Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants.

Aim: To determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) and their association with extrinsic and intrinsic variables in 6-18-month-old infants. Methods: This was an analytical, cross-sectional study of 65 6-18-month-old infants who visited the Centers for Early Childhood in Buenos Aires City. Three groups were established according to the presence of teeth-group I (GI)-edentulous infants, group II (GII)-infants with 1-8 teeth, and group III (GIII)-infants with 9-16 teeth. Data on the variables, diet, use of artificial teats, and oral hygiene were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. An oral examination was performed according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criterion. A saliva sample was taken by aspiration with a sterile plastic syringe. Cariogenic Streptococci (CS) were counted using the adherence test in modified gold broth (AT-MGB). Molecular detection and quantification were performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (gtfB, gtfT, and tuf). Results: A total of 12% of infants received oral hygiene, 38% used bottles, 30% used pacifiers, and 55% had sugar intake. S. sobrinus and S. mutans were detected in 57.1 and 28.6% of the children with caries, respectively. Groups I, II, and III had CS counts of log 2, 3.4, and 3.7, respectively. S. sobrinus was detected in 26.7% of GI, 52.9% of GII, and 85.7% of GIII, while S. mutans was detected in 13.3%, 35.3%, and 57.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. sobrinus was higher than S. mutans in all groups. The presence of CS was significantly associated with sugar intake. No association was found between S. mutans and S. sobrinus and the presence of caries, hygiene habits, or use of artificial teats. Clinical Significance: This study supports the role of diet in developing a cariogenic biofilm in children under 2 years of age. How to cite this article: Cornejo CF, Soken LJ, Salgado PA, et al. Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):68-73.

Estudio de supervivencia de Streptococcus mutans en un tipo de fomite / Survival study of Streptococcus mutans in a type of fomite

Objetivo: Evaluar la supervivencia de Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans)en un tipo de fómite. Método: Se reactivó una cepa de S.mutans ATCC25175 criopre-servada en agar TYCSB. El inóculo se estandarizó en PBS buffer hasta obtener turbidez equivalente al 0,5 de Mc Farland y un OD = 0.01 por espectrofotome-tría. Bloques plásticos de 2cm2/superficie fueron seleccionados como fómites. La descontaminación de los bloques se realizó por inmersión en alcohol etílico 70% v/v durante 10 minutos, los que fueron secados en cabina de seguridad biológica. La conta-minación de los mismos se realizó por inmersión en inóculo estandarizado durante 10 minutos. Los blo-ques contaminados se extrajeron y depositaron so-bre placas de Petri estériles hasta cumplir los tiem-pos propuestos (T0-T4 con intervalos de 30 minutos). A cada tiempo, los bloques fueron eluidos en 20 ml de buffer PBS y agitados en vortex durante 30 segun-dos. 100 µl de cada eluato fueron sembrados por dis-persión en agar TYCSB e incubados en anaerobiosis por 48 horas a 37°C. El recuento de colonias (UFC/ml) se realizó bajo lupa estereoscópica 50X. Resulta-dos: El recuento inicial de S.mutans fue de 7,8 X 106(DS+1,7 X 106) UFC/ml y para cada tiempo de estu-dio fue de: T0=3.25 X 104 (DS+1.9 X 103); T1=2.63X104 (DS+4,50E+03); T2= 1.85 X 104 (DS+9,45E+02); T3=1.93 X103(DS+1,29E+03) y T4=1.2X103 (DS+7,21x102). Conclusión: En los rangos de tiempos establecidos, la cepa de S.mutans ensayada permaneció viable sobre la superficie plástica (AU)

