Bronchiolitis before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Twelve years of experience in a Spanish paediatric hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Acute bronchiolitis is the main cause of hospitalization in children under 2 years of age, with a regular seasonality, mostly due to the respiratory syncytial virus. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of bronchiolitis hospitalizations in our center in the last 12 years, and analyze the changes in clinical characteristics, microbiology, and adverse outcomes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHODS: Observational study including patients admitted for bronchiolitis between April 2010 and December 2021 in a Spanish tertiary paediatric hospital. Relevant demographic, clinical, microbiological, and adverse outcome variables were collected in an anonymized database. The pandemic period (April 2020 to December 2021) was compared to 2010-2015 seasons using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: There were 2138 bronchiolitis admissions, with a mean of 195.6 per year between 2010 and 2019 and a 2-4-month peak between November and March. In the expected season of 2020, there was a 94.4% reduction of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, with only 11 cases admitted in the first year of the pandemic. Bronchiolitis cases increased from the summer of 2021 during a 6-month long peak, reaching a total of 171 cases. Length of stay was significantly shorter during the pandemic, but no differences were found in clinical and microbiological characteristics or other adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has modified the seasonality of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, with a dramatic decrease in cases during the expected season of 2020-2021, and an extemporaneous summer-autumn peak in 2021 with longer duration but similar patient characteristics and risk factors.

Escala para la identificación del paciente pediátrico crónico complejo (Escala PedCom). Estudio piloto / A scale for the identification of the complex chronic pediatric patient (PedCom Scale): A pilot study

Introducción y objetivos: La condición crónica compleja (CCC) es una realidad cada vez más prevalente en pediatría. Sin embargo, padecer una CCC no supone necesariamente ser un paciente crónico complejo (PCC). Desde esta perspectiva, nos propusimos el desarrollo de un instrumento (Escala PedCom) que facilitase la identificación del PCC. Material y métodos: Inicialmente se definieron aspectos generales para la clasificación de un paciente como PCC. Posteriormente se desarrollaron los ítems de la escala puntuándolos de 0,5 a 4 puntos. Se realizó análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y se estudió la consistencia interna mediante alfa de Cronbach. La concordancia se evaluó mediante estudio intra- e interobservador. El gold standard fue la clasificación realizada por 2 evaluadores tras valoración de la historia clínica del paciente. El punto de corte para considerar al paciente como PCC se estableció mediante curva ROC. Resultados: La versión inicial incluyó 43 ítems con índice de validez de contenido global (IVC) de 0,94. Para el estudio se incluyeron 180 pacientes. Tras el AFC se eliminó un ítem, por lo que la versión final consta de 42 ítems con IVC de 0,95. El valor alfa de Cronbach fue 0,723. El índice de correlación intraclase del análisis test-retest fue de 0,998 y 0,996 para el estudio interobservador. El punto de corte para considerar a un paciente como PCC se estableció en 6,5 puntos, con el que se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 98% y especificidad del 94%. Conclusiones: La Escala PedCom es una herramienta de fácil uso enfocada a la identificación del PCC. En nuestra muestra, presentó adecuada consistencia interna y niveles adecuados de concordancia intra- e interobservador; con buenos resultados de sensibilidad y especificidad para la identificación del PCC. (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The complex chronic condition (CCC) is an increasingly prevalent reality in pediatrics. However, having a CCC does not necessarily mean being a complex chronic patient (CCP). From this perspective, we developed an instrument (PedCom Scale) that would facilitate the identification of the PCC. Material and methods: Initially, general aspects for the classification of patients as CCP were defined. Subsequently, the items of the scale were developed, scoring them from 0.5 to 4 points. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the internal consistency was studied using alpha-Cronbach. Concordance was evaluated by intra- and inter-observer study. The gold standard was the classification performed by two evaluators after assessing the patient's medical history. The cut-off point for considering the patient as a CCP was established using the ROC curve. Results: The initial version included 43 items with a global content validity index (CVI) of 0.94. A total of 180 patients were included. After the CFA, one item was eliminated, so the final version consists of 42 items with an CVI of 0.95. The alpha-Cronbach value was 0.723. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the test–retest analysis was 0.998 and 0.996 for the inter-observer study. The cut-off point for considering a patient as a CCP was established at 6.5 points, with these results we obtained a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 94%. Conclusions: The PedCom Scale is an easy-to-use tool focused on the identification of the CCP. In our sample, it presented satisfactory levels of internal consistency and adequate levels of intra- and inter-observer agreement, with good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of the PCC. (AU)

A scale for the identification of the complex chronic pediatric patient (PedCom Scale): A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The complex chronic condition (CCC) is an increasingly prevalent reality in pediatrics. However, having a CCC does not necessarily mean being a complex chronic patient (CCP). From this perspective, we developed an instrument (PedCom Scale) that would facilitate the identification of the CCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Initially, general aspects for the classification of patients as CCP were defined. Subsequently, the items of the scale were developed, scoring them from 0.5 to 4 points. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the internal consistency was studied using alpha-Cronbach. Concordance was evaluated by intra- and inter-observer study. The gold standard was the classification performed by two evaluators after assessing the patient's medical history. The cut-off point for considering the patient as a CCP was established using the ROC curve. RESULTS: The initial version included 43 items with a global content validity index (CVI) of 0.94. A total of 180 patients were included. After the CFA, one item was eliminated, so the final version consists of 42 items with an CVI of 0.95. The alpha-Cronbach value was 0.723. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the test-retest analysis was 0.998 and 0.996 for the inter-observer study. The cut-off point for considering a patient as a CCP was established at 6.5 points, with this results we obtained a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The PedCom Scale is an easy-to-use tool focused on the identification of the CCP. In our sample, it presented satisfactory levels of internal consistency and adequate levels of intra- and inter-observer agreement, with good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of the CCP.

