Presentation, diagnosis, and management of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: 11 years of experience with 61 legs.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is still underdiagnosed yet it may significantly interfere with lifestyle, especially among young sportspeople, with symptoms like intermittent claudication. Although case reports and small case series are sometimes published, studies with larger populations are quite rare. This study summarizes our experience with PAES on 61 limbs (35 patients) over a period of 11 years, describing the demographics, the disease, and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods used with PAES patients. In a population of 327 consecutive explored symptomatic sportspersons, PAES was confirmed in 35 patients on 61 pathologic limbs. The median time with the symptoms before diagnosis was 34 months (range, 3-180 months). The mean age of patients was 30.5 years (range, 17-52 years) with 83% of males. The proportion of patients diagnosed with bilateral PAES was 74%. The main sports practiced were running (15 patients, 43%), soccer (nine patients, 26%), rugby (two patients), and athletics (two patients). Among 21 patients, intra-compartmental pressure measurements (ICP) found 18 (86%) to have an associated chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Among the patients followed up after PAES surgery, 80% were able to resume sport at a level comparable to that before the onset of pain. PAES could be sought earlier in young sportspeople who experience unexplained leg pain during exercise to diagnose the disease and avoid complications in a timely manner. Compartmental pressures should systematically be measured in the search for an associated CECS.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus associated with stroke: report of two cases.

OBJECTIVE: Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (CCAM) is a rare complication of mitral annulus calcification (MAC). Whether CCAM should be considered as a cardiac source of stroke or a simple marker of atherosclerosis remains a matter of debate. METHOD: Herein, we report two patients with stroke and CCAM. RESULTS: The first one was associated with extensive aortic arch atheroma, while CCAM was the only potential cause in the second case. Transthoracic echocardiography was normal in both cases and CCAM was diagnosed on transesophageal echocardiography. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that CCAM should be added to the list of minor cardioembolic sources of stroke but also requires a perfect control of vascular risk factors.

[Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus, variable and revealing clinical picture, and the contribution of cardiac tomodensitometry to the diagnosis: report of two cases]. / Nécrose caséeuse de l'anneau mitral, polymorphisme des tableaux cliniques révélateurs et apport de la tomodensitométrie cardiaque au diagnostic : à propos de deux cas.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (CCMA) is a rare variant of mitral annular calcification and a common echocardiographic finding. CCMA discovery is mostly incidental, considered as benign tumor and may be unrelated to patient symptoms. Multimodality imaging may have an additional value for the diagnosis of CCMA. We report the cases of two CCMA revealed by acute pulmonary oedema and stroke, respectively. The aims of this presentation are: to illustrate the variety of cardiac symptoms that led to the diagnosis of CCMA; and to highlight the usefulness of thoracic multisliced computed tomography for the diagnosis of CCMA.

[Cryptococcal infection and sarcoidosis: a coincidence?]. / Cryptococcose disséminée et sarcoïdose pulmonaire : une association fortuite ?

INTRODUCTION: We report a case of cryptococcal infection that underwent in a patient with a medical history of asymptomatic sarcoidosis. This finding seems to be not incidental. CASE REPORT: A 35-years-old female was referred to hospital for a community-acquired pneumonia with pleural involvement. A physical examination showed a pleural syndrome. Chest imaging showed a parenchymal involvement with pleural effusion and numerous mediastinal nodes. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed an obstruction of the right apical bronchus of the lower lobe. Biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed a cryptococcal infection. The disease was considered as disseminated with a urinary and neurologic involvement. The outcome was fair under prolonged antifungal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcal infection is generally associated with immunosuppression. We suggest that sarcoidosis, although non symptomatic, may be a condition that promote the onset of cryptococcal infection. Even rare, cryptococcal infection is the most frequent opportunistic infection recorded with sarcoidosis patients. Histologic similarities between sarcoidosis and cryptococcal infection and the role of the macrophages which phagocyte the Cryptococcus neoformans are one of the hypothesis to assess these pathologic findings. A register is warranted to recover all opportunistic infection related to sarcoidosis in order to better understand the pathogeny.

[MRI and the thorax]. / IRM et thorax.