Aim: To evaluate the survival time of Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) in a type of fomites. Method: A strain of cryopreserved S.mutans ATCC 25175 was reactivated in TYCSB agar. The inoculum was standardized in the PBS buffer to obtain turbidity equivalent to 0.5 Mc Farland and OD = 0.01 by spectrophotometry. Plastic blocks of 2 cm2 /surface were selected as fomites. Decontamination of the blocks was carried out for 10 minutes by immersion in ethyl alcohol 70% v/v, which were dried in a biosafety chamber. Contamination was carried out by immersion in standardized inoculum for 10 minutes. The contaminated blocks were extracted and put on sterile Petri dishes until the proposed times were met (T0-T4 at 30-minute intervals). At each time, the blocks were eluted in 20 ml of PBS buffer and vortexed for 30 seconds. 100 µl of each eluate were dispersed on TYCSB agar and incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at 37°C. Colony count (CFU/ml) was performed under a 50X stereoscopic magnifying glass. Results: The initial S.mutans count was 7,8 X 106 (DS+1,7 X 106) CFU/ml and for each study time was: T0=3.25 X 104 (DS+1.9 X 103); T1=2.63X104 (DS+4,50E+03); T2= 1.85 X 104 (DS+9,45E+02); T3=1.93 X103(DS+1,29E+03) y T4=1.2X103 (DS+7,21x102). Conclusion: Within the established time ranges, the tested S.mutans strain remained viable on the plastic surface (AU))

Saliva sampling methods. Cariogenic streptococci count using two different methods of saliva collection in children.

The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of two methods for collecting saliva samples from infants under 2 years of age for cariogenic streptococci (CS) count. Two collection methods were applied in 11 infants. In Method (A), saliva samples were collected by swabbing the inner cheek mucosa and floor of the mouth in figure of eight motions with a sterile cotton swab until it was soaked. In method (B), saliva samples were collected by aspiration of 1 ml of saliva with a sterile plastic syringe on the floor of the mouth, after stimulation with glove. The samples were cultured in modified Gold's broth (MSMG), and on trypticase, yeast extract, sucrose, cystine and bacitracin culture medium (TYSCB). In method (A), the swab with the sample was unloaded in situ on TYSCB and placed in PBS medium for transport. Then, 100 µl of the eluate was seeded in MSMG. In method (B) 100 µl were seeded in TYSCB and 100 µl in MSMG. Both culture media were incubatedundercapnophilicconditions for 48 hours at 37 °C. Colony forming units (CFU/ml) were counted by calibrated operators (kappa = 0.75). The presence of cariogenic streptococci (CS) (Streptococcus mutans-Streptococcus sobrinus) was determined by qPCR in the samples collected by both methods. The CFU/ml counts in MSMG differed significantly between methods (p = 0.021). In TYSCB, the recovery of CFU/ml was higher in method (A), without significant difference (p = 0.705). The molecular technique detected presence of CS, with no difference between collection methods. Collecting saliva samples by swabbing proved more effective in terms of recovery of microorganisms, and did not affect the detection of presence of CS by molecular techniques.

El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la eficacia de dos métodos de obtención de muestras salivales, en infantes menores de 2 años para el recuento de estreptococos cariogénicos (EC). Se aplicaron dos métodos de recolección en 11 infantes, el método (A), consistió en la recolección de muestras de saliva con hisopos de algodón estériles, realizando movimientos en ocho sobre la mucosa del carrillo y piso de boca, hasta embeber el hisopo. En el método (B) la recolección de las muestras se realizó por aspiración con jeringa plástica estéril en piso de boca hasta obtener 1 ml, luego de estimulación con guante. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en caldo de Gold modificado (MSMG) y medio de cultivo TYSCB (tripticasa, extracto de levadura, sacarosa, cistina y bacitracina). En (A), el hisopo con la muestra fue descargado in situ en TYSCB y colocado en medio de transporte PBS. 100 µl del eluato se sembró en MSMG. En (B) 100 µl fueron sembrados en TYSCB y 100µlen MSMG. Ambosmedios de cultivo fueron incubados en condiciones de capnofilia por 48 hs. a 37°C. El recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/ml) se realizó por operadores calibrados (kappa= 0.75). La presencia de EC (Streptococcus mutans - Streptococcus sobrinus) fue determinada por qPCR en las muestras obtenidas por ambos métodos. Los resultados mostraron que los recuentos de UFC/ml en MSMG presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos métodos (p=0.021) En TYSCB la recuperación de UFC/ml fue mayor en el método (A), sin observarse diferencias significativas (p=0.705). Se detectó la presencia de EC por técnica molecular, sin mostrar diferencias entre los métodos empleados. La recolección de muestra de saliva con hisopo presentó mayor eficacia en términos de recuperación de microorganismos, sin alterar la detección de presencia de EC por técnicas moleculares.

