NKX2-5 regulates vessel remodeling in scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.

NKX2-5 is a member of the homeobox-containing transcription factors critical in regulating tissue differentiation in development. Here, we report a role for NKX2-5 in vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation in vitro and in vascular remodeling in vivo. NKX2-5 is upregulated in scleroderma patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Suppression of NKX2-5 expression in smooth muscle cells halted vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration, enhanced contractility, and blocked the expression of extracellular matrix genes. Conversely, overexpression of NKX2-5 suppressed the expression of contractile genes (ACTA2, TAGLN, CNN1) and enhanced the expression of matrix genes (COL1) in vascular smooth muscle cells. In vivo, conditional deletion of NKX2-5 attenuated blood vessel remodeling and halted the progression to hypertension in a mouse chronic hypoxia model. This study revealed that signals related to injury such as serum and low confluence, which induce NKX2-5 expression in cultured cells, is potentiated by TGF-ß and further enhanced by hypoxia. The effect of TGF-ß was sensitive to ERK5 and PI3K inhibition. Our data suggest a pivotal role for NKX2-5 in the phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells during pathological vascular remodeling and provide proof of concept for therapeutic targeting of NKX2-5 in vasculopathies.

Controlling product selectivity during dioxygen reduction with Mn complexes using pendent proton donor relays and added base.

The catalytic reduction of dioxygen (O2) is important in biological energy conversion and alternative energy applications. In comparison to Fe- and Co-based systems, examples of catalytic O2 reduction by homogeneous Mn-based systems is relatively sparse. Motivated by this lack of knowledge, two Mn-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) containing a bipyridine-based non-porphyrinic ligand framework have been developed to evaluate how pendent proton donor relays alter activity and selectivity for the ORR, where Mn(p-tbudhbpy)Cl (1) was used as a control complex and Mn(nPrdhbpy)Cl (2) contains a pendent -OMe group in the secondary coordination sphere. Using an ammonium-based proton source, N,N'-diisopropylethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, we analyzed catalytic activity for the ORR: 1 was found to be 64% selective for H2O2 and 2 is quantitative for H2O2, with O2 binding to the reduced Mn(ii) center being the rate-determining step. Upon addition of the conjugate base, N,N'-diisopropylethylamine, the observed catalytic selectivity of both 1 and 2 shifted to H2O as the primary product. Interestingly, while the shift in selectivity suggests a change in mechanism for both 1 and 2, the catalytic activity of 2 is substantially enhanced in the presence of base and the rate-determining step becomes the bimetallic cleavage of the O-O bond in a Mn-hydroperoxo species. These data suggest that the introduction of pendent relay moieties can improve selectivity for H2O2 at the expense of diminished reaction rates from strong hydrogen bonding interactions. Further, although catalytic rate enhancements are observed with a change in product selectivity when base is added to buffer proton activity, the pendent relays stabilize dimer intermediates, limiting the maximum rate.

Core Outcome Set for IgE-mediated food allergy clinical trials and observational studies of interventions: International Delphi consensus study 'COMFA'.

BACKGROUND: IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) is a global health concern with substantial individual and societal implications. While diverse intervention strategies have been researched, inconsistencies in reported outcomes limit evaluations of FA treatments. To streamline evaluations and promote consistent reporting, the Core Outcome Measures for Food Allergy (COMFA) initiative aimed to establish a Core Outcome Set (COS) for FA clinical trials and observational studies of interventions. METHODS: The project involved a review of published clinical trials, trial protocols and qualitative literature. Outcomes found as a result of review were categorized and classified, informing a two-round online-modified Delphi process followed by hybrid consensus meeting to finalize the COS. RESULTS: The literature review, taxonomy mapping and iterative discussions with diverse COMFA group yielded an initial list of 39 outcomes. The iterative online and in-person meetings reduced the list to 13 outcomes for voting in the formal Delphi process. One more outcome was added based on participant suggestions after the first Delphi round. A total of 778 participants from 52 countries participated, with 442 participating in both Delphi rounds. No outcome met a priori criteria for inclusion, and one was excluded as a result of the Delphi. Thirteen outcomes were brought to the hybrid consensus meeting as a result of Delphi and two outcomes, 'allergic symptoms' and 'quality of life' achieved consensus for inclusion as 'core' outcomes. CONCLUSION: In addition to the mandatory reporting of adverse events for FA clinical trials or observational studies of interventions, allergic symptoms and quality of life should be measured as core outcomes. Future work by COMFA will define how best to measure these core outcomes.

