Adherence to Treatment Guidelines in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction in a Latin-American Country: Observational Study of the Colombian Heart Failure Registry (RECOLFACA).

INTRODUCTION: Although several guidelines recommend that patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), there are still several gaps in their prescription and dosage in Colombia. This study aimed to describe the use patterns of HFrEF treatments in the Colombian Heart Failure Registry (RECOLFACA). METHODS: Patients with HFrEF enrolled in RECOLFACA during 2017-2019 were included. Heart failure (HF) medication prescription and daily dose were assessed using absolute numbers and proportions. Therapeutic schemes of patients treated by internal medicine specialists were compared with those treated by cardiologists. RESULTS: Out of 2,528 patients in the registry, 1,384 (54.7%) had HFrEF. Among those individuals, 88.9% were prescribed beta-blockers, 72.3% with ACEI/ARBs, 67.9% with MRAs, and 13.1% with ARNIs. Moreover, less than a third of the total patients reached the target doses recommended by the European HF guidelines. No significant differences in the therapeutic schemes or target doses were observed between patients treated by internal medicine specialists or cardiologists. CONCLUSION: Prescription rates and target dose achievement are suboptimal in Colombia. Nevertheless, RECOLFACA had one of the highest prescription rates of beta-blockers and MRAs compared to some of the most recent HF registries. However, ARNIs remain underprescribed. Continuous registry updates can improve the identification of patients suitable for ARNI and SGLT2i therapy to promote their use in clinical practice.

Ingesta dietética y patrón alimentario de las mujeres en periodo de gestación y lactancia de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia. Problemática que requiere urgente atención

Objetivo: Analizar el patrón alimentario y el riesgo de deficiencia en la ingesta usual de energía y nutrientes de las mujeres gestantes y lactantes de algunos pueblos indígenas. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con información del componente de ingesta dietética tomada del Estudio nacional de la situación alimentaria y nutricional de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia, realizado entre 2013 y 2019, que incluyó 1028 mujeres indígenas gestantes (319) y lactantes (709), de las regiones norte y sur del país. Resultados: Se encontró una proporción superior al 90 % (Desviación estándar = 0,04) de gestantes y lactantes con consumo inferior al recomendado de calorías (p= 0,038). Alrededor del 70 % de las gestantes y lactantes no consumió lácteos el día anterior a la encuesta, y 50 % no consumió frutas y verduras. Con respecto a los micronutrientes, se encontraron, en las gestantes y lactantes, altas prevalencias del riesgo de deficiencia en la ingesta de vitamina C (50,3 y 80,2 %), folatos (80,4 y 95,1 %), zinc (87,6 y 96,3 %), hierro (88,9 y 68,6 %) y calcio (87,5 y 98,5 %). Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos y nutrientes en las mujeres indígenas gestantes y lactantes es deficiente en nutrientes claves para mantener su estado de salud y proporcionar los nutrientes necesarios a su bebé, y su patrón alimentario se clasifica como no saludable.

Objective: To analyze the dietary pattern and deficiency risk in the usual energy and nutrient intake of pregnant and lactating women from some indigenous peoples. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with information from the dietary intake component taken from the National Survey of the food and nutritional situation of indigenous peoples in Colombia, conducted between 2013 and 2019, which included 1,028 pregnant (319) and lactating (709) indigenous women from the northern and southern regions of the country. Results: A proportion higher than 90% (SD = 0.04) of pregnant and lactating women with lower than recommended calorie intake was found (p = 0.038). Around 70% of pregnant and lactating women had no any dairy products the day before the survey, and 50% did not eat fruits and vegetables. Regarding micronutrients, high prevalence of deficiency risk in the intake of vitamin C (50.3 and 80.2%), folate (80.4 and 95.1%), zinc (87.6 and 96.3%), iron (88.9 and 68.6%) and calcium (87.5 and 98.5%) was found in pregnant and lactating women. Conclusion: Food and nutrient intake in pregnant and lactating indigenous women is deficient in key nutrients to maintain their general health and provide the necessary nutrients to their babies. Their dietary pattern is considered unhealthy.

