conclusión: Es posible concluir que el rendimiento en el 30-15IFT presenta asociación con la composición corporal, específicamente con la MA, S6P e IMC en las jugadoras evaluadas.

Abstract Background: The participation of women in football has increased exponentially in recent years, so integrating evidence-based background in this population allows a better understanding and analysis of the sporting performance of female athletes. Objective: Determine the level of association between body composition indicators and performance in the 30-15 IFT test in first division female football players. Methods: 29 professional female players from a first division team in Chile participated. The 30-15 test was evaluated, the final velocity achieved (VIFT) was analyzed, and the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx) was estimated. Body composition (CC) was estimated through anthropometry and height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), absolute (AM) and relative (RM) adipose mass, absolute (MM) and relative (RMM) muscle mass, and 6-fold sum (S6P) were analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with an alpha of 0.05 was used to analyze the level of association. Results: Weak negative correlations were found between MA with VIFT (r = -0.384 and p = 0.04) and VO2máx (r = -0.375 and p = 0.45); moderate negative correlations between S6P with VIFT (r = -0.476 and p = 0.009) and VO2máx (r = 0.454 and p = 0.013); moderate negative correlations between BMI with VIFT (r = 0.401 and p = 0.031) and VO2máx (r = -0.379 and p = 0.043). No correlations were found between MM and PMM with VIFT or VO2máx. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that performance in the 30-15IFT is associated with body composition, specifically with MA, S6P, and BMI in players evaluated.

Microplastics pollution in tropical lakes: water, zooplankton, and fish in Central Mexico.

The presence of microplastics in freshwater systems can have harmful effects on the food chain. Zooplankton, especially suspension and filter feeders, can ingest microplastics, which can cause adverse effects and transfer them to higher trophic levels. Here, we analyze the presence, abundance, and distribution of microplastics in surface water, zooplankton, and fish in two tropical lakes in central Mexico. We collected water samples in triplicate at three sites in each lake and 120 fish of the genus Chirostoma. From each water sample, 300 rotifers and 150 microcrustaceans were randomly isolated and processed independently. Of the particles found in the water, zooplankton, and fish from both lakes, the fragments were the predominant ones. The total abundance of microplastics in the water column of both lakes varied between 1.2 and 17.0 items L-1. In zooplankton, fragments were found predominantly with up to 0.1 items ind-1, while in fish, up to 4.5 items ind-1 was recorded. Our results confirm the presence of microplastics in different compartments of the food webs of freshwater bodies, water column, zooplankton, and fish. Further work is required on the possible effects of these stressors at the different trophic levels.

Inter-annual variation in the microplastics abundance in feces of the Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) from the Selva Maya, México.

Microplastics (MPs) are found in a wide range of ecosystems, from the Arctic to the deep ocean. However, there is no data on their presence in terrestrial mammals that inhabit the Selva Maya. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of MPs in the feces of the Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) from the region of Calakmul, located in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. We analyzed 129 fecal samples collected during 2017 and 2018, obtaining 57 and 72 samples during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Sixty-eight percent of the samples contained 743 MPs with a mean of 19.3 ± 28.1 MPs/kg of dry weight (DW) feces in both years. An inter-annual variation in the average abundance of microplastic was observed during the two-year period (2017-2018), with a 72 % increase in these plastic particles in feces. Fourteen polymers were identified, with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PES) being the most abundant during both years. Although the effects of MPs on the health of tapirs are not known, their presence is cause for concern. There is an urgent need for the implementation of appropriate plastic waste management programs in communities of the Selva Maya to diminish the consumption of MPs in species including humans where they pose a significant risk to health. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: The use of plastics worldwide is increasing every day, so the presence of microplastics is and will continue to be a major environmental problem. It is known that contaminants can adhere to plastics, making them hazardous materials. Microplastics can contaminate remote areas such as Biosphere Reserves. Terrestrial species such as the tapir can ingest microplastics, putting their health at risk. Knowing the dispersion of microplastics is very important in order to manage them properly, taking into account their emission sources and type of polymer.