Abordaje integral del niño con parálisis cerebral / Comprehensive approach to children with cerebral palsy

La parálisis cerebral infantil es una de las enfermedades más prevalentes y la causa de discapacidad más frecuente en pediatría. Los niños con parálisis cerebral tienen necesidades de atención médica complejas y a menudo requieren atención por un equipo multidisciplinar, sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones no existe la figura de un pediatra responsable que coordine todo el seguimiento.Realizamos un documento de ayuda en el abordaje de niños con parálisis cerebral dirigido a pediatras que sean coordinadores en la atención de estos pacientes. Nuestra finalidad es la de recopilar de forma ordenada los principales problemas que pueden desarrollar estos pacientes, saber cómo identificarlos y abordarlos en caso necesario, y establecer criterios para la derivación de estos pacientes a otros especialistas. (AU)

Infantile cerebral palsy is one of the most prevalent diseases and the most frequent cause of disability in paediatrics. Children with cerebral palsy have complex health care needs and often require the care of a multidisciplinary team. However, in many cases there is no paediatrician with overall responsibility for coordinating follow-up.We have produced a support document intended for paediatricians coordinating the care of children with cerebral palsy. Our aim is to provide an ordered compilation of the main issues these patients may develop, to know how to identify and address them if necessary, and to establish criteria for referring these patients to other specialists. (AU)

[Comprehensive approach to children with cerebral palsy]. / Abordaje integral del niño con parálisis cerebral.

Infantile cerebral palsy is one of the most prevalent diseases and the most frequent cause of disability in paediatrics. Children with cerebral palsy have complex health care needs and often require the care of a multidisciplinary team. However, in many cases there is no paediatrician with overall responsibility for coordinating follow-up. We have produced a support document intended for paediatricians coordinating the care of children with cerebral palsy. Our aim is to provide an ordered compilation of the main issues these patients may develop, to know how to identify and address them if necessary, and to establish criteria for referring these patients to other specialists.

Does exposure of pregnant women to epidemic respiratory syncytial virus affect the severity of bronchiolitis? / ¿Afecta la exposición de la embarazada al virus respiratorio sincitial epidémico a la gravedad de la bronquiolitis?

INTRODUCTION: Passive transplacental immunity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) appears to mediate in the protection of the infant for the first 6 months of life. Lower environmental exposure in pregnant women to RSV epidemic may influence the susceptibility of these infants to infection by lowering the levels of antibodies that are transferred to the fetus. OBJECTIVES: To contrast the risk of severe disease progression in infants with acute bronchiolitis by RSV, according to the mother's level of exposure to epidemic. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study of previously healthy infants with RSV-acute bronchiolitis during 5 epidemics was made. We compared the severity of the infection in those born during the period of risk (when is less likely the mother's exposure to epidemic and the transfer of antibodies to the fetus: October 15th-December 15 th in our latitude) with the rest of acute bronchiolitis. Bivariate analysis was performed regarding birth in period of risk and the rest of variables, using the Chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to study possible classical confounding factors. RESULTS: 695 infants were included in the study. 356 infants were born during the period of risk. Of the 56 patients requiring admission to PICU, 40 of them (71.4%) were born in this period (p = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, the birth in the period of risk showed a 6.5 OR (95% CI: 2.13-19.7) independently of the rest of variables. CONCLUSIONS: The worst clinical disease progression of the acute bronchiolitis by the RSV in less than 6 months age is related to lower exposure of the pregnant woman to the RSV epidemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmunidad pasiva transplacentaria contra el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) parece mediar en la protección del lactante durante los primeros 6 meses de vida. La menor exposición ambiental en embarazadas a la epidemia del VRS puede influir en la susceptibilidad de estos niños a la infección al disminuir los niveles de anticuerpos que se transfieren al feto. OBJETIVOS: Contrastar el riesgo de progresión grave de la enfermedad en los lactantes con bronquiolitis aguda por VRS, de acuerdo con el nivel de exposición de la madre a la epidemia. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de recién nacidos previamente sanos con bronquiolitis aguda por VRS durante 5 epidemias. Comparamos la gravedad de la infección en los nacidos durante el período de riesgo (cuando es menos probable la exposición de la madre a la epidemia en nuestra latitud y la transferencia de anticuerpos al feto: del 15 de octubre al 15 de diciembre) con el resto de las bronquiolitis agudas. El análisis bivariante se realizó con respecto al nacimiento en el período de riesgo y el resto de las variables, utilizando la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Posteriormente un análisis de regresión logística multivariable para estudiar los posibles factores de confusión. RESULTADOS: Seiscientos noventa y cinco bebés fueron incluidos en el estudio. Trescientos cincuenta y seis bebés nacieron durante el período de riesgo. De los 56 pacientes que requieren ingreso en la UCIP, 40 de ellos (71,4%) nacieron en este período (p = 0,002). En el análisis multivariante, el nacimiento en el período de riesgo mostró una OR de 6,5 (IC 95%: 2,13-19,7) independientemente del resto de las variables. CONCLUSIONES: La evolución más grave de la enfermedad clínica de la bronquiolitis aguda por el VRS en menores de 6 meses de edad se relaciona con una menor exposición de la embarazada a la epidemia del VRS

Does exposure of pregnant women to epidemic respiratory syncytial virus affect the severity of bronchiolitis?