Metal-Free Homogeneous O2 Reduction by an Iminium-Based Electrocatalyst.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for alternative energy and industrial oxidation processes. Herein, an iminium-based organoelectrocatalyst (im+) for the ORR with trifluoroacetic acid as a proton source in acetonitrile solution under both electrochemical and spectrochemical conditions using decamethylferrocene as a chemical reductant is reported. Under spectrochemical conditions, H2O2 is the primary reaction product, while under electrochemical conditions H2O is produced. This difference in selectivity is attributed to the interception of the free superoxide intermediate under electrochemical conditions by the reduced catalyst, accessing an alternate inner-sphere pathway.

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients.

Prolonged infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in immunocompromised patients provides an opportunity for viral evolution, potentially leading to the generation of new pathogenic variants. To investigate the pathways of viral evolution, we carried out a study on five patients experiencing prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection (quantitative polymerase chain reaction-positive for 79-203 days) who were immunocompromised due to treatment for lymphoma or solid organ transplantation. For each timepoint analyzed, we generated at least two independent viral genome sequences to assess the heterogeneity and control for sequencing error. Four of the five patients likely had prolonged infection; the fifth apparently experienced a reinfection. The rates of accumulation of substitutions in the viral genome per day were higher in hospitalized patients with prolonged infection than those estimated for the community background. The spike coding region accumulated a significantly greater number of unique mutations than other viral coding regions, and the mutation density was higher. Two patients were treated with monoclonal antibodies (bebtelovimab and sotrovimab); by the next sampled timepoint, each virus population showed substitutions associated with monoclonal antibody resistance as the dominant forms (spike K444N and spike E340D). All patients received remdesivir, but remdesivir-resistant substitutions were not detected. These data thus help elucidate the trends of emergence, evolution, and selection of mutational variants within long-term infected immunocompromised individuals. IMPORTANCE: SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a global pandemic, driven in part by the emergence of new viral variants. Where do these new variants come from? One model is that long-term viral persistence in infected individuals allows for viral evolution in response to host pressures, resulting in viruses more likely to replicate efficiently in humans. In this study, we characterize replication in several hospitalized and long-term infected individuals, documenting efficient pathways of viral evolution.

Association between adverse pregnancy outcome and placental biomarkers in the first trimester: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the inter-relationships between five first-trimester biomarkers (pregnancy associated plasma protein A [PAPP-A], alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], beta human chorionic gonadotrophin [beta-hCG], placenta growth factor [PlGF] and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 [sFlt-1]) and a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of nulliparous singleton pregnancy. SETTING: Cambridge, UK. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 4056 pregnancy outcome prediction study participants. METHODS: The biomarker concentrations were measured in maternal serum at ~12 weeks of gestation. Univariable analysis of APOs was performed using logistic regression. Multivariable analysis used best subsets logistic regression with cross-validation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pre-eclampsia (PE), small for gestational age (SGA), including severe SGA (birthweight <3rd), fetal growth restriction (FGR), preterm birth (PTB, both induced and spontaneous [iPTB and sPTB, respectively]), pre-viable loss and stillbirth, plus combinations of outcomes. RESULTS: Lower values of PAPP-A, PlGF and sFlt-1 and higher values of AFP were associated with FGR (OR for 1 SD higher value 0.59 [95% CI 0.48-0.74], OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.44-0.70], OR 0.68 [95% CI 0.54-0.87] and OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.25-1.88]), severe SGA (OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.49-0.72], OR 0.71 [95% CI 0.57-0.87], OR 0.74 [95% CI 0.60-0.91] and OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.17-1.71]), sPTB (OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.50-0.73], OR 0.79 [95% CI 0.66-0.96], OR 0.57 [95% CI 0.47-0.70] and OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.18-1.67]) and iPTB (OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.57-0.91], OR 0.62 [95% CI 0.49-0.78], OR 0.71 [95% CI 0.56-0.90] and OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.16-1.78]), respectively. When combinations of biomarkers were assessed, PAPP-A and AFP were independently associated with severe SGA; PAPP-A alone with PE + PTB; PlGF alone with severe PE; PlGF, beta-hCG, AFP and PAPP-A with the combination of PE and SGA; AFP and sFlt-1 with sPTB; and AFP and PlGF with iPTB. CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of first-trimester placental biomarkers are associated with APOs. However, the patterns vary for different types of APO, indicating heterogeneity in the underlying pathophysiological pathways.