Objetivo: Analisar o padrão alimentar e o risco de deficiência na ingestão usual de energia e nutrientes das mulheres gestantes e lactantes de alguns povos indígenas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal, com informação do componente de ingesta dietética tirada do Estudo nacional da situação alimentar e nutricional dos povos indígenas da Colômbia, realizado entre 2013 e 2019, que incluiu 1028 mulheres indígenas gestantes (319) e lactantes (709) das regiões norte e sul do país. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma proporção superior a 90% (Desvio-padrão = 0,04) de gestantes e lactantes com consumo inferior ao recomendado em calorias (p = 0,038). Ao redor de 70% das gestantes e lactantes não consumiu lácteos no dia prévio à enquete, e 50% não consumiu frutas e verduras. No que se refere aos micronutrientes, acharam-se nas gestantes e lactantes altas prevalências de risco de deficiência na ingestão de vitamina C (50,3 e 80,2 %), folatos (80,4 e 95,1 %), zinco (87,6 e 96,3 %), ferro (88,9 e 68,6 %) e cálcio (87,5 e 98,5 %). Conclusão: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes nas mulheres indígenas gestantes e lactantes é deficiente em nutrientes-chave para manter seu estado de saúde e proporcionar os nutrientes necessários para o bebê; seu padrão alimentar classifica-se como não saudável.

Food and nutrient intake of adolescent women in Medellín, Colombia.

Nutritional imbalance in adolescent girls causes alterations in health, reproductive cycles, and fetal outcomes of future generations. To evaluate the dietary pattern and prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake, a 24-hour multi-step food recall was carried out among 793 adolescent women (14-20 years old) from Medellin, Colombia. Their dietary pattern was characterized by lower than recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables (CRI 0.4, AMD 0.2), dairy (CRI 0.5, AMD 0.2), and proteins (CRI 0.8, AMD 0.3), while starches (CRI 1.2, AMD 0.4), fats (CRI 1.1, AMD 0.6), and sugars (CRI 1.0, AMD 0.5) were at similar or higher levels than recommendations. A high risk of deficiency was found in the usual intake of energy (53.0%), protein (39.8%), calcium (98.9%), folates (85.7%), iron (74.4%), thiamine (44.3%), vitamin C (31.3%), zinc (28.3%), vitamin A (23.4%), cyanocobalamin (17.3%), and pyridoxine (10.9%). A low risk of deficiency was noted in usual fiber intake (0.5%), and a higher than recommended intake was noted in saturated fat (100.0%) and simple carbohydrates (68.8%). Anecdotally, a large proportion of respondents saw decreases in their food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results suggest an urgent need for nutrition education programs to emphasize the importance of adequate nutrition among adolescent women.

Executive processing clusters in school-age children with ADHD

Este estudo buscou grupos de processamento executivo em crianças com diagnóstico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH). Para tal, foram utilizadas medidas de flexibilidade cognitiva (FC), inibição (IN) e memória de trabalho (MT) e conduzidas análises de clusters hierárquicos e MANCOVA (p=0.05). Foram identificados três subgrupos com os seguintes perfis de processamento executivo: 1) déficits em FC e IN; 2) déficits em IN; 3) déficits em FC e MT. Esses resultados indicaram a presença de diferentes perfis de déficits em componentes executivos entre crianças com diagnóstico de TDAH. Esses achados podem contribuir para a elaboração de estratégias de intervenção e de programas de psicoeducação para estudantes com diagnóstico de TDAH em contextos clínicos e educacionais.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize executive processing subgroups among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). METHOD: Sixty-one children with ADHD, with ages from six to twelve years old, were examined using instruments that evaluate the executive components of cognitive flexibility (CF), inhibition (IN) and working memory (WM). Analysis of hierarchical clusters and MANCOVA (p≤0.05) were conducted. RESULTS: Participants were divided in three clusters: 1) deficits in CF and in IN; 2) deficits in IN; 3) deficits in CF and in WM. CONCLUSIONS: the results indicated different neuropsychological profiles among children with ADHD, with different cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Clusters did not differ with respect to biological, clinical, and sociocultural factors. The findings may be useful for educational and health institutions, supporting psychoeducation programs and intervention strategies for students with ADHD.(AU)