Effects of exergames on rehabilitation outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis. A systematic review.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of exergames on rehabilitation outcomes in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was reported according to the PRISMA statement. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in Pubmed, Scopus, WoS, CINAHL, and PEDro (inception to November 2023). Studies that applied non-immersive exergames and assessed physical, functional, cognitive, pain, and psychosocial outcomes were included. Comparisons were other exercise modalities and non-intervention. Methodological quality was assessed with PEDro scale, and risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with Cochrane RoB-2 tool. RESULTS: Eight studies were included (total of participants = 401). The mean PEDro score was 6.1, and seven studies had high RoB. Seven studies involved knee OA and one cervical OA. The most frequent duration for interventions was four weeks. Exergames were more effective than controls in at least one outcome in all studies. The outcomes for which exergames were most effective were functional disability, postural balance, muscle strength, proprioception, gait, range of motion, pain, quality of life, depression, and kinesiophobia. CONCLUSION: Non-immersive exergames constitute an effective strategy for optimizing several relevant outcomes in rehabilitation. However, more RCTs with high methodological quality are required to deepen the knowledge about the multidimensional effects of exergames in OA patients.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability, involving high health costs and a public health problem.Physical exercise has recently been recognized as a first-line treatment in OA to reduce symptomatology and to improve or maintain physical functioning and quality of life.Non-immersive exergames are a safe therapeutic strategy to improve functional disability, postural balance, muscle strength, proprioception, gait performance, range of motion, and pain in OA patients.Similarly, non-immersive virtual reality strategies contribute to the improvement of depression, kinesiophobia, and quality of life in people with OA.

Study of Lip Conditions Associated with Lip Print Patterns: A New Perspective on Cheiloscopy / Estudio de Afecciones Labiales Asociadas a sus Patrones de Huellas: Una Nueva Perspectiva en Queiloscopía

SUMMARY: Although almost all studies exclude lip conditions because they would affect furrow patterns, some authors maintain that they should be considered temporary or permanent disabilities, all of which require further research in this context.We present a study in which we associate lip conditions with lip print patterns to associate both morphological elements for fieldwork purposes. Fifty-seven women and 48 men aged between 19 and 38 years who resided in Temuco (Chile) were included. The lip conditions and their prints were recorded, and an analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification protocol (ACE-V) for lip prints was applied. Of the participants, 27.4 % had healthy lips, while 71.7 % had some type of condition. Although patterns related to temporary and permanent lip conditions were recognized in the lip prints in a non-significant way, the diagnosis of "healthy" or "altered" lip status could be made significantly by a calibrated examiner. Although these conditions do not represent identifying variables without empirical studies to validate them, they can affect the quality of the evaluated lip print; therefore, they should be recognized during the analyses considering the prevalence of these conditions.

Aunque casi todos los estudios excluyen las afecciones labiales pues afectarían los patrones de sus surcos y huellas, algunos autores sostienen que deben ser consideradas alteraciones temporales o permanentes, por lo que se requiere mayor investigación en este aspecto. Se presenta un estudio en el que se asocian afecciones labiales con sus patrones de huellas para evaluar conjuntamente ambos elementos morfológicos con fines de trabajo forense de campo. Se incluyeron 57 mujeres y 48 hombres con edades entre 19 y 38 años residentes en Temuco (Chile). Se registraron las afecciones de los labios y sus huellas, y se aplicó un protocolo de análisis, comparación, evaluación y verificación (ACE-V) para las huellas labiales. De los participantes, el 27,4 % tenía labios sanos, mientras que el 71,7 % presentaba algún tipo de afección. Aunque los patrones relacionados con afecciones labiales temporales y permanentes se reconocieron en las huellas labiales de manera no significativa, un examinador calibrado podría realizar significativamente el diagnóstico de estado labial "sano" o "alterado". Si bien estas condiciones no representan variables de identificación sin estudios empíricos que las validen, pueden afectar la calidad de la impresión labial evaluada; por lo tanto, deben ser reconocidos durante los análisis considerando la prevalencia de estas condiciones.