INTRODUCTION: Passive transplacental immunity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) appears to mediate in the protection of the infant for the first 6 months of life. Lower environmental exposure in pregnant women to RSV epidemic may influence the susceptibility of these infants to infection by lowering the levels of antibodies that are transferred to the fetus. OBJECTIVES: To contrast the risk of severe disease progression in infants with acute bronchiolitis by RSV, according to the mother's level of exposure to epidemic. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study of previously healthy infants with RSV-acute bronchiolitis during 5 epidemics was made. We compared the severity of the infection in those born during the period of risk (when is less likely the mother's exposure to epidemic and the transfer of antibodies to the fetus: October 15th-December 15th in our latitude) with the rest of acute bronchiolitis. Bivariate analysis was performed regarding birth in period of risk and the rest of variables, using the Chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to study possible classical confounding factors. RESULTS: 695 infants were included in the study. 356 infants were born during the period of risk. Of the 56 patients requiring admission to PICU, 40 of them (71.4%) were born in this period (p=0.002). In the multivariate analysis, the birth in the period of risk showed a 6.5 OR (95% CI: 2.13-19.7) independently of the rest of variables. CONCLUSIONS: The worst clinical disease progression of the acute bronchiolitis by the RSV in less than 6 months age is related to lower exposure of the pregnant woman to the RSV epidemic.

Deshidratación hipernatrémica grave neonatal por fallo en la instauración de la lactancia materna: estudio de incidencia y factores asociados / Severe neonatal hypernatremic dehydratation in the initiation of the breastfeeding: study of incidence and associated factors

Introducción: la deshidratación hipernatrémica neonatal asociada al fallo en la instauración de la lactancia materna puede provocar importantes complicaciones e incluso la muerte. Existen pocos datos acerca de su magnitud en nuestro medio. Objetivos: conocer la incidencia y describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas asociadas. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo en recién nacidos con diagnóstico de deshidratación hipernatrémica con Na>150 mEq/l que necesitaron ingreso hospitalario entre 2011 y 2017 en nuestra área sanitaria. Se excluyeron casos con patología de base o infección concomitante. Se recogieron datos demográficos, clínicos, analíticos, terapéuticos y evolutivos mediante revisión de historias clínicas y se realizó análisis estadístico posterior. Resultados: la población susceptible estimada fue de 41 084 recién nacidos. Cumplieron criterios 20 casos. Alimentación con lactancia materna exclusiva 19/20, primer hijo en 14/20 familias, con mediana de edad materna 34 años (rango intercuartílico: 31-37). Los motivos de consulta más frecuentes fueron pérdida de peso, ictericia e irritabilidad. La mediana de edad al ingreso fue de 5,5 días (rango intercuartílico: 3,3-9,8), con porcentaje de peso perdido 14,4% (rango intercuartílico: 10-17) y natremia mediana 157,25 mEq/L (rango intercuartílico: 152-157,8). La estancia media fue de 6,5 días (rango intercuartílico: 4-8,75), 2/20 precisaron cuidados intensivos. No registramos fallecimientos o complicaciones graves. Conclusiones: la incidencia global de la deshidratación hipernatrémica fue de 0,5 por cada 1000 recién nacidos/año en la población estudiada. Se relacionó con lactancia materna exclusiva, primiparidad y mayor edad materna. Con estos resultados, parece una medida oportuna informar sobre signos de alarma al alta de maternidad, así como realizar la primera revisión del bebé de forma precoz

Introduction: neonatal hypernatremic dehydration associated with failure in the establishment of breastfeeding instauration can cause significant complications and even death. There are few studies on its incidence in Spain. Objectives: our aim was to determine the incidence of this problem and describe the epidemiological and clinical features associated with it. Materials and methods: we conducted a retrospective observational study in newborns with a diagnosis of hypernatremic dehydration and serum sodium levels of more than 150 mEq/l that required hospitalization between 2011 and 2017 in our catchment area. We excluded patients with underlying conditions or concomitant infection. We collected data on epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, treatment and outcome variables through the review of health records, followed by their statistical analysis. Results: the estimated size of the susceptible population was 41 084 newborns. Twenty met the inclusion criteria. In this sample, 19/20 newborns were exclusively breastfed, 14/20 were the first-born child, and the median maternal age was 34 years (interquartile range: 31-37). The most frequent reasons for seeking care were weight loss, jaundice and irritability. The median age at admission was 5.5 days (interquartile range: 3.3-9.8), the percentage of birth weight lost was 14.4% (interquartile range: 10-17), and the median serum sodium level was 157.25 mEq/l (interquartile range: 152-157.8). The mean length of stay was 6.5 days (interquartile range: 4-8.75), and 2/20 newborns required intensive care. None of the patients died or had severe complications. Conclusions: we found an overall incidence of hypernatremic dehydration of 0.5 per 1000 live births per year in the population under study. We found an association with exclusive breastfeeding, primiparity and greater maternal age. In light of these results, it seems advisable to provide information on the warning signs at the time of discharge from the maternity ward, and to schedule the first checkup for the baby at an earlier time

