When social movements fail or succeed: social psychological consequences of a collective action's outcome.

Collective actions occur all around the world and, in the last few years, even more frequently. Previous literature has mainly focused on the antecedents of collective actions, but less attention has been given to the consequences of participating in collective action. Moreover, it is still an open question how the consequences of collective action might differ, depending on whether the actions are perceived to succeed or fail. In two studies we seek to address this gap using innovative experimental studies. In Study 1 (N = 368) we manipulated the perceptions of success and failure of a collective action in the context of a real social movement, the Chilean student movement from last decade. In Study 2 (N = 169), in addition to manipulating the outcome, we manipulated actual participation, using a mock environmental organization aiming to create awareness in authorities, to test the causal effect of both participation and success/failure on empowerment, group efficacy, and intentions of future involvement in normative and non-normative collective actions. Results show that current and past participation predict overall participation in the future, however, in Study 2 the manipulated participation was associated with having less intentions of participating in the future. In both studies, perception of success increases group efficacy. In Study 1, we found that when facing failure, participants increase their willingness to participate more in the future as opposed to non-participants that actually decrease theirs. In Study 2, however, failure increases the perception of efficacy for those with a history of non-normative participation. Altogether these results highlight the moderating role of the outcome of collective action to understand the effect of participation on future participation. We discuss these results in light of the methodological innovation and the real world setting in which our studies were conducted.

Researching with Qualitative Methodologies in the Time of Coronavirus: Clues and Challenges.

In late 2020 and the first semester of 2021, in Santiago de Chile, five women researchers who work with qualitative methodologies, based on their reflections on how the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on their doctoral research or their role as thesis advisors, conducted a reflective exploration of the conditions and challenges for qualitative research amid a global crisis. In this context, they convene once per week to explore how other researchers conduct and document their research processes, based on a purposive and thorough bibliographic exploration of qualitative studies on the pandemic and remote methods published in qualitative research journals. During these meetings, they reflect on and analyze the impacts and challenges of research in today's world, identifying possibilities and challenges in the methodological and ethical domains. Thus, they organize the present paper around two axes: one on the effects of the pandemic on academic and research practices, in general terms, and another on the specific methodological challenges facing qualitative research during the pandemic. These challenges are largely caused by difficulties in accessing and recruiting participants; the conditions of participation, influenced by vulnerabilities or barriers that constitute factors of inequality; the data production strategies and methodologies used in virtual contexts; ethical considerations; and the effects of the pandemic context on quality and rigor criteria. The article concludes with reflections and questions on the meanings, underlying logic, and practices of qualitative research, which are interrogated and re-signified in light of the COVID-19 pandemic while also illuminating research in post-pandemic settings.

The intergenerational transmission of participation in collective action: The role of conversation and political practices in the family.

In this study, we examined the intergenerational transmission of collective action from parents to children. Using a mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, we analysed data from 100 dyads of activist parents in Chile (involved in the mobilizations against the dictatorship during the 1980s) and their adult children (N = 200). The quantitative analysis addressed the role of conversations about politics in the family. The results provided evidence of a direct association between those conversations and the frequency of participation in conventional and radical actions by the children, and an indirect association via children's knowledge about parental involvement in past social movements. The qualitative phase, which used interviews and thematic analysis on a subsample of 24 dyads (N = 48), confirmed the role of political conversations, but also revealed the influence of other factors such as cultural consumption and joint political participation. This phase allowed the identification of factors that facilitate or hinder family transmission. Overall, the study highlights the relevance of family as a critical site of socialization that enables the intergenerational transmission of protest.

Manifiesto por la Psicología en Chile: A propósito de la revuelta del 18 de Octubre 2019 / Manifesto for Psychology in Chile: On the subject of the revolt of October 18, 2019