Consideraciones bioéticas en el manejo de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: Una aproximación al quehacer fonoaudiológico

Introducción: La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es la forma más común de enfermedad degenerativa de motoneurona en la edad adulta y es considerada una enfermedad terminal. Por lo mismo, el accionar del fonoaudiólogo debe considerar el respeto a los principios bioéticos básicos para garantizar una asistencia adecuada. Objetivo: Conocer aquellas consideraciones bioéticas relacionadas al manejo y estudio de personas con ELA para luego brindar una aproximación hacia el quehacer fonoaudiológico. Método: Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y SciELO. Se filtraron artículos publicados desde 2000 hasta junio de 2023 y fueron seleccionados aquellos que abordaban algún componente bioético en población con ELA. Resultados: Aspectos relacionados al uso del consentimiento informado y a la toma de decisiones compartidas destacaron como elementos esenciales para apoyar la autonomía de las personas. Conclusión: Una correcta comunicación y una toma de decisiones compartida son claves para respetar la autonomía de las personas. A su vez, la estandarización de procedimientos mediante la investigación clínica permitirá aportar al cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos de beneficencia y no maleficencia, indispensables para la práctica profesional.

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of degenerative motor neuron disease in adulthood and is considered a terminal disease. For this reason, the actions of the speech therapist must consider respect for basic bioethical principles to guarantee adequate assistance. Objective: To know those bioethical considerations related to the management and study of people with ALS to then provide an approach to speech therapy. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases. Articles published from 2000 to June 2023 were filtered and those that addressed a bioethical component in the population with ALS were selected. Results: Aspects related to the use of informed consent and shared decision-making stood out as essential elements to support people's autonomy. Conclusion: Proper communication and shared decision-making are key to respecting people's autonomy. In turn, the standardization of procedures through clinical research will contribute to compliance with the bioethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, essential for professional practice.

Control of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling by nitric oxide-dependent S-nitrosylation of Ca2+ homeostasis modulator 1 channels.

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes Ca2+ signaling play a central role in the modulation of neuronal function. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate released during an increase in synaptic activity triggers coordinated Ca2+ signals in astrocytes. Importantly, astrocytes express the Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-synthetizing enzymes eNOS and nNOS, which might contribute to the Ca2+ signals by triggering Ca2+ influx or ATP release through the activation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels or Ca2+ homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) channels. Hence, we aim to evaluate the participation of NO in the astrocytic Ca2+ signaling initiated by stimulation of mGluR in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat brain cortex. RESULTS: Astrocytes were stimulated with glutamate or t-ACPD and NO-dependent changes in [Ca2+]i and ATP release were evaluated. In addition, the activity of Cx43 hemichannels, Panx-1 channels and CALHM1 channels was also analyzed. The expression of Cx43, Panx-1 and CALHM1 in astrocytes was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis and both glutamate and t-ACPD induced NO-mediated activation of CALHM1 channels via direct S-nitrosylation, which was further confirmed by assessing CALHM1-mediated current using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus oocytes. Pharmacological blockade or siRNA-mediated inhibition of CALHM1 expression revealed that the opening of these channels provides a pathway for ATP release and the subsequent purinergic receptor-dependent activation of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx-1 channels, which further contributes to the astrocytic Ca2+ signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that activation of CALHM1 channels through NO-mediated S-nitrosylation in astrocytes in vitro is critical for the generation of glutamate-initiated astrocytic Ca2+ signaling.

Control of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling by nitric oxide-dependent S-nitrosylation of Ca2+ homeostasis modulator 1 channels

Background Astrocytes Ca2+ signaling play a central role in the modulation of neuronal function. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate released during an increase in synaptic activity triggers coordinated Ca2+ signals in astrocytes. Importantly, astrocytes express the Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-synthe-tizing enzymes eNOS and nNOS, which might contribute to the Ca2+ signals by triggering Ca2+ influx or ATP release through the activation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels or Ca2+ homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) channels. Hence, we aim to evaluate the participation of NO in the astrocytic Ca2+ signaling initiated by stimulation of mGluR in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat brain cortex. Results Astrocytes were stimulated with glutamate or t-ACPD and NO-dependent changes in [Ca2+]i and ATP release were evaluated. In addition, the activity of Cx43 hemichannels, Panx-1 channels and CALHM1 channels was also analyzed. The expression of Cx43, Panx-1 and CALHM1 in astrocytes was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis and both glutamate and t-ACPD induced NO-mediated activation of CALHM1 channels via direct S-nitrosylation, which was further confirmed by assessing CALHM1-mediated current using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus oocytes. Pharmacological blockade or siRNA-mediated inhibition of CALHM1 expression revealed that the opening of these channels provides a pathway for ATP release and the subsequent purinergic receptordependent activation of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx-1 channels, which further contributes to the astrocytic Ca2+ signaling. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that activation of CALHM1 channels through NO-mediated S-nitrosylation in astrocytes in vitro is critical for the generation of glutamate-initiated astrocytic Ca2+ signaling.