Analysis of vector genome integrations in multicentric lymphoma after AAV gene therapy in a severe hemophilia A dog.

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have traditionally been viewed as predominantly nonintegrating, with limited concerns for oncogenesis. However, accumulating preclinical data have shown that AAV vectors integrate more often than previously appreciated, with the potential for genotoxicity. To understand the consequences of AAV vector integration, vigilance for rare genotoxic events after vector administration is essential. Here, we investigate the development of multicentric lymphoma in a privately owned dog, PC9, with severe hemophilia A that was treated with an AAV8 vector encapsidating a B domain-deleted canine coagulation F8 gene. PC9 developed an aggressive B cell lineage multicentric lymphoma 3.5 years after AAV treatment. Postmortem analysis of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes showed the expected biodistribution of the AAV genome. Integration events were found both in PC9 and a second privately owned hemophilia A dog treated similarly with canine F8 gene transfer, which died of a bleeding event without evidence of malignancy. However, we found no evidence of expanded clones harboring a single integration event, indicating that AAV genome integrations were unlikely to have contributed to PC9's cancer. These findings suggest AAV integrations occur but are mostly not genotoxic and support the safety profile of AAV gene therapy.

Placental Streptococcus agalactiae DNA is associated with neonatal unit admission and foetal pro-inflammatory cytokines in term infants.

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus; GBS) is a common cause of sepsis in neonates. Previous work detected GBS DNA in the placenta in ~5% of women before the onset of labour, but the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Here we re-analysed this dataset as a case control study of neonatal unit (NNU) admission. Of 436 infants born at term (≥37 weeks of gestation), 7/30 with placental GBS and 34/406 without placental GBS were admitted to the NNU (odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-7.8). We then performed a validation study using non-overlapping subjects from the same cohort. This included a further 239 cases of term NNU admission and 686 term controls: 16/36 with placental GBS and 223/889 without GBS were admitted to the NNU (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.6). Of the 36 infants with placental GBS, 10 were admitted to the NNU with evidence of probable but culture-negative sepsis (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.2-10.3), 2 were admitted with proven GBS sepsis (OR 66.6, 95% CI 7.3-963.7), 6 were admitted and had chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the foetal membranes) (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.0-13.4), and 5 were admitted and had funisitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) (OR 6.7, 95% CI 12.5-17.7). Foetal cytokine storm (two or more pro-inflammatory cytokines >10 times median control levels in umbilical cord blood) was present in 36% of infants with placental GBS DNA and 4% of cases where the placenta was negative (OR 14.2, 95% CI 3.6-60.8). Overall, ~1 in 200 term births had GBS detected in the placenta, which was associated with infant NNU admission and morbidity.