Resumen La psicología en tanto práctica profesional y de investigación científica no puede ni debe permanecer aislada de los contextos en los que se desarrolla. Frente a los profundos sentimientos de malestar expresados por el pueblo chileno en movilizaciones sociales desde el 18 de octubre de 2019, que responden directamente a la implementación de un modelo neoliberal desprovisto de justicia social, como psicólogas y psicólogos nos sentimos llamados a levantar los requerimientos mínimos que consideramos que nuestra disciplina debe asumir. Bajo este marco, se presenta un Manifiesto que contempla 22 puntos, construido de manera colaborativa por 13 psicólogas y psicólogos de diversas instituciones que, en una labor colectiva, lo proponen como agenda de trabajo para los próximos meses. Sabiendo que este listado no es definitivo ni exhaustivo, lo ofrecemos a la comunidad como un punto de partida para la deliberación, discusión y debate dentro de Universidades, centros de investigación, sociedades científicas y profesionales y al aparato estatal, de manera de fortalecer el rol de la psicología en la problematización y reducción las inequidades e injusticias, así como en el fomento del bienestar psicosocial.

Abstract Psychology as a professional and scientific practice should and must not remain isolated from the contexts in which it develops. Considering the deep feelings of discomfort expressed by the Chilean people during social mobilizations since October 18th, 2019, in response to the implementation for decades of a neoliberal model devoid of social justice, as psychologists we feel summoned to raise the minimum requirements we think our discipline must assume about that matter. Under these assumptions, a Manifesto is presented. It includes 22 items, which have been elaborated by 13 psychologists from several institutions that, in a collective effort, propose them as an agenda to work on in the next months. Knowing that this list is not definitive or exhaustive, we offer it to the community as a point of departure for deliberation, discussion and debate within universities, research centers, scientific and professional societies, and the state apparatus, in order to strengthen the role of psychology in the problematization and reduction of inequities and injustices, as well as in promoting psychosocial well-being.

Perfil epidemiológico de morbilidad en caninos y felinos del hospital veterinario Medivet, marzo a septiembre 2019 / Epidemiological profile of morbidity in dogs and cats from Medivet veterinary hospital, March to September 2019

Propósito: elaborar un perfil de morbilidad en caninos y felinos de un Hospital Veterinario e identificar las zoonosis. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo descriptivo, en el que se creó un perfil epidemiológico a partir de datos cuantitativos de los pacientes caninos y felinos que recibieron consulta médica en Hospital Veterinario Medivet. Resultados: se registraron 688 pacientes caninos y 65 pacientes felinos que recibieron servicio de consulta médica, se determinó que las cinco causas más importantes de morbilidad están relacionadas con dermatología, sistema digestivo, hemoparásitos, traumatismos y otitis. Las causas más frecuentes de ingreso hospitalario en Medivet para pacientes caninos durante 2016 y 2017 fueron: gastroenteritis 34.8% (2016) y 23% (2017) y la cirugía de órganos blandos representó 30.4% (2016) y 34% (2017), En felinos las causas de ingreso hospitalario fueron enfermedades virales 25.05% (2016) y 16.7% (2017) y cirugía de órganos blandos 33.3% (2016) y 16.7% (2017). Las zoonosis identificadas fueron: dermatofitosis, gastroenteritis bacteriana, gastroenteritis por protozoos, nematodos (Ancylostoma, Toxocara), cestodo (Dipillidyum caninum), enfermedad respiratoria por Bordetella bronchiseptica y enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Conclusiones: es importante y es posible definir un perfil dentro de la clínica veterinaria para establecer prevalencia de las enfermedades y responder de manera oportuna y segura con métodos de diagnóstico y tratamientos más actualizados. Recomendaciones: actualizar de forma constante las técnicas de diagnóstico y los protocolos para enfermedades en caninos y felinos. Implementar un registro ordenado de los casos clínicos donde se determine de manera correcta los diagnósticos de importancia en salud pública

Perfil epidemiológico de morbilidad en caninos y felinos del Hospital Veterinario Medivet, Marzo a Septiembre 2019 / Epidemiological profile of morbidity in dogs and cats of the Medivet Veterinary Hospital, March to September 2019