Burnout levels and associated factors among Intensive Care Unit workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unpredictable healthcare crisis with a high psychological burden on healthcare workers. Objective: To evaluate burnout levels and their associated demographics and occupational factors among intensive care unit healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in a single hospital in the city of Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional design in which a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services were sent to health care workers in a single Chilean Intensive Care Unit during the pandemic COVID-19. Burnout levels, demographic, and occupational factors are reported using descriptive statistics; correlations between burnout levels and demographic-occupational factors were analyzed using Spearman's and rank-biserial correlation coefficients; and multiple linear stepwise regression was used to assess the contribution of demographic and occupational factors to participants' burnout levels. Results: A total of 84 participants (46 women and 38 men) were included in the analysis. Depersonalization and low personal accomplishment were evidenced in 95.2% and 98.8% of the intensive care unit healthcare workers, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was positively correlated with having children ( = 0.72; < 0.01). Age ( = 0.79; < 0.05), sex ( = 0.30; < 0.05), and prior experience in intensive care unit facilities ( = 0.71; < 0.05) were correlated with depersonalization. Feeling of personal accomplishment was positively correlated with with sex ( = 0.70; < 0.05) and type of work shift ( = 0.29; < 0.01). Conclusions: The intensive care unit healthcare workers in this study reported high levels of depersonalization and low feelings of personal accomplishment during an advanced stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Older age, being female, having children, having intensive care unit experience, and working at 4th shift were factors related to burnout dimensions.

Mechanical Determinants of Sprinting and Change of Direction in Elite Female Field Hockey Players.

Profile determination in field hockey is critical to determining athletes' physical strengths and weaknesses, and is key in planning, programming, and monitoring training. This study pursued two primary objectives: (i) to provide descriptive data on sprinting, deceleration, and change of direction (COD) abilities and (ii) to elucidate the mechanical variables that influence sprint and COD performance in elite female field hockey players. Using radar and time-gate technology, we assessed performance and mechanical data from 30 m sprinting, deceleration, and COD tests for 26 elite female hockey players. A machine learning approach identified mechanical variables related to sprint and COD performance. Our findings offer a framework for athlete categorization and the design of performance-enhancing training strategies at the international level. Two pivotal mechanical variables-relative maximum horizontal force (F0) and maximum velocity (Vmax)-predominantly influence the times across all tested distances. However, the force-velocity profile (FVP) and horizontal deceleration do not influence the variance in the COD test outcomes. These insights can guide the design, adjustment, and monitoring of training programs, assisting coaches in decision making to optimize performance and mitigate injury risks for female hockey players.

Burnout levels and associated factors among Intensive Care Unit workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: a cross-sectional study / Niveles de Burnout y factores asociados en trabajadores de la unidad de cuidados intensivos en la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19 en Chile: estudio transversal