Estudio de validez de una escala de gravedad de la bronquiolitis aguda para orientar el ingreso en UCIP / Validation study of an acute bronchiolitis severity scale to determine admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad existen pocas escalas validadas para valorar la bronquiolitis aguda (BA) y escasa información de su potencia de prueba. El objetivo del presente estudio es valorar la validez de una escala de severidad de BA (ESBA) para orientar los ingresos en UCIP. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional prospectivo descriptivo de lactantes previamente sanos menores de un año con BA, donde se utilizó la ESBA para contrastar la gravedad con la necesidad de ingreso en UCIP. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó en al menos 175 pacientes. El equipo investigador fue entrenado en el uso de la ESBA. Todos los pacientes del estudio fueron evaluados con la ESBA diariamente y en caso de deterioro clínico. Se analizaron y compararon las puntuaciones ESBA inicial y máxima respecto a la necesidad de UCIP. Se construyó una curva operativa de receptor, se calculó el área bajo la curva y se estimó el punto óptimo de sensibilidad/especificidad. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 190 pacientes (varón/mujer: 58%/42%). Precisaron UCIP 11 (6%). La puntuación media± DE de la ESBA-máxima para pacientes que precisaron y no precisaron UCIP fue de 10,55 ± 1,12 y 6,35 ± 2,3, respectivamente. Esta diferencia fue significativa (p < 0,001). El ABC para la ESBA-máxima fue 0,94 (p < 0,001; IC del 95%: 0,90-0,98). El punto de corte óptimo se estableció en ≥ 10 puntos, para una sensibilidad del 82% y una especificidad del 91%. CONCLUSIONES: La ESBA estima la gravedad de la BA respecto a la necesidad e ingreso en UCIP con una sensibilidad y especificidad de utilidad clínica

INTRODUCTION: At present, there are few validated scoring tests for assessing acute bronchiolitis (AB) severity, and limited information on their test power. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of an acute bronchiolitis severity score (ABSS) to help in deciding PICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, descriptive, observational study of previously healthy infants under 1 year of age with AB, where the ABSS was used to compare severity as regards the need for PICU admission. The sample size was estimated as at least 175 patients. The research team was trained in the use of ABSS. All patients in the study were evaluated with ABSS daily, as well as in the case of clinical deterioration. The initial and maximum ABSS scores were contrasted to the need for PICU admission. A receiver operative curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was calculated, and the optimum point of sensitivity / specificity was estimated. RESULTS: The study included a total of 190 patients (male / female: 58% / 42%). PICU was required in 11 (6%). The mean± SD ABSS-maximal score for patients who required and did not require PICU was 10.55 ± 1.12 and 6.35 ± 2.3, respectively (P<.001). The AUC for ABSS-maximal was 0.94 (P<.001, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98). The optimal cut-off point was set at ≥10 points for a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 91%. CONCLUSIONS: ABSS estimates the severity of AB regarding the need for PICU admission, with a sensitivity and specificity of clinical usefulness

Menor respuesta linfocitaria en casos graves de bronquiolitis aguda por virus respiratorio sincitial / Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus

Introducción: La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) del lactante tiene una evolución grave entre el 6 y el 16% de los casos ingresados. Su patogenia y evolución está relacionada con la respuesta de los linfocitos T. El objetivo del presente estudio es comprobar si la menor respuesta linfocitaria sistémica está relacionada con una peor evolución de la BA en lactantes ingresados. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional-analítico retrospectivo de casos-controles anidados en una cohorte de ingresados por BA-VRS en el periodo de octubre del 2010 a marzo del 2015. Se incluyó a aquellos con hemograma en las primeras 48 h de dificultad respiratoria. Se excluyó a los lactantes con patología de base, sobreinfección bacteriana y prematuros ≤ 32 semanas de gestación. La variable principal dicotómica fue ingreso UCIP. Otras variables fueron: sexo, edad, edad posmenstrual, exposición gestacional y posnatal al tabaco, mes de ingreso, tipo de lactancia y días de evolución del distrés respiratorio. Las cifras de linfocitos fueron categorizadas por cuartiles. Se realizó un análisis bivariante con la variable principal y posteriormente regresión logística para analizar factores de confusión. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 252 lactantes. El 6,6% (17) precisó UCIP. La diferencia de media ± DE de linfocitos para pacientes ingresados y no ingresados en UCIP fue de 4.044 ± 1.755 y 5.035 ± 1.786, respectivamente (t de Student, p < 0,05). Se encontró asociación entre ingreso UCIP y la cifra de linfocitos < 3.700/ml (Chicuadrado p=0,019; OR: 3,2), que se mantuvo en la regresión logística con independencia de la edad y del resto de factores estudiados (Wald 4,191 p = 0,041; OR: 3,8). Conclusiones: Existe relación entre la linfocitosis < 3.700/ml en los primeros días de la dificultad respiratoria y una peor evolución en lactantes < 12 meses previamente sanos y edad gestacional mayor de 32 semanas con BA-VRS

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. Patients and method: Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants < 32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. Results: The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean ± SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044 ± 1755 and 5,035 ± 1786, respectively (Student-t test, P < .05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count < 3700/ml (Chi-squared, P = .019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P = .041, OR: 3.8). Conclusions: A relationship was found between lymphocytosis < 3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants < 12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB

[Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus]. / Menor respuesta linfocitaria en casos graves de bronquiolitis aguda por virus respiratorio sincitial.