In the field of thoracic pathology, the indications for MRI are well established in pleural, mediastinal and vascular disease. Compared to CT, MRI, with its superior contrast resolution, allows better tissue characterization of tumours, as well as an accurate assessment of mediastinal or parietal invasion prior to surgery. MRI is a non-ionizing imaging technique, which can be repeated for the follow-up of aortic diseases such as dissections or aneurysms. Clinicians should be aware of the contraindications to MRI and the adverse effects of gadolinium.

Inter- and intraobserver consistency in assessing eligibility for bevacizumab (BVZ) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with centrally located tumors.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab (BVZ) combined with platinum-based therapy is registered for first-line treatment of nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with centrally located tumors are stated ineligible for BVZ treatment. The goal of this study was to assess the consistency in evaluating eligibility of patients with central tumors for BVZ treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group was composed of 150 NSCLC patients with centrally located tumors. Eligibility for BVZ was assessed by chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Eligibility was assessed independently using CT images reviewed on workstations. Inter- and intraobserver variations on 50 randomly extracted patients were estimated through a statistical modeling (multiple correspondence analysis). RESULTS: Discordance in eligibility was found for 82 patients (55%). The interobserver strength of agreement was fair to moderate (average kappa = 0.40). Contrarily, the intraobserver strength of agreement was good to very good (average kappa = 0.74). At multivariate analysis, the risk of discrepancy was essentially related to the assessment of the contact between the tumor and the vessels (odds ratio = 13.3, 95% confidence interval 2.8-62.6, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The consistency in evaluating eligibility of patients with central tumors for BVZ treatment is weak. The study group indicated more stringent criteria to help physicians in taking the best treatment choice that need however to be prospectively validated.

[Chest CT: spectrum of normal findings]. / Les frontières de la normalité en tomodensitométrie thoracique.

A fundamental issue in the interpretation of chest CT lies in the ability to determine normality. Technical advances have resulted in an increasing number of submillimeter sections which in turn has resulted in the identification of a large number of minor abnormalities with no significant pathophysiological consequence. These images should be properly interpreted in order to avoid unnecessary follow-up examinations and radiation exposure. Often they are due to respiratory or cardiac motion artifacts. Others are explained by aging, anatomic variants, physiological phenomenon or tobacco use. These borderline imaging features detected on chest CT are described according to the main anatomical compartments of the thorax: lung and vessels, airways, pleura and chest wall, mediastinum and heart.

[Multiple myocardial infarctions: pancoronary destabilization evaluated by cardiac MRI]. / Infarctus du myocarde à localisations multiples: preuve par IRM cardiaque des conséquences de la pancoronarite.

PURPOSE: Complete intravascular ultrasound study examination of all three coronary arteries in patients with first acute coronary syndrome very frequently revealed one or more atherosclerotic plaque ruptures associated with the culprit lesion. The aim of this study was to evaluate using cardiac MRI the incidence of multiple necroses in patients with myocardial infarction. The study sought to detect delayed enhancement in a zone different from the necrosis area concerned by the culprit occlusion. METHODS: Eighty consecutive patients who were referred for a first myocardial infarction underwent angioplasty within the first 12 hours after chest pain beginning. Each patient was examined within four to eight days following the acute phase. Cardiac MRI evaluated left-ventricle function (TrueFISP sequence) and used a T2 weighted short-inversion-time, inversion recovery sequence (STIR) in order to visualize myocardial oedema; delayed enhancement imaging data were then acquired after injection of gadolinium. RESULTS: In eight patients (10%), we observed two delayed enhancement areas associated with wall-motion abnormalities. One was attributed to the culprit occlusion; the second corresponded to a different coronary artery. In five patients, this second zone was related to an old coronary occlusion confirmed by angiography and the STIR sequence. However, in three patients, the second delayed enhancement area corresponded to a coronary artery stenosis with normal flow. CONCLUSION: In patient with acute myocardial infarction, MRI sometimes detects a necrosis area which was not initially suspected. This observation illustrates the consequences of pancoronary destabilization.

[Pleural mesothelioma: imaging contribution]. / Le mésothéliome pleural: place de l'imagerie.

Imaging plays an essential role in management of patients of with pleural mesothelioma. In this article, we discuss the respective roles for ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positon emission tomography for the diagnosis, staging, and postherapeutic evaluation of pleural mesothelioma.