Saliva sampling methods. Cariogenic streptococci count using two different methods of saliva collection in children / Recuento de estreptococos cariogénicos a partir de dos métodos de obtención de saliva en niños

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of two methods for collecting saliva samples from infants under 2 years of age for cariogenic streptococci (CS) count. Two collection methods were applied in 11 infants. In Method (A), saliva samples were collected by swabbing the inner cheek mucosa and floor of the mouth in figure of eight motions with a sterile cotton swab until it was soaked. In method (B), saliva samples were collected by aspiration of 1 ml of saliva with a sterile plastic syringe on the floor of the mouth, after stimulation with glove. The samples were cultured in modified Gold's broth (MSMG), and on trypticase, yeast extract, sucrose, cystine and bacitracin culture medium (TYSCB). In method (A), the swab with the sample was unloaded in situ on TYSCB and placed in PBS medium for transport. Then, 100 μl of the eluate was seeded in MSMG. In method (B) 100 μl were seeded in TYSCB and 100 μl in MSMG. Both culture media were incubated under capnophilic conditions for 48 hours at 37 °C. Colony forming units (CFU/ml) were counted by calibrated operators (kappa = 0.75). The presence of cariogenic streptococci (CS) (Streptococcus mutans-Streptococcus sobrinus) was determined by qPCR in the samples collected by both methods. The CFU/ml counts in MSMG differed significantly between methods (p = 0.021). In TYSCB, the recovery of CFU/ml was higher in method (A), without significant difference (p = 0.705). The molecular technique detected presence of CS, with no difference between collection methods. Collecting saliva samples by swabbing proved more effective in terms of recovery of microorganisms, and did not affect the detection of presence of CS by molecular techniques.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la eficacia de dos métodos de obtención de muestras salivales, en infantes menores de 2 años para el recuento de estreptococos cariogénicos (EC). Se aplicaron dos métodos de recolección en 11 infantes, el método (A), consistió en la recolección de muestras de saliva con hisopos de algodón estériles, realizando movimientos en ocho sobre la mucosa del carrillo y piso de boca, hasta embeber el hisopo. En el método (B) la recolección de las muestras se realizó por aspiración con jeringa plástica estéril en piso de boca hasta obtener 1 ml, luego de estimulación con guante. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en caldo de Gold modificado (MSMG) y medio de cultivo TYSCB (tripticasa, extracto de levadura, sacarosa, cistina y bacitracina). En (A), el hisopo con la muestra fue descargado in situ en TYSCB y colocado en medio de transporte PBS. 100 μl del eluato se sembró en MSMG. En (B) 100 μl fueron sembrados en TYSCB y 100 μl en MSMG. Ambos medios de cultivo fueron incubados en condiciones de capnofilia por 48 hs. a 37°C. El recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/ml) se realizó por operadores calibrados (kappa= 0.75). La presencia de EC (Streptococcus mutans - Streptococcus sobrinus) fue determinada por qPCR en las muestras obtenidas por ambos métodos. Los resultados mostraron que los recuentos de UFC/ml en MSMG presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos métodos (p=0.021) En TYSCB la recuperación de UFC/ml fue mayor en el método (A), sin observarse diferencias significativas (p=0.705). Se detectó la presencia de EC por técnica molecular, sin mostrar diferencias entre los métodos empleados. La recolección de muestra de saliva con hisopo presentó mayor eficacia en términos de recuperación de microorganismos, sin alterar la detección de presencia de EC por técnicas moleculares.