Occupational impacts of early inflammatory arthritis: results from the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory arthritis (IA) causes significant work disability. Studies frequently fail to report important contextual information such as employment type. Our objective was to explore work participation, by gender and occupation type in early IA. METHODS: Data are from the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit between 2018 and 2020. At diagnosis, clinicians collected information on demographics, IA disease activity and working status. Participants completed patient-reported outcomes at baseline, 3- and 12-months, including occupation and Work Productivity Activity Impairment (WPAI). Descriptive analyses of work participation and WPAI scores by occupational class at all timepoints were performed. Regression models examined associations between WPAI score and occupation. FINDINGS: 12 473 people received a diagnosis of IA and reported employment status, amongst whom 5,999 (47%) were in paid-work at least 20-h/week. At diagnosis, the working cohort had statistically significant lower measures of disease activity (p< 0.001). Occupation data were available for 3,694 individuals. At diagnosis, 2,793 completed a WPAI; 200 (7.2%) had stopped work and 344 (12.3%) changed jobs because of IA symptoms. There was a high burden of absenteeism (30%) and presenteeism (40%). Compared with managerial or professional workers, the burden of work disability was greater amongst those in routine (manual) occupations. During follow-up, 9.4% of WPAI completers had stopped work and 14.6% had changed roles. Work dropout occurred almost entirely amongst people doing routine jobs. CONCLUSION: IA associates with work disability within 12 months of diagnosis. It is easier to retain work in certain employment sectors. Participation in routine jobs is more affected, which may widen health inequalities.

Objective measures of smoking and caffeine intake and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In pregnancy, women are encouraged to cease smoking and limit caffeine intake. We employed objective definitions of smoking and caffeine exposure to assess their association with adverse outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a case cohort study within the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction study to analyse maternal serum metabolomics in samples from 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks of gestational age. Objective smoking status was defined based on detectable cotinine levels at each time point and objective caffeine exposure was based on tertiles of paraxanthine levels at each time point. We used logistic and linear regression to examine the association between cotinine, paraxanthine and the risk of pre-eclampsia, spontaneous pre-term birth (sPTB), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus and birthweight. RESULTS: There were 914 and 915 women in the smoking and caffeine analyses, respectively. Compared with no exposure to smoking, consistent exposure to smoking was associated with an increased risk of sPTB [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.14 to 5.85)] and FGR (aOR = 4.07, 95% CI: 2.14 to 7.74) and lower birthweight (ß = -387 g, 95% CI: -622 g to -153 g). On univariate analysis, consistently high levels of paraxanthine were associated with an increased risk of FGR but that association attenuated when adjusting for maternal characteristics and objective-but not self-reported-smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: Based on objective data, consistent exposure to smoking throughout pregnancy was strongly associated with sPTB and FGR. High levels of paraxanthine were not independently associated with any of the studied outcomes and were confounded by smoking.

Anthropological and sociological perspectives on food allergy.

This review explores the anthropological and sociological literature on food allergy and identifies four primary areas of research to date. The first explores the relationality and management of risk, uncertainty and stigma among parents and sufferers of food allergies. The second analyses the influence of intersectionality, specifically the effects of class, gender, race/ethnicity and disability on experiences of food allergy. The third discusses diagnostic difficulties and the impact these have on legitimacy and believability, both in the context of clinician-patient relations and in managing food allergies in public spaces. The fourth explores the ethics and uncertainties in food allergy treatments and how scientific knowledge of emerging treatments is constructed. This body of research illustrates that although an individual disease, food allergy experiences are significantly affected by socio-cultural structures, institutions, ideologies and discourses. The review concludes with four primary recommendations. First, there should be more incorporation of anthropological or sociological methodologies and perspectives into studies of food allergy. Second, studies are needed from more countries exploring lived experience of food allergy. Third, research on food allergy needs to incorporate an analysis of intersectional factors such as gender, class and race/ethnicity, and should explore the experiences of minority populations. Fourth, more research is needed on the interactions between biomedicine and local systems of knowledge, as well as the factors that shape what treatments become available, for whom it becomes available, experiences of treatment and aspects (including biases) that influence patient-clinician interactions.

The human placenta exhibits a unique transcriptomic void.

The human placenta exhibits a unique genomic architecture with an unexpectedly high mutation burden and many uniquely expressed genes. The aim of this study is to identify transcripts that are uniquely absent or depleted in the placenta. Here, we show that 40 of 46 of the other organs have no selectively depleted transcripts and that, of the remaining six, the liver has the largest number, with 26. In contrast, the term placenta has 762 depleted transcripts. Gene Ontology analysis of this depleted set highlighted multiple pathways reflecting known unique elements of placental physiology. For example, transcripts associated with neuronal function are in the depleted set-as expected given the lack of placental innervation. However, this demonstrated overrepresentation of genes involved in mitochondrial function (p = 5.8 × 10-10), including PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and genes involved in polyamine metabolism (p = 2.1 × 10-4).