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unpredictable healthcare crisis with a high psychological burden on healthcare workers. OBJETIVE: To evaluate burnout levels and their associated demographics and occupational factors among intensive care unit healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in a single hospital in the city of Temuco, Chile. METHODS: A cross-sectional design in which a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services were sent to health care workers in a single Chilean Intensive Care Unit during the pandemic COVID-19. Burnout levels, demographic, and occupational factors are reported using descriptive statistics; correlations between burnout levels and demographic-occupational factors were analyzed using Spearman's and rank-biserial correlation coefficients; and multiple linear stepwise regression was used to assess the contribution of demographic and occupational factors to participants' burnout levels. RESULTS: A total of 84 participants (46 women and 38 men) were included in the analysis. Depersonalization and low personal accomplishment were evidenced in 95.2% and 98.8% of the intensive care unit healthcare workers, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was positively correlated with having children ( = 0.72; < 0.01). Age ( = 0.79; < 0.05), sex ( = 0.30; < 0.05), and prior experience in intensive care unit facilities ( = 0.71; < 0.05) were correlated with depersonalization. Feeling of personal accomplishment was positively correlated with with sex ( = 0.70; < 0.05) and type of work shift ( = 0.29; < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The intensive care unit healthcare workers in this study reported high levels of depersonalization and low feelings of personal accomplishment during an advanced stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Older age, being female, having children, having intensive care unit experience, and working at 4th shift were factors related to burnout dimensions.

Glucose Sensor Using Sol-Gel Coating Layer Deposited on PMMA Optical Fiber: An Enzyme Activity Measurement System.

In the present work, a biocatalytic glucose optical sensor produced by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) as a recognition molecule over a PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) optical fiber is introduced. An enzymatic encapsulation process was carried out using the sol-gel method, depositing a TEOS-based coating by immersion at the end of an optical fiber; the biosensor was characterized using different glucose levels. Finally, the best way to encapsulate the enzyme and prevent it from degrading is to perform the process at room temperature, and later implement the deposition of the coating on the fiber. The drying process was optimal below 8 °C.

Condición física de futbolistas adultos y jóvenes de un equipo profesional de Nicaragua / Condição física de jogadores de futebol adultos y juniores de uma equipe profissional na Nicaragua / Physical condition of adult and junior soccer players of a professional team in Nicaragua

En la actualidad, el fútbol es un deporte que demanda un alto desempeño físico, por lo que conocer las características de la condición física en las distintas categorías de desarrollo se hace fundamental para conducir un óptimo proceso de entrenamiento, de modo que, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la condición física de futbolistas de un club profesional de Nicaragua, según la categoría de edad en las cuales se desempeñaban. El presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo, de la condición física de 187 futbolistas, de edades entre 13 y 31 años, distribuidos por categoría según año de nacimiento y plantel profesional. El grupo PRO presenta mayor rendimiento en comparación a las categorías U13, U15, U17 y U21 (p < 0,001) en tiempo sprint lineal 10 metros (F = 71 y TE = 0,71), 30 metros (F = 85 y TE = 0,70), velocidad de tiro (F = 171 y TE = 0,81), Tiempo en test agilidad de Illinois (F = 77 y TE = 0,72) y metros recorridos en Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (F = 121 y TE = 0,73). Se puede concluir que existe un mayor rendimiento de los aspectos físicos por parte de las categorías de mayor edad. Estos resultados pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de rendimiento físico de jugadores jóvenes y adultos a nivel nacional de Nicaragua.

Currently, soccer is a sport that demands high physical performance, so knowing the characteristics of the physical condition of players in the different categories of development is essential for conducting an optimal training process. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the physical condition of soccer players from a professional club in Nicaragua, according to the age category in which they played. This is a descriptive and comparative study of the physical condition of 187 soccer players between the ages of 13 and 31, distributed by category, according to year of birth and the professional team they were on. The PRO group presented higher performance in comparison to the U13, U15, U17, and U21 categories (p<0.001) in the 10 meters linear sprint time (F=71 and TE=0.71), 30 meters linear sprint time (F=85 and TE=0.70), shooting speed (F=171 and TE=0.81), time in Illinois agility test (F=77 and TE=0.72), and in meters ran in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (F=121 and TE=0.73). The study shows that there is a higher performance of the older categories in the physical aspects. These results can serve as reference or comparison parameters of the physical performance of young and adult players at a national level in Nicaragua.