Estrategias para el abordaje de la salud bucal en escolares de poblaciones vulnerables / Strategies for addressing oral health in schoolchildren from vulnerable populations

OBJETIVO GENERAL Evaluar la efectividad de diferentes estrategias de intervención sobre el componente bucal de la salud, en escolares pertenecientes a poblaciones vulnerables. MÉTODOS La muestra estuvo compuesta por 358 escolares (edad 6 a 8 años) que concurren a instituciones educativas de gestión estatal de tres espacios territoriales de CABA/AMBA. Se realizó un estudio comparado de la efectividad de programas de atención odontológica con fuerte componente preventivo, con diferentes densidades en la intervención individual, (PI-PE) y combinación de medidas preventivas (P1 P2 P3), con el propósito de asignarlos a poblaciones con alta vulnerabilidad en conjuntos poblacionales con diferente accesibilidad a la atención de salud. RESULTADOS Medidas de desenlace; Incidencia de caries; CABA Post 1 año, las nuevas lesiones fueron; P1) X=0,30 DS=0,64; P2) X=0,35 DS=0,71; y P3) X=0,86 DS=1,29. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre grupos según protocolos aplicados (p˃0,05). AMBA incidencia PE=5,6% PI= 6,2% No se observaron diferencias significativas entre grupos según modalidad de implementación (p˃0,05). Desempeño técnico-operativo; Prestaciones/paciente hasta el alta PI=4,9 DS2,9 PE 4,8 DS2,7 sin diferencias significativas entre grupos (p=0,8) tiempo(minutos)/paciente hasta el alta PI=56,5 DS 23 PE=98,5 DS 2,7 diferencias significativas (p<0.01) Sesiones/paciente hasta el alta PI=1,3 DS 0,5 PE=2,2 DS0,9 diferencias significativas (p<0.01). DISCUSIÓN Los programas de tratamiento individual en programas escolares con diferentes combinaciones de medidas preventivas aplicados en contextos reales no mostraron diferencias en cuanto a la incidencia y estabilización de las lesiones de caries. En cuanto al modo de implementación, los resultados sugieren que la modalidad de implementación intensiva respecto de la modalidad extensiva resultaría más eficiente en términos de optimización de tiempo y sesiones de atención odontológica para alcanzar un producto similar de prestaciones e impacto sobre la salud bucal

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations.

The aim of the present work was to explore whether there is a relationship between oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations in Buenos Aires City. Eighty pregnant women (age 18-39 x = 25.19 +/- 6.56) in their 1st/2nd trimester were sampled from the population of women visiting a health center located in the south of Buenos Aires City for their pregnancy check-ups. The impact of oral disease was assessed using the Spanish validated version (López, 2006) of OHIP-49 (Slade and Spencer, 1994), which includes 49 items grouped into 7 domains. Each question has five possible answers, to which values ranging from 1 to 5 were assigned. To assess oral health status, 4 calibrated researchers performed a clinical examination and recorded: Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1963); depth on probing, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and DMFT discriminating its components. Variables were analyzed in the population as a whole and in groups regarding previous dental attention (presence of fillings). Statistical analysis included: Chi Square test to establish association between variables and t-test to compare groups. 93.75% of the patients showed clinical signs of gingivitis, 2.5% showed clinical signs of periodontitis. Mean DMFT was 12.24 +/- 6.48 (D/DMFT = 6.46 +/- 4.64; M/DMFT = 4.09 +/- 4.31; F/DMFT = 2.53 +/- 3.52); 73.3% of the patients had at least one missing tooth; 92.1% presented active caries lesions; 53.7% had at least one filling. Most frequent impacts were reported in the domains: psychological discomfort (59.9% = frequent concern about dental problems) and functional limitation (51.1% = frequent perception that "a tooth did not look good"). Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life showed no significant association. Domains involving functional limitation (p < 0.04) and physical disability (p < 0.01) showed higher levels of impact in the group of patients with previous dental care (presence of fillings). Oral health-related quality of life did not reflect health status; nevertheless, it may be an intervenient variable regarding demand for dental service.