INTRODUCTION: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants <32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. RESULTS: The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean±SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044±1755 and 5,035±1786, respectively (Student-t test, P<.05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count <3700/ml (Chi-squared, P=.019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P=.041, OR: 3.8). CONCLUSIONS: A relationship was found between lymphocytosis <3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants <12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB.

[Validation study of an acute bronchiolitis severity scale to determine admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit]. / Estudio de validez de una escala de gravedad de la bronquiolitis aguda para orientar el ingreso en UCIP.

INTRODUCTION: At present, there are few validated scoring tests for assessing acute bronchiolitis (AB) severity, and limited information on their test power. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of an acute bronchiolitis severity score (ABSS) to help in deciding PICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, descriptive, observational study of previously healthy infants under 1 year of age with AB, where the ABSS was used to compare severity as regards the need for PICU admission. The sample size was estimated as at least 175 patients. The research team was trained in the use of ABSS. All patients in the study were evaluated with ABSS daily, as well as in the case of clinical deterioration. The initial and maximum ABSS scores were contrasted to the need for PICU admission. A receiver operative curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was calculated, and the optimum point of sensitivity / specificity was estimated. RESULTS: The study included a total of 190 patients (male / female: 58% / 42%). PICU was required in 11 (6%). The mean± SD ABSS-maximal score for patients who required and did not require PICU was 10.55± 1.12 and 6.35± 2.3, respectively (P<.001). The AUC for ABSS-maximal was 0.94 (P<.001, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98). The optimal cut-off point was set at ≥10 points for a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 91%. CONCLUSIONS: ABSS estimates the severity of AB regarding the need for PICU admission, with a sensitivity and specificity of clinical usefulness.

Epidemiología de los ingresos por bronquiolitis en el sur de Europa: análisis de las epidemias 2010-2015 / Epidemiology of patients hospitalised due to bronchiolitis in the south of Europe: Analysis of the epidemics, 2010-2015

Introducción. La renovación de las guías de práctica clínica sobre la bronquiolitis aguda (BA) obliga a reevaluar las consecuencias de su implantación. Pretendemos actualizar las principales variables clínico-epidemiológicas en pacientes ingresados por BA en el sur de Europa y analizar las causas de la estancia prolongada. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo de ingresos por BA durante 5 epidemias (2010-2015), con descripción de las principales variables clínico-epidemiológicas y análisis por regresión logística de los factores asociados a mayor estancia. Resultados: El inicio de la epidemia ocurrió entre las semanas cuarta de septiembre y tercera de octubre. De los menores de 2 años (42.530 niños), el 15,21% (6.468 pacientes) acudieron a urgencias por BA y el 2,36% ingresaron (1.006 pacientes), con un 18,5% de prematuros. El 12,2% tenían peso al nacimiento inferior a 2.300 g. El 21,1% eran menores de un mes, consultaron por apnea asociada el 10,8%, ingesta inferior al 50% en el 31,1% y presentaban sobreinfección bacteriana el 13,1%. Estos factores se asociaron de forma independiente a la estancia prolongada. La mediana de estancia fue de 5 días y la proporción de ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) del 8,5% de los casos. Conclusiones: El inicio de la epidemia de la bronquiolitis mostró una variabilidad de hasta 4 semanas en nuestro medio. Tras 5 años de la implantación de la guía de práctica clínica, la incidencia de ingresos está en torno al 2,3% y parece estable respecto a estudios previos. La edad media de los pacientes desciende a 2,4 meses, aunque con una proporción similar de ingresos en la UCIP de un 8,5%. Los factores de riesgo independiente asociados a una estancia hospitalaria más prolongada fueron: bajo peso al nacimiento, edad menor de un mes, apneas previas al ingreso, ingesta inferior al 50% y la sobreinfección bacteriana grave, donde la infección respiratoria superó la prevalencia de infección del tracto urinario grave (AU)

Introduction: The renewal of clinical practice guidelines on acute bronchiolitis (AB) requires the re-assessment of the consequences of their implementation. An update is presented on the main clinical and epidemiological variables in patients hospitalised due to AB in Southern Europe and an analysis made of the causes associated with longer hospital stay. Patients and method: A retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to hospital due to AB during 5 epidemics (2010-2015), with an analysis of the major clinical and epidemiological variables. A logistic regression analysis was performed on the factors associated with a longer hospital stay. Results: The beginning of the epidemic occurred between the 4th week of September and the 3rd week of October. Of those children under 2 years (42,530), 15.21% (6,468 patients) attended paediatric emergency department due to having AB, and 2.36% (1,006 patients) were admitted. Of these, 18.5% of were premature, 12.2% had a birth weight < 2,300 g, 21.1% were younger than 1 month, 10.8% consulted for associated apnoea, 31.1% had an intake <50%, and 13.1% had bacterial superinfection. These factors were independently associated with prolonged stay. The median length of stay was 5 days, and 8.5% of cases were admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Conclusions: The beginning of the bronchiolitis epidemic showed a variability of up to 4 weeks in this region. Five years after implementing the new guidelines, the incidence of admissions was approximately 2.3%, and appeared stable compared to previous studies. The mean age of the patients decreased to 2.4 months, although with a similar proportion of PICU admissions of 8.5%. Independent factors associated with prolonged stay were: low birth weight, age less than one month, apnoea prior-to-admission, intake of less than 50%, and severe bacterial superinfection. Respiratory bacterial infection exceeded the prevalence of urinary tract infection (AU)