Atualmente, o futebol é um esporte que exige um alto desempenho físico, portanto, conhecer as características da condição física nas diferentes categorias de desenvolvimento é essencial para conduzir um processo de treinamento ideal, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a condição física dos jogadores de futebol de um clube profissional na Nicarágua, de acordo com a categoria etária em que jogaram. Este é um estudo descritivo e comparativo da condição física de 187 jogadores de futebol entre 13 e 31 anos, distribuídos por categoria de acordo com o ano de nascimento e equipe profissional. O grupo PRO apresentou melhor desempenho em comparação com as categorias U13, U15, U17 e U21 (p<0,001) em tempo de sprint linear 10 metros (F=71 e TE=0.71), 30 metros (F=85 e TE=0,70), velocidade de tiro (F=171 e TE=0.81), tempo em teste de agilidade illinois (F=77 e TE=0.72) e metros corridos em Yo-Yo de nível de recuperação intermitente 1 (F=121 e TE=0.73). Pode-se concluir que há um maior desempenho dos aspectos físicos por parte das categorias mais antigas. Estes resultados podem servir como parâmetros de referência ou comparação do desempenho físico de jogadores jovens e adultos a nível nacional na Nicarágua.

Efectos en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores profesionales de fútbol / Effects on the wellness state in period of confinement due to COVID-19 in professional soccer players

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue conocer las alteraciones en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores de fútbol profesional de la primera división B de Chile. Participaron 28 jugadores profesionales de fútbol varones, edad 26 ± 6.3 años, masa corporal de 74.2 ± 5.5 kg y estatura de 177 ± 0.05 cm. Se evaluó el grado de bienestar a través de un cuestionario (McLean et al., 2010) durante periodo competitivo y periodo de confinamiento de la temporada 2020. Se muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre el periodo competitivo y el periodo de confinamiento, en FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08) y T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Se reflejaron TE pequeños en las variables EA y DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectivamente), moderados en FT y SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectivamente) y muy grandes en ES y T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectivamente). Los PC y CV entre periodos para las variables de bienestar fueron para FT 11% y 11.6%, para DM 5.3% y 13.1%, para SO 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% y 5.9, para EA 3.9%; 5.2%, y finalmente para T 8.1% y 4.0% respectivamente. Es posible concluir que el estado de bienestar en jugadores profesionales de fútbol se ve alterado en el periodo de confinamiento respecto al de competición, encontrándose cambios significativos en las variables FT, SO, ES y T, que coincidieron con los cambios de moderados a muy grandes de estas mismas variables, como también los PC fueron más grandes que el CV entre periodos; por lo que podríamos considerar estos cambios como reales, y que pudiesen ser un efecto atribuible al aislamiento obligatorio.

Abstract This study aimed to find changes in the wellness state, during the confinement period due to COVID-19, in professional soccer players from the first division B of Chile. The studied sample consisted of 28 professional male soccer players aged 26 ± 6.3 years, body mass 74.2 ± 5.5 kg, and height 177 ± 0.05 cm. The degree of well-being was evaluated through a questionnaire (McLean et al., 2010) during the 2020 competitive and confinement periods. Statistically, significant differences (p <0.05) between the competitive period and the confinement period are shown in FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08), and T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Small TE were reflected in the variables EA and DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectively), moderate in FAT and SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectively), and very large in ES and T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectively). The CP and CV between periods for the well-being variables were the following: for FAT, 11% and 11.6%, for DM, 5.3% and 13.1%; for SO, 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% and 5.9, for EA 3.9%; 5.2%, and finally for T 8.1% and 4.0% respectively. It is possible to conclude that the state of well-being in professional soccer players is altered in the period of confinement with respect to that of competition, finding significant changes in the variables FT, SO, ES, and T, which coincided with the changes from moderate to very large of these same variables, as well as the PC were larger than the CV between periods. Therefore, we could consider these changes as real, and they could be an effect attributable to the mandatory isolation.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as alterações no estado de bem-estar no período de confinamento devido à COVID-19 entre jogadores profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão B do Chile. Vinte e oito jogadores profissionais de futebol masculino participaram, com idade de 26 ± 6,3 anos, massa corporal de 74,2 ± 5,5 kg e altura de 177 ± 0,05 cm. O grau de bem-estar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário (McLean et al., 2010) durante os períodos competitivos e de confinamento da temporada 2020. Forma demonstradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre o período competitivo e o de confinamento, em FT (t = 2,5; p = 0,0), SO (t = 2,71; p = 0,01), ES (t = 5,07; p = 0,0), EA (t = 1,82; p = 0,08) e T (t = 4,87; p = 0,0). TE pequenos foram refletidos nas variáveis EA e DM (d = 0,7; d = 0,4 respectivamente), moderados em FT e SO (d = 1,0; d = 1,2 respectivamente) e muito grandes em ES e T (d = 2,1; d = 2,0 respectivamente). O PC e o CV entre períodos para as variáveis de bem-estar foram para FT 11% e 11,6%, para DM 5,3% e 13,1%, para SO 9,3%; 7,5%, ES 11,6% e 5,9, para EA 3,9%; 5,2%, e finalmente para T 8,1% e 4,0% respectivamente. É possível concluir que o estado de bem-estar dos jogadores de futebol profissional ficou alterado no período de confinamento em relação ao período de competição, encontrando alterações significativas nas variáveis FT, SO, ES e T, que coincidiram com alterações moderadas a muito grandes nestas mesmas variáveis, assim como o PC foi maior que o CV entre períodos; desta forma, poderíamos considerar estas alterações como reais, e que poderiam ser um efeito atribuível ao isolamento obrigatório.