El propósito es elaborar un perfil de morbilidad en caninos y felinos de un Hospital Veterinario e identificar las zoonosis. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, en el que se creó un perfil epidemiológico a partir de datos cuantitativos de los pacientes caninos y felinos que recibieron consulta médica en Hospital Veterinario Medivet. Se registran 688 pacientes caninos y 65 pacientes felinos que recibieron servicio de consulta médica, se determinó que las cinco causas más importantes de morbilidad están relacionadas con dermatología, sistema digestivo, hemoparásitos, traumatismos y otitis. Las causas más frecuentes de ingreso hospitalario en Medivet para pacientes caninos durante 2016 y 2017 fueron: gastroenteritis 34.8% (2016) y 23% (2017) y la cirugía de órganos blandos representó 30.4% (2016) y 34% (2017), En felinos las causas de ingreso hospitalario fueron enfermedades virales 25.05% (2016) y 16.7% (2017) y cirugía de órganos blandos 33.3% (2016) y 16.7% (2017). Las zoonosis identificadas fueron: dermatofitosis, gastroenteritis bacteriana, gastroenteritis por protozoos, nematodos (Ancylostoma, Toxocara), cestodo (Dipillidyum caninum), enfermedad respiratoria por Bordetella bronchiseptica y enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Es importante y es posible definir un perfil dentro de la clínica veterinaria para establecer prevalencia de las enfermedades y responder de manera oportuna y segura con métodos de diagnóstico y tratamientos más actualizados. Actualizar de forma constante las técnicas de diagnóstico y los protocolos para enfermedades en caninos y felinos. Implementar un registro ordenado de los casos clínicos donde se determine de manera correcta los diagnósticos de importancia en salud pública.

Distribution of greenhouse gases in hyper-arid and arid areas of northern Chile and the contribution of the high altitude wetland microbiome (Salar de Huasco, Chile).

Northern Chile harbors different bioclimatic zones including hyper-arid and arid ecosystems and hotspots of microbial life, such as high altitude wetlands, which may contribute differentially to greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, we explored ground level GHG distribution and the potential role of a wetland situated at 3800 m.a.s.l, and characterized by high solar radiation < 1600 W m-2, extreme temperature ranges (-12 to 24 °C) and wind stress (< 17 m s-1). The water source of the wetland is mainly groundwater springs, which generates streams and ponds surrounded by peatlands. These sites support a rich microbial aquatic life including diverse bacteria and archaea communities, which transiently form more complex structures, such as microbial mats. In this study, GHG were measured in the water and above ground level air at the wetland site and along an elevation gradient in different bioclimatic areas from arid to hyper-arid zones. The microbiome from the water and sediments was described by high-throughput sequencing 16S rRNA and rDNA genes. The results indicate that GHG at ground level were variable along the elevation gradient potentially associated with different bioclimatic zones, reaching high values at the high Andean steppe and variable but lower values in the Atacama Desert and at the wetland. The water areas of the wetland presented high concentrations of CH4 and CO2, particularly at the spring areas and in air bubbles below microbial mats. The microbial community was rich (> 40 phyla), including archaea and bacteria potentially active in the different matrices studied (water, sediments and mats). Functional microbial groups associated with GHG recycling were detected at low frequency, i.e., < 2.5% of total sequences. Our results indicate that hyper-arid and arid areas of northern Chile are sites of GHG exchange associated with various bioclimatic zones and particularly in aquatic areas of the wetland where this ecosystem could represent a net sink of N2O and a source for CH4 and CO2.

The activity of nitrifying microorganisms in a high-altitude Andean wetland.

High-altitude wetland holds freshwater springs, evaporitic ponds and lagoon with variable salinity and nutrients, potentially influencing the ecology of nitrifying communities. In this study, nitrifying microorganisms in Salar de Huasco (Chile) were surveyed to determine bacterial and archaeal contribution to ammonium (AO), nitrite oxidation (NO), ammonium uptake (AU) during wet and dry seasons. The activity signals from these groups were assessed by specific amoA-qPCR transcription, 15N tracer studies and addition of group specific inhibitor experiments for nitrifying microorganisms (N1-guanyl-1, 7-diaminoheptane [GC7]-archaeal specific and allylthiourea [ATU]-bacterial specific). Nitrifying communities, i.e. Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, Kuenenia and Nitrospira, were more frequent (∼0.25% of 16S rRNA sequences) at low salinity sites. Bacterial amoA-qPCR transcripts also increased at low salinity and along in situ ammonium increase observed between wet/dry seasons. Nutrient changes through time and 15N tracer experiments results showed that AO and NO were detected and peaked mainly at low salinity-high ammonium sites (<37 000 µS cm-1 and >0.3 µM), whereas AU was predominant at evaporitic sites. Our results indicate that salinity and ammonium affect the nitrifying communities that are potentially more active at low-salinity sites but persistent at saltier evaporitic areas of the wetland when ammonium is available.