Cicatrices renales en menores de 36 meses ingresados por pielonefritis aguda / Renal scarring in children under 36 months hospitalised for acute pyelonephritis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las causas más frecuentes de infección bacteriana grave en lactantes es la pielonefritis aguda (PNFA), cuya secuela más prevalente a largo plazo es la instauración de cicatrices renales. OBJETIVOS: Revisar la incidencia de cicatrices renales a los 6 meses de un episodio de PNFA en niños menores de 36 meses y su relación con la clínica, las pruebas de imagen y la bacteriología. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes de uno a 36 meses previamente sanos ingresados por un primer episodio de PNFA, con un seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Se recogieron las variables demográficas junto con bacteriología, ecografía, cistourografía miccional seriada, recidivas y gammagrafía-DMSA. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 125 pacientes, 60% varones, la mayoría febriles al ingreso (92%), debido a E. coli (74,6%). Existía antecedente de alteración ecográfica prenatal solo en el 15,4%. La ecografía detectó dilatación de la vía urinaria en el 22,1%. En 70 pacientes se indicó cistourografía miccional seriada: 54,3% sin anomalías, 12,8% con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) grado i-iii y 32,9% con RVU iv-v. Seis pacientes presentaban RVU iv-v con ecografías normales. La adherencia a la gammagrafía DMSA a los 6 meses fue solo del 61% de los indicados. De los efectuados (60 casos), en un 44,3% se hallaron cicatrices renales, relacionadas significativamente con la recurrencia y el RVU iv-v, pero no con la bacteriología ni con la elevación de reactantes. CONCLUSIONES: El 44% de las gammagrafías-DMSA de pacientes de uno a 36 meses hospitalizados por PNFA desarrolla cicatrices renales a los 6 meses. Estas se relacionaron con las recurrencias y el RVU grave, pero no con la bacteriología y los reactantes inflamatorios

INTRODUCTION: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common causes of serious bacterial infection in infants. Renal scarring is the most prevalent long-term complication. OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence of renal scarring within 6 months after an episode of APN in children under 36 months and its relationship with imaging studies, clinical settings, and bacteriology. Method. A retrospective study of previously healthy patients aged one to 36 months, admitted for a first episode of APN, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Demographic and clinical variables were collected along with bacteriology, renal and bladder ultrasound scan, voiding cystourethrography, DMSA-scintigraphy, and re-infection events. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were included in the study, of which 60% were male, the large majority (92%) febrile, and due to E. coli (74.6%). There was a history of prenatal ultrasound scan changes in 15.4%. Ultrasound scan found dilation of the urinary tract in 22.1%. Voiding cystourethrography was performed on 70 patients: 54.3% no abnormalities, 12.8% vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade i-iii, and 32.9% iv-v grade VUR. Six patients had iv-v grade VUR with a normal ultrasound scan. Adherence to DMSA-scintigraphy at 6 months was only 61% of that indicated. Renal scarring was found in 44.3% of those in which it was performed (60 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half (44%) DMSA-scintigraphy in children aged one to 36 months hospitalised for APN show renal scarring at 6 months, which was found to be associated with the re-infection events and the iv-v grade VUR. There was no relationship between scarring and the bacteriology or the elevations of inflammatory biochemical markers

[Prediction of Severe Course in Infants with RSV Bronchiolitis under 6 Months. Spain]. / Predicción de la evolución de la bronquiolitis por virus respiratorio sincitial en lactantes menores de 6 meses.

OBJECTIVE: The need for mechanical ventilation (MV) in acute bronchiolitis (AB) by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) varies depending on the series (6-18%). Our goal is to determine the admissions to PICU for MV in patients under 6 months with AB and define the risk factors for building a prediction model. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients younger than 6 months admitted by BA-VRS between the periods April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2015 was made. The primary variable was the admission to PICU for MV. Related addition, to find risk factors in a model of binary logistic regression clinical variables were collected. A ROC curve model was developed and optimal cutoff point was identified. RESULTS: In 695 cases, the need of MV in the PICU (Y) was 56 (8.1%). Risk factors (Xi) included in the equation were: 1. male sex (OR 4.27) 2. postmenstrual age (OR: 0.76) 3. Weight income less than p3 (OR: 5.53) 4. intake lees than 50% (OR: 12.4) 5. Severity by scale (OR: 1.58) 6. apneas before admission (OR: 25.5) 7. bacterial superinfection (OR 5.03) and 8. gestational age more than 37 weeks OR (0.32). The area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity were 0.943, 0.84 and 0.93 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The PICU admission for MV was 8.1 in every 100 healthy infants hospitalized for AB and year. The prediction model equation can help to predict patients at increased risk of severe evolution.