Efectividad de ejercicios para rehabilitar la disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un accidente cerebrovascular: una revisión integradora / Effectiveness of exercises to rehabilitate oropharyngeal dysphagia after stroke: an integrative review

Introducción. La selección del tratamiento para pacientes con disfagia debe ba-sarse en evidencia con la mejor calidad posible. Este tratamiento puede involucrar ejercicios de rehabilitación con el objetivo de modificar la fisiología de la deglución y promover cambios a largo plazo.Objetivo. Explorar los efectos de ejercicios y maniobras destinadas a la reactivación de la función de deglución en personas con disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un acci-dente cerebrovascular, a través de publicaciones científicas existentes en los últimos diez años.Metodología. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed con los términos MeSH "Deglutition Disorders" y "Exercise Therapy", y con los términos libres "Dysphagia" y "Swallowing Therapy", combinados con el booleano de intersección "AND".Resultados. Los ejercicios con entrenamiento de resistencia de lengua al paladar, entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular espiratoria (EMST), chin tuck contra resisten-cia (CTAR), Shaker y apertura mandibular fueron los que mostraron, con mayor respaldo bibliográfico, efectos positivos en el tratamiento de la disfagia. Conclusiones. La información recopilada podría ser de utilidad clínica para guiar la selección de uno u otro procedimiento terapéutico. Se debe continuar generando evidencia relacionada con la efectividad de los ejercicios deglutorios en la disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un ACV

Introduction. The treatment selection for patients with dysphagia should be based on the best possible quality evidence. This treatment may involve rehabili-tative exercises with the aim of modifying swallowing physiology and promoting long-term changes.Objective. To explore the effects of exercises and maneuvers aimed at reactivating swallowing function in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia after a stroke, through existing scientific publications from the last ten years.Methodology. A literature review was carried out in the PubMed databases with the MeSH terms "Deglutition Disorders" and "Exercise Therapy", and with the free terms "Dysphagia" and "Swallowing Therapy", combined with the Boolean inter-section "AND".Results. The tongue-to-palate resistance training exercises, expiratory muscle strength training (EMST), chin tuck against resistance (CTAR), Shaker, and jaw opening were those that showed, with greater bibliographic support, positive effects in the treatment of dysphagia.Conclusions. The information collected could be of clinical utility to guide the selection of one or another therapeutic procedure. Evidence should continue to be generated regarding the effectiveness of swallowing exercises in oropharyngeal dys-phagia after stroke

Vínculo entre composición corporal, sprint y salto vertical en futbolistas jóvenes de élite de Chile / Link Between Body Composition, Sprint and Vertical Jump in Young Elite Soccer Players from Chile