Transmisión y apropiación de la historia de prisión política: transgeneracionalidad del trauma psicosocial en nietos de ex presos políticos de la dictadura militar chilena / Transmission and appropriation of political imprisonment stories: the transgenerational nature of psychosocial trauma in grandchildren of former political prisoners of the Chilean military dictatorship

Se presentan resultados de un estudio que abordó la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial en la tercera generación de víctimas de la dictadura militar chilena. Participaron 14 jóvenes, nietos de ex presos políticos, de 21.4 años de edad en promedio, provenientes de las regiones Metropolitana y de La Araucanía. Mediante el uso de relatos de vida, se les solicitó contar su historia como nieto de una persona víctima de prisión política. Los resultados permiten distinguir un proceso narrativo que, desde ciertas etapas, va articulando la historia de vida de los nietos, inscribiéndola en una lógica de transmisión y apropiación transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial asociada a la historia y memoria familiar respecto a la experiencia traumática, persistiendo en sus familias una dinámica de evitación y de silencio en torno a la experiencia de tortura, la que determina las particularidades de la relación de los nietos con esta experiencia traumática.

The article presents the results of a study on the transgenerational transmission of psychosocial trauma in the third generation of victims of the Chilean military dictatorship. The participants were 14 young people, grandchildren of former political prisoners, aged 21.4 on average, living in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. They were asked to use life stories to share their experiences as grandchildren of victims of political imprisonment. The results reveal a narrative process, which, beginning at certain stages, articulates the life stories of grandchildren framing it in a logic of transmission and transgenerational appropriation of the psychosocial trauma associated with the family's history and memory about the traumatic experience. Families remain engaged in a dynamic of avoidance and silence regarding the experience of torture, which determines the characteristics of the relationship of grandchildren with this traumatic experience.

Ambivalencias en la escucha de la tortura en Chile: implicancias clínicas y sociales / Ambivalences in the listening of torture in Chile: clinical and social implications

Los resultados presentados surgen del análisis de dos instancias en las que se escuchó acerca de la tortura ocurrida en Chile durante la Dictadura militar: una investigación realizada con profesionales de la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política, y grupos psicoterapéuticos realizados con personas que luego de declarar ante esta comisión, fueron derivados a atención psicológica. Se recogieron relatos de vida con 22 profesionales de la comisión, y se realizaron 4 grupos psicoterapéuticos (2 de mujeres y 2 de hombres) con 29 personas. En ambos casos, la escucha se centró en experiencias que apelaron a lo traumático, determinando la emergencia de ambivalencias, tanto respecto a emociones surgidas, como de la dimensión institucional determinada por el hecho que ambas instancias hayan sido realizadas asociadas a la comisión. Los análisis permiten comprender efectos que la escucha de la tortura genera tanto a nivel individual como social.

The results presented are derived from the analysis of two instances in which individuals gave their testimonies of torture during the military dictatorship in Chile: a study conducted with professionals from the Chilean National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture, and psychotherapeutic groups for people who were referred to psychological treatment after declaring before said commission. The life stories of 22 professionals working for the Commission were documented, and 4 psychotherapy groups comprising 29 people in total were set up (2 for men and 2 for women)". In both cases, the listening sessions focused on experiences of traumatic events, which resulted in the emergence of ambivalences regarding the emotions felt and the institutional dimension due to the fact that both listening instances were carried out in association with the Commission. The analyses make it possible to understand the effects that the listening of torture generates at an individual and a social level.

Biological N2O fixation in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean and marine cyanobacterial cultures.