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations

El objetivo del trabajo fue establecer la situación de salud bucal y explorar su relación con la percepción de impacto enla calidad de vida en gestantes pertenecientes a poblaciones vulnerables de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. La muestra estuvo constituida por 80 gestantes (edad 18-39 años x=25,19±6,56) cursando el 1º/2º trimestre del embarazo que concurren a un centro de salud de la zona sur de CABA para sus controles obstétricos. Para evaluar el impacto de la condición bucal sobre la calidad de vida se administró el cuestionario OHIP-49 (Slade y Spencer, 1994) validado al español (López, 2006), que incluye 49 preguntas agrupadas en siete dominios. Cada pregunta admite respuesta dentro de 5 categorías. Se asignó un valor (1a 5) a cada respuesta. Para evaluar la situación de salud, 4 odontólogoscalibrados realizaron exámenes clínicos y registraron: Índice Gingival (Lõe y Silness, 1963); profundidad al sondaje,nivel de inserción clínica, sangrado al sondaje y CPOD con componentesdiscriminados. Las variables fueron analizadas en la población en su conjunto y por grupos según atención odontológica previa (presencia de obturaciones). Se utilizaron: la pruebade Chi cuadrado (c2) para establecer asociaciones entre variables y el test t de student para comparaciones. El 93,75 por ciento de las pacientespresentaron signos clínicos de gingivitis, 2,5 opr ciento presentaron signos clínicos con periodontitis. La media del CPOD fue de 12,24±6,48 (C/CPOD=6,46±4,64; /CPOD=3,74±4,8; O/CPOD=2,07±2,98) 73,3 por ciento de las gestantes presentó al menos una pieza dentaria ausente; 92,1 por ciento presentó caries activas; 53,7 por ciento presentó al menos una pieza dentaria obturada. Los impactos citadoscon mayor frecuencia se registraron en los dominios malestar psicológico (59,9 por ciento=preocupación frecuente por problemas dentales) y limitación funcional (51,1 por ciento=percepción frecuente “que un diente no se veía bien”).

The aim of the present work was to explore whether there is a rela-tionship between oral health status and oral health-related qualityof life in pregnant women from socially deprived populationsin Buenos Aires City. Eighty pregnant women (age18-39x=25.19±6.56) in their 1st/2ndtrimester were sampled from thepopulation of women visiting a health center located in the southof Buenos Aires City for their pregnancy check-ups. The impact oforal disease was assessed using the Spanish validated version(López, 2006) of OHIP-49 (Slade and Spencer, 1994), whichincludes 49 items grouped into 7 domains. Each question has fivepossible answers, to which values ranging from 1 to 5 wereassigned. To assess oral health status, 4 calibrated researchersperformed a clinical examination and recorded: Gingival Index(Löe and Silness, 1963); depth on probing, clinical attachmentlevel, bleeding on probing and DMFT discriminating its compo-nents. Variables were analyzed in the population as a whole andin groups regarding previous dental attention (presence of fill-ings)...

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations. / Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations.

The aim of the present work was to explore whether there is a relationship between oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations in Buenos Aires City. Eighty pregnant women (age 18-39 x = 25.19 +/- 6.56) in their 1st/2nd trimester were sampled from the population of women visiting a health center located in the south of Buenos Aires City for their pregnancy check-ups. The impact of oral disease was assessed using the Spanish validated version (López, 2006) of OHIP-49 (Slade and Spencer, 1994), which includes 49 items grouped into 7 domains. Each question has five possible answers, to which values ranging from 1 to 5 were assigned. To assess oral health status, 4 calibrated researchers performed a clinical examination and recorded: Gingival Index (L÷e and Silness, 1963); depth on probing, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and DMFT discriminating its components. Variables were analyzed in the population as a whole and in groups regarding previous dental attention (presence of fillings). Statistical analysis included: Chi Square test to establish association between variables and t-test to compare groups. 93.75

of the patients showed clinical signs of gingivitis, 2.5

showed clinical signs of periodontitis. Mean DMFT was 12.24 +/- 6.48 (D/DMFT = 6.46 +/- 4.64; M/DMFT = 4.09 +/- 4.31; F/DMFT = 2.53 +/- 3.52); 73.3

of the patients had at least one missing tooth; 92.1

presented active caries lesions; 53.7

had at least one filling. Most frequent impacts were reported in the domains: psychological discomfort (59.9