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las relaciones entre indicadores de composición corporal y rendimiento físico en jugadores jóvenes de élite y determinar si existen diferencias entre posiciones de juego y series. La muestra fue de futbolistas seleccionados Sub-15 (n=24) y Sub-17 (n=20) varones, divididos por posición de juego. Se evaluaron indicadores composición corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) y porcentaje de masa muscular (%MM). Se evaluaron salto desde sentadilla (SJ), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), velocidad lineal en 10 (T10) y 30 metros (T30). Se relacionaron variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico, y se buscaron diferencias entre posiciones de juego y entre categorías. Se hallaron grandes asociaciones significativas en la categoría Sub-15 entre %MM con SJ y CMJ, y moderadas entre %MG con T10, SJ y CMJ. En Sub-17 una asociación significativa grande entre %MM y T30, y entre %MG y T30. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en %MG en la categoría Sub-17, entre los arqueros vs defensas y delanteros. Se encontraron diferencias significativas moderadas en %MM entre categorías y diferencias muy grandes en T10 y T30, y una diferencia moderada en SJ. Es posible concluir que la composición corporal %MM y %MG se relaciona con el rendimiento físico. Además, existen diferencias en %MG entre los arqueros vs los jugadores de campo y diferencias en las variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico entre jugadores Sub-17 y sub-15. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de jugadores jóvenes a nivel nacional en la detección de talentos.

Abstract The study aimed to know the relationships between indicators of body composition and physical performance in elite young players and determine if there are differences between playing positions and series. The sample was of selected U-15 (n=24) and U-17 (n=20) male players, divided by playing position. Body composition, fat mass percentage (%MG), and muscle mass percentage (%MM) indicators were evaluated. Also, Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), linear velocity in 10 (T10) and 30 meters (T30) were evaluated. Body composition and physical performance variables were related, and differences between playing positions and between categories were sought. Significant large associations were found in the U-15 category between %MM with SJ and CMJ and moderate associations between %MG with T10, SJ, and CMJ. In the U-17 category, a significant large association was found between %MM and T30 and between %MG and T30. Significant differences in %MG were found in the U-17 category between goalkeepers vs. defenders and forwards. Moderate significant differences were found in %MM between categories and very large differences in T10 and T30, and a moderate difference in SJ. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the body composition %MM and %MG is related to physical performance. In addition, there are differences in %MG between goalkeepers vs. outfield players and differences in body composition and physical performance variables between U-17 and U-15 players. The results obtained can be used as a reference or as parameters for comparing young players at the national level in the detection of talent.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer as relações entre indicadores de composição corporal e desempenho físico em jovens jogadores de elite e verificar se existem diferenças entre posições de jogo e séries. A amostra foi composta por jogadores de futebol masculino sub-15 (n = 24) e sub-17 (n = 20) selecionados, divididos por posição de jogo. Foram avaliados indicadores de composição corporal, percentual de massa gorda (% MG) e percentual de massa muscular (% MM). Foram avaliados o salto de agachamento (SJ), salto de contra movimento (CMJ), velocidade linear a 10 (T10) e 30 metros (T30). Variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico foram relacionadas, e diferenças entre as posições de jogo e entre as categorias foram pesquisadas. Grandes associações significativas foram encontradas na categoria de menores de 15 anos entre% MM com SJ e CMJ, e moderadas entre% MG com T10, SJ e CMJ. Em Sub-17, uma grande associação significativa entre% MM e T30 e entre% MG e T30. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na % MG na categoria Sub-17, entre goleiros x zagueiros e atacantes. Diferenças moderadas significativas foram encontradas em % MM entre as categorias e diferenças muito grandes em T10 e T30, e uma diferença moderada em SJ. É possível concluir que a composição corporal % MM e% MG está relacionada ao desempenho físico. Além disso, há diferenças na % MG entre goleiros e jogadores de campo e diferenças nas variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico entre jogadores Sub-17 e Sub-15. Os resultados obtidos podem servir de referência ou parâmetro de comparação de jovens jogadores a nível nacional para a detecção de talentos.

Generation of Talbot-like fields.

We present an integral of diffraction based on particular eigenfunctions of the Laplacian in two dimensions. We show how to propagate some fields, in particular a Bessel field, a superposition of Airy beams, both over the square root of the radial coordinate, and show how to construct a field that reproduces itself periodically in propagation, i.e., a field that renders the Talbot effect. Additionally, it is shown that the superposition of Airy beams produces self-focusing.