OBJETIVO: La necesidad de ventilación mecánica (VM) en la bronquiolitis aguda por el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) varía según las series entre el 6 y el 18 %. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer los ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para VM de pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda menores de 6 meses y definir los factores de riesgo con el fin de construir un modelo de predicción. METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes menores de 6 meses ingresados por bronquiolitis aguda por VRS entre los periodos 1 de abril de 2010 y 31 de marzo de 2015. La variable principal fue el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos para ventilación mecánica. Además, se recogieron variables clínicas relacionadas para hallar factores de riesgo en un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Con el modelo se elaboró una curva ROC y se identificó un punto óptimo de corte. RESULTADOS: De 695 casos, precisaron VM 56 (8,1%). Los factores de riesgo (Xi) incluidos en la ecuación fueron: 1. Sexo varón (OR: 4,27) 2. Edad postmenstrual (OR:0,76) 3. Peso al ingreso inferior a p3(OR: 5,53) 4. Ingesta inferior a 50% (OR:12,4), 5. Gravedad por escala (OR:1,58), 6. Apneas antes del ingreso (OR:25,5) 7. Sobreinfección bacteriana (OR: 5,03) y 8. Edad gestacional superior a 37 semanas OR (0,32). El área bajo la curva, sensibilidad y especificidad fueron 0,943; 0,84 y 0,93 respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los ingresos en UCIP para VM fueron 8,1 por cada 100 lactantes sanos hospitalizados por BA y año. La ecuación elaborada del modelo de predicción puede ser de ayuda para predecir los pacientes con mayor riesgo de evolución grave.

[Renal scarring in children under 36 months hospitalised for acute pyelonephritis]. / Cicatrices renales en menores de 36 meses ingresados por pielonefritis aguda.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common causes of serious bacterial infection in infants. Renal scarring is the most prevalent long-term complication. OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence of renal scarring within 6 months after an episode of APN in children under 36 months and its relationship with imaging studies, clinical settings, and bacteriology. METHOD: A retrospective study of previously healthy patients aged one to 36 months, admitted for a first episode of APN, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Demographic and clinical variables were collected along with bacteriology, renal and bladder ultrasound scan, voiding cystourethrography, DMSA-scintigraphy, and re-infection events. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were included in the study, of which 60% were male, the large majority (92%) febrile, and due to E. coli (74.6%). There was a history of prenatal ultrasound scan changes in 15.4%. Ultrasound scan found dilation of the urinary tract in 22.1%. Voiding cystourethrography was performed on 70 patients: 54.3% no abnormalities, 12.8% vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade i-iii, and 32.9% iv-v grade VUR. Six patients had iv-v grade VUR with a normal ultrasound scan. Adherence to DMSA-scintigraphy at 6 months was only 61% of that indicated. Renal scarring was found in 44.3% of those in which it was performed (60 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half (44%) DMSA-scintigraphy in children aged one to 36 months hospitalised for APN show renal scarring at 6 months, which was found to be associated with the re-infection events and the iv-v grade VUR. There was no relationship between scarring and the bacteriology or the elevations of inflammatory biochemical markers.

[Epidemiology of patients hospitalised due to bronchiolitis in the south of Europe: Analysis of the epidemics, 2010-2015]. / Epidemiología de los ingresos por bronquiolitis en el sur de Europa: análisis de las epidemias 2010-2015.

INTRODUCTION: The renewal of clinical practice guidelines on acute bronchiolitis (AB) requires the re-assessment of the consequences of their implementation. An update is presented on the main clinical and epidemiological variables in patients hospitalised due to AB in Southern Europe and an analysis made of the causes associated with longer hospital stay. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to hospital due to AB during 5 epidemics (2010-2015), with an analysis of the major clinical and epidemiological variables. A logistic regression analysis was performed on the factors associated with a longer hospital stay. RESULTS: The beginning of the epidemic occurred between the 4th week of September and the 3rd week of October. Of those children under 2 years (42,530), 15.21% (6,468 patients) attended paediatric emergency department due to having AB, and 2.36% (1,006 patients) were admitted. Of these, 18.5% of were premature, 12.2% had a birth weight <2,300g, 21.1% were younger than 1 month, 10.8% consulted for associated apnoea, 31.1% had an intake <50%, and 13.1% had bacterial superinfection. These factors were independently associated with prolonged stay. The median length of stay was 5 days, and 8.5% of cases were admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). CONCLUSIONS: The beginning of the bronchiolitis epidemic showed a variability of up to 4 weeks in this region. Five years after implementing the new guidelines, the incidence of admissions was approximately 2.3%, and appeared stable compared to previous studies. The mean age of the patients decreased to 2.4 months, although with a similar proportion of PICU admissions of 8.5%. Independent factors associated with prolonged stay were: low birth weight, age less than one month, apnoea prior-to-admission, intake of less than 50%, and severe bacterial superinfection. Respiratory bacterial infection exceeded the prevalence of urinary tract infection.

Predicción de la evolución de la bronquiolitis por virus respiratorio sincitial en lactantes menores de 6 meses / Prediction of severe course in infants with RSV Bronchiolitis under 6 months. Spain

Fundamentos. La necesidad de ventilación mecánica (VM) en la bronquiolitis aguda por el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) varía según las series entre el 6 y el 18 %. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer los ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para VM de pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda menores de 6 meses y definir los factores de riesgo con el fin de construir un modelo de predicción. Método. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes menores de 6 meses ingresados por bronquiolitis aguda por VRS entre los periodos 1 de abril de 2010 y 31 de marzo de 2015. La variable principal fue el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos para ventilación mecánica. Además, se recogieron variables clínicas relacionadas para hallar factores de riesgo en un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Con el modelo se elaboró una curva ROC y se identificó un punto óptimo de corte. Resultados. De 695 casos, precisaron VM en unidad pediátrica de cuidados intensivos 56 (8,1%). Los factores de riesgo) incluidos en la ecuación fueron: 1. Sexo varón (OR: 4,27) 2. Edad postmenstrual (OR:0,76) 3. Peso al ingreso 37 semanas OR (0,32). El área bajo la curva, sensibilidad y especificidad fueron 0,943; 0,84 y 0,93 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los ingresos en UCIP para VM fueron 8,1 por cada 100 lactantes sanos hospitalizados por BA y año. La ecuación elaborada del modelo de predicción puede ser de ayuda para predecir los pacientes con mayor riesgo de evolución grave (AU)