= frequent concern about dental problems) and functional limitation (51.1

= frequent perception that "a tooth did not look good"). Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life showed no significant association. Domains involving functional limitation (p < 0.04) and physical disability (p < 0.01) showed higher levels of impact in the group of patients with previous dental care (presence of fillings). Oral health-related quality of life did not reflect health status; nevertheless, it may be an intervenient variable regarding demand for dental service.

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations

El objetivo del trabajo fue establecer la situación de salud bucal y explorar su relación con la percepción de impacto enla calidad de vida en gestantes pertenecientes a poblaciones vulnerables de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. La muestra estuvo constituida por 80 gestantes (edad 18-39 años x=25,19±6,56) cursando el 1º/2º trimestre del embarazo que concurren a un centro de salud de la zona sur de CABA para sus controles obstétricos. Para evaluar el impacto de la condición bucal sobre la calidad de vida se administró el cuestionario OHIP-49 (Slade y Spencer, 1994) validado al español (López, 2006), que incluye 49 preguntas agrupadas en siete dominios. Cada pregunta admite respuesta dentro de 5 categorías. Se asignó un valor (1a 5) a cada respuesta. Para evaluar la situación de salud, 4 odontólogoscalibrados realizaron exámenes clínicos y registraron: Indice Gingival (L§e y Silness, 1963); profundidad al sondaje,nivel de inserción clínica, sangrado al sondaje y CPOD con componentesdiscriminados. Las variables fueron analizadas en la población en su conjunto y por grupos según atención odontológica previa (presencia de obturaciones). Se utilizaron: la pruebade Chi cuadrado (c2) para establecer asociaciones entre variables y el test t de student para comparaciones. El 93,75 por ciento de las pacientespresentaron signos clínicos de gingivitis, 2,5 opr ciento presentaron signos clínicos con periodontitis. La media del CPOD fue de 12,24±6,48 (C/CPOD=6,46±4,64; /CPOD=3,74±4,8; O/CPOD=2,07±2,98) 73,3 por ciento de las gestantes presentó al menos una pieza dentaria ausente; 92,1 por ciento presentó caries activas; 53,7 por ciento presentó al menos una pieza dentaria obturada. Los impactos citadoscon mayor frecuencia se registraron en los dominios malestar psicológico (59,9 por ciento=preocupación frecuente por problemas dentales) y limitación funcional (51,1 por ciento=percepción frecuente ôque un diente no se veía bienö).(AU)

The aim of the present work was to explore whether there is a rela-tionship between oral health status and oral health-related qualityof life in pregnant women from socially deprived populationsin Buenos Aires City. Eighty pregnant women (age18-39x=25.19±6.56) in their 1st/2ndtrimester were sampled from thepopulation of women visiting a health center located in the southof Buenos Aires City for their pregnancy check-ups. The impact oforal disease was assessed using the Spanish validated version(López, 2006) of OHIP-49 (Slade and Spencer, 1994), whichincludes 49 items grouped into 7 domains. Each question has fivepossible answers, to which values ranging from 1 to 5 wereassigned. To assess oral health status, 4 calibrated researchersperformed a clinical examination and recorded: Gingival Index(L÷e and Silness, 1963); depth on probing, clinical attachmentlevel, bleeding on probing and DMFT discriminating its compo-nents. Variables were analyzed in the population as a whole andin groups regarding previous dental attention (presence of fill-ings)...(AU)