Measurement of cardiac ventricular volumes using multidetector row computed tomography: comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods.

This study compared a three-dimensional volumetric threshold-based method to a two-dimensional Simpson's rule based short-axis multiplanar method for measuring right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) volumes, stroke volumes, and ejection fraction using electrocardiography-gated multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) data sets. End-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) of RV and LV were measured independently and blindly by two observers from contrast-enhanced MDCT images using commercial software in 18 patients. For RV and LV the three-dimensionally calculated EDV and ESV values were smaller than those provided by two-dimensional short axis (10%, 5%, 15% and 26% differences respectively). Agreement between the two methods was found for LV (EDV/ESV: r=0.974/0.910, ICC=0.905/0.890) but not for RV (r=0.882/0.930, ICC=0.663/0.544). Measurement errors were significant only for EDV of LV using the two-dimensional method. Similar reproducibility was found for LV measurements, but the three-dimensional method provided greater reproducibility for RV measurements than the two-dimensional. The threshold value supported three-dimensional method provides reproducible cardiac ventricular volume measurements, comparable to those obtained using the short-axis Simpson based method.

CT and MRI of Lung Cancer.

Computed tomography (CT) is still the cornerstone of imaging studies in the preoperative staging and post- therapeutic evaluation of lung cancer. The most recent developments in multidetector technology have dramatically improved the temporal and spatial resolution of CT. In the mean time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not become a routine examination in lung imaging and is today only used as a problem-solving tool in patients in whom CT remains equivocal. This article will describe the current tools developed in the multidetector CT era for evaluating the lung, and state-of-the-art MR examination of the chest. Then, the role of CT and MRI in nodule detection, the distinction between benign and malignant nodules, and the benefit of CT and MRI in the staging and post-therapeutic evaluation of lung cancer will be covered.

CT angiography of intrahepatic portal aneurysm.

We report a case of an asymptomatic portal vein aneurysm diagnosed at ultrasonography and documented with multidetector computed tomography. We describe the features found at quadriphasic multidetector computed tomography with three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography.

Reproducibility of multi-detector spiral computed tomography in detection of sub-segmental acute pulmonary embolism.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in an inpatient population explored by 16 slice multi-detector spiral computed tomography (MDCT). Four hundred consecutive inpatients were referred for MDCT for the clinical suspicion of acute PE. One hundred and seventy seven (44.2%) had a known cardio-respiratory disease at the time of examination. Inter-observer and intra-observer agreements for the diagnosis of acute PE and of sub-segmental acute PE were assessed blind and independently by three experienced readers and by kappa statistics. Seventy-five patients were diagnosed as having acute PE findings (19.5%), and clots were located exclusively within sub-segmental arteries in nine patients (12%). When clots were limited to sub-segmental or more distal branches of the pulmonary arteries, kappa values were found to be moderate (0.56) to very good (0.85) for the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute PE, whereas for the diagnosis of acute PE in the whole population, kappa values ranged from 0.84 to 0.97. Intra-observer agreement was found to be perfect (kappa=1). MDCT is a reproducible technique for the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute PE as well as for acute PE. In this inpatient population, sub-segmental acute PE was not a rare event.

[Low-dose chest CT with millimetric thin slices: myth or reality?]. / Scanner thoracique basse dose en coupes millimétriques: mythe ou réalité?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of millimetric thin slices low dose chest CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty one patients underwent a chest CT thin slices (1 mm every 10 mm) exploration using both a 170 milliamperage and a low dose acquisition using 80 mA. The examination were read by 2 senior radiologists specialized in chest imaging without knowledge of acquisition parameters and in a random order. A statistical analysis of interobserver agreement was performed using Kappa analysis. Doses of both acquisition were estimated by compagning the dose length product calculated by the CT software and be using a simulation software. RESULTS: Excellent interobserver and intermodalities agreements were found. A 53% decrease in dose was estimated with the low dose modality compare to the normal dose. CONCLUSION: Low dose thin slice chest CT using 80 mA has a similar diagnosis accuracy as standard dose thin slice chest CT and delivers half dose of irradiation.