Nonadherence to systemic immune-modifying therapy in people with psoriasis during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a global cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to immune-modifying therapy is a complex behaviour which, before the COVID-19 pandemic, was shown to be associated with mental health disorders in people with immune-mediated diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rise in the global prevalence of anxiety and depression, and limited data exist on the association between mental health and nonadherence to immune-modifying therapy during the pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent of and reasons underlying nonadherence to systemic immune-modifying therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with psoriasis, and the association between mental health and nonadherence. METHODS: Online self-report surveys (PsoProtectMe), including validated screens for anxiety and depression, were completed globally during the first year of the pandemic. We assessed the association between anxiety or depression and nonadherence to systemic immune-modifying therapy using binomial logistic regression, adjusting for potential cofounders (age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidity) and country of residence. RESULTS: Of 3980 participants from 77 countries, 1611 (40.5%) were prescribed a systemic immune-modifying therapy. Of these, 408 (25.3%) reported nonadherence during the pandemic, most commonly due to concerns about their immunity. In the unadjusted model, a positive anxiety screen was associated with nonadherence to systemic immune-modifying therapy [odds ratio (OR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.76]. Specifically, anxiety was associated with nonadherence to targeted therapy (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.96) but not standard systemic therapy (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.81-1.67). In the adjusted model, although the directions of the effects remained, anxiety was not significantly associated with nonadherence to overall systemic (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.92-1.56) or targeted (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.94-1.89) immune-modifying therapy. A positive depression screen was not strongly associated with nonadherence to systemic immune-modifying therapy in the unadjusted (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.94-1.57) or adjusted models (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.87-1.49). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate substantial nonadherence to immune-modifying therapy in people with psoriasis during the pandemic, with attenuation of the association with mental health after adjusting for confounders. Future research in larger populations should further explore pandemic-specific drivers of treatment nonadherence. Clear communication of the reassuring findings from population-based research regarding immune-modifying therapy-associated adverse COVID-19 risks to people with psoriasis is essential, to optimize adherence and disease outcomes.

Maternal serum levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor at 20 and 28 weeks of gestational age and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous preterm birth is the endpoint of multiple different pathophysiological pathways. Fetal growth restriction, assessed by serial ultrasonic fetal biometry, has been shown to predict both preterm and early-term spontaneous labor. The soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 to placental growth factor ratio is predictive of early-term spontaneous labor, but its association with spontaneous preterm birth is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether maternal serum levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, placental growth factor, and the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1: placental growth factor ratio at 20 and 28 weeks' gestation, and the rate of change in these biomarkers between 20 and 28 weeks were predictive of risk of spontaneous preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: The biomarkers were measured in maternal serum at 20- and 28-weeks' gestation in women recruited to a prospective cohort of unselected nulliparous women as part of the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction study in Cambridge, United Kingdom. The risk of spontaneous preterm birth was assessed using Cox regression and competing-risks regression. Associations from Cox regression were quantified by the adjusted hazard ratio for a 1 standard deviation higher level of a given biomarker or a 1 standard deviation increase in the marker between 20 and 28 weeks' gestation. A previously identified risk factor, slow femur length growth, was used as an additional predictor of spontaneous preterm birth for the purpose of risk stratification. RESULTS: Of the 3763 participants in the analysis, 95 (2.5%) had spontaneous preterm birth and 54 (1.4%) had medically indicated preterm birth. At 20 weeks' gestation, higher levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1:placental growth factor ratio were associated with reduced risk of spontaneous preterm birth (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.75 [0.61-0.92]; P=.006 and 0.71 [0.59-0.87]; P=.0009, respectively). At 28 weeks' gestation, there was no association between either soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 or placental growth factor and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, but there was a U-shaped relation with the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1:placental growth factor ratio. However, when the biomarkers were quantified as the rate of increase between 20 and 28 weeks' gestation, there were strong positive associations between spontaneous preterm birth and rate of increase in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (1.36 [1.13-1.63]; P=.001) and the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1:placental growth factor ratio (1.50 [1.30-1.73]; P<.0001), and a strong negative association with the rate of increase in placental growth factor (0.71 [0.61-0.82]; P<.0001). Women who were in the highest decile of increase in the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1:placental growth factor ratio and the lowest decile of femur length growth between 20 and 28 weeks' gestation had approximately 9-fold risk of spontaneous preterm birth (9.27 [4.21-20.37]; P<.0001). Competing-risks regression yielded similar results. CONCLUSION: Changing levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor are indicative of placental dysfunction and are strongly associated with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, especially when combined with slower fetal femur length growth.

