Self report on sleep symptoms in older adults: correlates of daytime sleepiness and health.

Sleep problems in the healthy elderly were studied in 628 community-dwelling older adults. Self-report of daytime sleepiness in this group was evaluated. Self-reported snoring was significantly associated with reports of daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001), and reported health showed significant associations with age group (p < 0.001), reports of breathing problems (p < 0.001), and reports of excessive daytime sleepiness (p < 0.01). The data strongly support the impact of sleep-related factors on self-perceptions of health in community dwelling older adults. Even as a subjective self-report measure, snoring readily predicts self-reported problems with daytime sleepiness.

Sleep-disordered breathing in the healthy elderly. Clinically significant?

We evaluated sleep/wake, medical, and psychological parameters in a cohort of healthy men and women between 50 and 80 years of age. Consistent with previous investigations of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in older persons, nocturnal breathing disturbances were quite common in our normal-aged subjects, with more than 15 percent experiencing five or more SDB events per hour of sleep. However, when SDB indices were correlated with comprehensive measures of daytime functioning, the number of statistically significant relationships was at or below expectations from chance alone. Additionally, comparison of high-SDB subjects (AHI greater than or equal to 5) with low-SDB subjects (AHI less than 5) failed to reveal reliable differences on measures of daytime functioning. We conclude that SDB occurring in otherwise healthy older persons is not a cause for immediate concern, although longitudinal studies may yet demonstrate significant long-term sequelae of SDB in this population.

Nocturnal bruxing events in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and control subjects.

Nocturnal bruxing events were recorded during a single night of sleep for 12 subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. The results suggest that bruxing events are very common in both groups and are closely associated with sleep arousals. There were few differences in the number, duration, or type of bruxing events between these two groups. Bruxing events were common during stage 1, stage 2, and REM sleep, while they rarely occurred during stage 3 and 4 sleep. The average duration of bruxing events ranged from 3.82 to 6.68 seconds. There was a trend toward more bruxing events occurring while sleeping on the back than on the side.

Geriatric sleep apnea syndrome: a preliminary description.

We compared 8 patients diagnosed with geriatric sleep apnea syndrome (GSAS) with 12 healthy older controls (GCON) matched on age, sex, weight, education, and socioeconomic standing. GSAS was diagnosed if patients had an apnea + hypopnea index (AHI) greater than or equal to 10 and an impairment involving at least two of the following: hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, or daytime hypersomnolence. In addition to significant differences on selection variables (e.g., AHI, frequency of hypertension, Multiple Sleep Latency Test), GSAS patients had significantly more sleep disturbance, were sleepier on subjective measures, were more depressed, and had lower scores on tests of nonverbal problem solving and nonverbal memory. Thus, GSAS resembles SAS described in middle-aged populations. More research is needed to determine the most efficient diagnostic parameters for identifying pathological levels of SDB in older persons.

Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. A preliminary report comparing nasal CPAP to nasal oxygen in patients with mild OSA.

Nasal CPAP is presently accepted as first-line therapy for obstructive sleep apnea, but a significant minority of patients do not tolerate nasal CPAP. The purpose of this study was to compare the benefits of nasal CPAP, nasal oxygen (O2), and placebo (air) using patients as their own controls. We studied eight men, aged 33 to 72 (mean 57 years), who had mild obstructive sleep apnea. To be eligible for study, patients had to have an apnea plus hypopnea index greater than or equal to 5, plus one or more of the following: blood pressure greater than 150/95 mm Hg, multiple sleep latency test mean score less than or equal to 10 minutes, or significant nocturnal cardiac ectopy. After a baseline study, patients received a month each of nocturnal O2 at 4 LPM and air at 4 LPM, presented in random order. The third month of treatment consisted of nasal CPAP (range 2.5 to 12.5 cm H2O). Patients underwent evaluation at baseline and after each month of treatment. It was concluded that oxygen was more effective in improving oxygenation and hypopneas than is nasal CPAP. However, oxygen did not reduce apneas or improve daytime hypersomnolence as well as nasal CPAP in patients with mild OSA. Oxygen might be considered as an alternate form of treatment for patients who are not hypersomnolent, or as an adjunct to nasal CPAP.

Sleep-disordered breathing in healthy aged persons: one-year follow-up of daytime sequelae.

We studied the waking medical, sleep, and psychological status of 28 healthy older persons who had undergone nocturnal polysomnography and daytime assessment approximately 1-year earlier. In a previous report based on this sample, we found that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) indices were not related to concurrent measurements of daytime functioning. However, in the present study, we observed relationships between the original SDB indices and several measures of cardiopulmonary functioning obtained 1 year later. At follow-up, subjects with originally high levels of SDB had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and poorer pulmonary function test results, were more likely to report irregular heartbeats in the previous year, and had experienced more disruptive snoring than the remaining subjects. When combined with other recent data, these results raise the possibility that SDB exerts an insidious pathological influence on the health and daytime functioning of otherwise healthy older persons.

Sleep-disordered breathing in healthy aged persons: possible daytime sequelae.

We assessed the overnight sleep and breathing as well as daytime medical, sleep, and psychological status of a group of 34 healthy older persons. Analyses indicated that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) was not related to any aspects of daytime functioning as measured in this study and that persons with an apnea + hypopnea index (AHI) greater than or equal to 5 (M AHI = 14.6) were not significantly impaired relative to those with lower levels of SDB (M AHI = 1.0) on any aspect of daytime performance. We conclude that SDB occurring in healthy aged persons is probably not of immediate concern and that the use of a cutting score of AHI greater than or equal to 5 for diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome is not indicative in healthy aged persons. However, these results may not be applicable to older persons who are not in the excellent state of health that was required for participants in our study.