Background. The need for mechanical ventilation (MV) in acute bronchiolitis (AB) by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) varies depending on the series (6-18%). Our goal is to determine the admissions to PICU for MV in patients under 6 months with AB and define the risk factors for building a prediction model. Methods. Retrospective study of patients younger than 6 months admitted by BA-VRS between the periods April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2015 was made. The primary variable was the admission to PICU for MV. Related addition, to find risk factors in a model of binary logistic regression clinical variables were collected. A ROC curve model was developed and optimal cutoff point was identified. Results. In 695 cases, the need of MV in the PICU was 56 (8.1%). Risk factors included in the equation were: 1. male sex (OR 4.27) 2. postmenstrual age (OR: 0.76) 3. Weight income 37 weeks OR (0.32). The area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity were 0.943, 0.84 and 0.93 respectively. Conclusions. The PICU admission for MV was 8.1 in every 100 healthy infants hospitalized for AB and year. The prediction model equation can help to predict patients at increased risk of severe evolution (AU)

Incidencia y gravedad de la tosferina en lactantes coinfectados por el virus respiratorio sincitial / Incidence and severity of pertussis in infants with a respiratory syncytial virus infection

INTRODUCCIÓN: La tosferina es una enfermedad reemergente que afecta sobre todo a lactantes. A esta edad la gravedad se puede afectar por infecciones intercurrentes como la del virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS). OBJETIVOS: Estimar la incidencia de la infección por el VRS durante su época epidémica en pacientes ingresados por tosferina. Asimismo, estudiar su repercusión sobre la gravedad observada durante el ingreso. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo de casos con diagnóstico de tosferina ingresados en un hospital terciario durante 3 años donde se analizó la presencia de coinfección por el VRS. La estimación de la gravedad se confrontó por la incidencia de complicaciones y el nivel de cuidados requeridos. RESULTADOS: De un total de 73 lactantes con tosferina, 34 acontecieron en época epidémica de bronquiolitis. En 17 de los 34 se detectó coinfección por el VRS. La edad media no mostró diferencias significativas respecto a los no coinfectados. La estancia media y la necesidad de cuidados intensivos fue semejante. La necesidad de cuidados de oxigenoterapia y soporte nutricional fue superior en los coinfectados. CONCLUSIONES: La coinfección por el VRS en lactantes ingresados con tosferina aconteció en uno de cada 2 pacientes en época epidémica para el VRS, en lactantes de edad similar. La gravedad en términos de estancia, presencia de apneas e ingreso en cuidados intensivos fue semejante, pero con mayor necesidad de cuidados respiratorios y soporte nutricional

INTRODUCTION: Pertussis is a re-emerging disease that mostly affects infants. At this age, the severity can be affected by intercurrent infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of RSV infection during an epidemic period in patients hospitalized due to pertussis. The impact on the severity was also observed during hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A descriptive study of cases diagnosed with pertussis admitted to a tertiary hospital over a 3 year period, where the presence of co-infection with RSV was analyzed. The estimate of severity was estimated using the incidence of complications and the level of care required. RESULTS: From a total of 73 infants with pertussis, 34 occurred in a bronchiolitis season epidemic. A co- infection due to RSV was detected in 17 patients. The mean age was not significantly different compared to the non co-infected. The mean stay and the need for intensive care was similar in both groups. The need for oxygen therapy care and nutritional support was higher in the coinfected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coinfection with RSV in infants hospitalized with pertussis occurred in ono in 2 patients during a RSV epidemic season, in infants of similar age. Severity in terms of stay, presence of apnea and admission to intensive care was similar, but more need for respiratory care and nutritional support was found

[Incidence and severity of pertussis in infants with a respiratory syncytial virus infection]. / Incidencia y gravedad de la tosferina en lactantes coinfectados por el virus respiratorio sincitial.

INTRODUCTION: Pertussis is a re-emerging disease that mostly affects infants. At this age, the severity can be affected by intercurrent infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of RSV infection during an epidemic period in patients hospitalized due to pertussis. The impact on the severity was also observed during hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A descriptive study of cases diagnosed with pertussis admitted to a tertiary hospital over a 3year period, where the presence of co-infection with RSV was analyzed. The estimate of severity was estimated using the incidence of complications and the level of care required. RESULTS: From a total of 73 infants with pertussis, 34 occurred in a bronchiolitis season epidemic. A co-infection due to RSV was detected in 17 patients. The mean age was not significantly different compared to the non co-infected. The mean stay and the need for intensive care was similar in both groups. The need for oxygen therapy care and nutritional support was higher in the coinfected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coinfection with RSV in infants hospitalized with pertussis occurred in ono in 2 patients during a RSV epidemic season, in infants of similar age. Severity in terms of stay, presence of apnea and admission to intensive care was similar, but more need for respiratory care and nutritional support was found.