COVID-19 admissions and mortality in patients with early inflammatory arthritis: results from a UK national cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the risks and predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization and mortality among patients with early inflammatory arthritis (EIA), recruited to the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit (NEIAA). METHODS: NEIAA is an observational cohort. We included adults with EIA from Feb 2020 to May 2021. Outcomes of interest were hospitalization and death due to COVID-19, using NHS Digital linkage. Cox proportional hazards were used to calculate hazard ratios for outcomes according to initial treatment strategy, with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: From 14 127 patients with EIA, there were 143 hospitalizations and 47 deaths due to COVID-19, with incidence rates per 100 person-years of 0.93 (95% CI 0.79, 1.10) for hospitalization and 0.30 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40) for death. Increasing age, male gender, comorbidities and ex-smoking were associated with increased risk of worse COVID-19 outcomes. Higher baseline DAS28 was not associated with COVID-19 admissions [confounder adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.10; 95% CI 0.97, 1.24] or mortality (aHR 1.11; 95% CI 0.90, 1.37). Seropositivity was not associated with either outcome. Higher symptom burden on patient-reported measures predicted worse COVID-19 outcomes. In unadjusted models, CS associated with COVID-19 death (HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.02, 5.13), and SSZ monotherapy associated with COVID-19 admission (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.04, 3.56). In adjusted models, associations for CS and SSZ were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Patient characteristics have stronger associations with COVID-19 than the initial treatment strategy in patients with EIA. An important limitation is that we have not looked at treatment changes over time.

Having less means wanting more: Children hold an intuitive economic theory of diminishing marginal utility.

Judgments surrounding resource acquisition and valuation are ubiquitous in daily life. How do humans decide what something is worth to themselves or someone else? One important cue to value is that of resource quantity. As described by economists, the principle of diminishing marginal utility (DMU) holds that as resource abundance increases, the value placed on each unit decreases; likewise, when resources become more scarce, the value placed on each unit rises. While prior research suggests that adults make judgments that align with this concept, it is unclear whether children do so. In Study 1 (n = 104), children (ages 5 through 8) were presented with scenarios involving losses or gains to others' resources and predicted the actions and emotions of the individuals involved. Participants made decisions that aligned with DMU, e.g., expecting individuals with fewer resources to expend more effort for an additional resource than individuals with greater resources. In Study 2 (n = 104), children incorporated information about preferences when inferring others' resource valuations, showing how quantity and preference are both included in children's inferences about others' utility. Our results indicate the early emergence of an intuitive economic theory that aligns with an important economic principle. Long before formal learning on this topic, children integrate quantity and preference information to sensibly predict others' resource valuations, with implications for economic decision-making, social preferences, and judgments of partner quality across the lifespan.

Dendritic cells in energy balance regulation.

Besides their well-known role in initiating adaptive immune responses, several groups have studied the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the context of chronic metabolic inflammation, such as in diet-induced obesity (DIO) or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. DCs also have an important function in maintaining metabolic tissue homeostasis in steady-state conditions. In this review, we will briefly describe the different DC subsets, the murine models available to assess their function, and discuss the role of DCs in regulating energy balance and maintaining tissue homeostasis.