Despite the importance of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the global radiative balance and atmospheric ozone chemistry, its sources and sinks within the Earth's system are still poorly understood. In the ocean, N2O is produced by microbiological processes such as nitrification and partial denitrification, which account for about a third of global emissions. Conversely, complete denitrification (the dissimilative reduction of N2O to N2) under suboxic/anoxic conditions is the only known pathway accountable for N2O consumption in the ocean. In this work, it is demonstrated that the biological assimilation of N2O could be a significant pathway capable of directly transforming this gas into particulate organic nitrogen (PON). N2O is shown to be biologically fixed within the subtropical and tropical waters of the eastern South Pacific Ocean, under a wide range of oceanographic conditions and at rates ranging from 2 pmol N L(-1) d(-) to 14.8 nmol N L(-1) d(-1) (mean ± SE of 0.522 ± 1.06 nmol N L(-1) d(-1), n = 93). Additional assays revealed that cultured cyanobacterial strains of Trichodesmium (H-9 and IMS 101), and Crocosphaera (W-8501) have the capacity to directly fix N2O under laboratory conditions; suggesting that marine photoautotrophic diazotrophs could be using N2O as a substrate. This metabolic capacity however was absent in Synechococcus (RCC 1029). The findings presented here indicate that assimilative N2O fixation takes place under extreme environmental conditions (i.e., light, nutrient, oxygen) where both autotrophic (including cyanobacteria) and heterotrophic microbes appear to be involved. This process could provide a globally significant sink for atmospheric N2O which in turn affects the oceanic N2O inventory and may also represent a yet unexplored global oceanic source of fixed N.

La escucha de la tortura desde el Estado: la experiencia de los profesionales de la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura en Chile / The State's Listening of Torture: The Experience of Professionals in the Chilean National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture

Se presenta una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo fue comprender el impacto que tuvo escuchar el testimonio de víctimas de tortura sobre los profesionales que trabajaron en la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura, realizada en Chile entre 2003 y 2004. Se realizaron relatos de vida con 22 profesionales que trabajaron en esta Comisión, a partir de tres encuentros con cada uno de ellos. Los resultados muestran que el impacto de esta experiencia articula procesos elaborativos desde diferentes dimensiones -emocional, biográfica-narrativa e institucional- entendidas como coordenadas por donde circulan estos procesos, los que se revelan como profundamente influidos por las significaciones y sentidos que los profesionales construyen acerca de sus historias personales y familiares y de su historia social.

This article presents a qualitative study aimed at assessing the impact of the oral testimonies of torture victims on professionals who worked for the Chilean National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture in 2003-2004. Life stories were developed with 22 professionals who worked for this Commission based on 3 meetings with each of them. The results reveal that the impact of listening to torture testimonies articulates elaborative processes from different dimensions -emotional, biographical-narrative and institutional- regarded as a background of coordinates which frame their motion. Such processes are heavily influenced by the meanings and senses that the professionals construct about their personal and familial histories and about their social history.

Modelo de evaluación del programa de salud familias en riesgos biopsicosocial en la atención primaria: centro de salud Villa OïHiggins en la comuna de La Florida / Evaluation model of families in biopsychosocial risk in the primary care health program: Villa OïHiggins health center, La Florida comunity

El Centro de Salud Villa OïHiggins de la Comuna de La Florida desarrolla desde 1994 un programa de atención familiar denominado Programa de Familias en Riesgo Biopsicosocial, dirigido a familias pobres, de baja asistencialidad y en riesgo de salud. Un equipo interdisciplinario de miembros de la Escuela de Psicología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica y del Centro de Salud está desarrollando un proyecto de investigación, cuyo objetivo general es mejorar significativamente la calidad del Programa de Familias en Riesgo Biopsicosocial. El presente trabajo presenta una reseña del Programa de Familias e informa de los principales resultados obtenidos en la primera evaluación de la calidad del programa, el que contempla una evaluación de la calidad social, calidad técnica y calidad económica, tanto a nivel de estructuras como de procesos, según el modelo de Saraceno & Levav (1992). Los principales resultados señalan la aceptación del enfoque por parte de los equipos de salud local y de los usuarios, la adecuada accesibilidad al programa y un costo económico razonable dada la complejidad de las familias atendidas. Las principales dificultades surgen por las difíciles problemáticas de salud, especialmente en salud mental, la falta de capacitación para su abordaje, la estructura tradicional de programas y la falta de indicadores apropiados para evaluar su efectividad. Se discuten las posibilidades de aplicación de un modelo de salud familiar en la Atención Primaria, el desarrollo de métodos eficaces de intervención y evaluación en los sistemas que se organizan en torno a los problemas de salud y enfermedad de la población