Este estudio investigó grupos de procesamiento ejecutivo en niños diagnosticados con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). Para ello, se utilizaron medidas de flexibilidad cognitiva (FC), inhibición (IN) y memoria de trabajo (MT) y se realizaron análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos y MANCOVA (p=0.05). Se identificaron tres subgrupos con los siguientes perfiles de procesamiento ejecutivo: 1) déficits en FC e IN; 2) déficits en IN; 3) déficits en FC y MT. Estos resultados indicaron la presencia de diferentes perfiles de déficit en los componentes ejecutivos entre los niños diagnosticados con TDAH. Estos datos pueden contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias de intervención y programas de psicoeducación para estudiantes diagnosticados con TDAH en contextos clínicos y educativos.(AU)

Pilot study of the effect of EPA + DHA supplementation on the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes and breast milk of lactating women from Sonsón, Colombia.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the erythrocytes and breast milk of a group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia) before and after receiving supplementation with these fatty acids for three months. Design: In a quasi-experimental study, 11 lactating women were evaluated before and after EPA (100 mg) and DHA (250 mg) supplementation for three months. The consumption of omega-3 food sources was determined by simple frequency, anthropometry (weight, height) was performed, and the fatty acid profiles of erythrocytes and breast milk were determined with gas chromatography. Environment: Sonsón, Colombia. Participants: A group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia). Results: Low consumption of foods that are sources of omega-3 fatty acids was found, as was low EPA and DHA content in erythrocytes and breast milk at the beginning of the study period. After supplementation, there was no significant change for EPA, however, there was a significant increase in DHA in both erythrocytes and breast milk; in addition, there was a decrease in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Conclusions: Supplementation with 250 mg of DHA increased its concentration in the blood and breast milk to levels approaching the recommended average DHA of 0.3%, where benefits have been seen for the mother.

Validation of an instrument to assess food diversity in women of childbearing age in Medellín, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a Food Diversity Questionnaire (CDA, for its name in Spanish) that identifies the prevalence of the risk of deficiency in the intake of eleven micronutrients. DESIGN: The CDA paper form, an online application for data entry and handling, was designed and compared with the 24-h recall (24HR) as a reference method. All data were processed in Personal Computer Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) v1 software. A descriptive analysis and comparisons between prevalence, concordance and reproducibility analyses were performed. SETTING: Medellín, Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: Women of childbearing age between 19 and 50 years (n 186) who worked for the Buen Comienzo programme in 2019. RESULTS: When comparing the adjusted 24HR technique and the CDA, there was no significant difference in population-level data at risk of deficiency in any micronutrient intake. However, based on individual-level data of the best linear unbiased predictor, the concordance analyses were weak, and although agreements were high according to the diagnostic performance tests, a good ability to detect deficiency was only observed in a few nutrients: vitamin A 100·0 %, Ca 98·7 %, Fe 92·8 %, folates 91·6 %, and pyridoxine 81·8 %. CONCLUSIONS: The CDA validated in this study is useful and faster at evaluating population-level data at risk of deficiency in the intake of Ca, Fe, Zn, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folates, vitamin B12, vitamin C and vitamin A. Based on individual-level data, a good ability to detect deficiencies was observed in the intake of vitamin A, Ca, Fe, folates and pyridoxine.

Caracterización molecular del glioblastoma multiforme de un paciente con larga sobrevida / Molecular characterization of glioblastoma multiforme in a patient with long survival

RESUMEN El glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) es un tumor del sistema nervioso central con alta tasa de recambio celular, infiltración, degradación de la matriz extracelular y resistencia al tratamiento resectivo y quimioterapéutico. La sobrevida general no suele ser superior a los dos años. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han dilucidado mejor los mecanismos moleculares que sustentan su comportamiento y que, potencialmente, podrían modularse con la terapia. A continuación se presenta el caso de un adulto joven, de 20 años, con diagnóstico de glioblastoma multiforme frontal derecho a los 13 años. El tratamiento incluyó cirugía resectiva, quimioterapia y dieta cetogénica. La caracterización genética del tumor se analiza en el contexto clínico del paciente.

SUMMARY Glioblastoma multiforme is a very aggressive central nervous system tumor with a high celular replacement, local infiltration, degradation of the extracellular matrix and resistance to surgery and chemotherapeutical agents. General survival used to be less than 2 years. However, research in the last years has shown the molecular mechanisms underlying behavior and potentially be a therapeutical targets. We show an adult with 20 years old diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme when he was 13 years, whose treatment involved resective surgery, chemoterapy and ketogenic diet. Genetic characterization was performed and analyzed in the context of the clinical pathway.

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Secretome From Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reveal New Mechanisms for the Modulation of Inflammation and Immune Activation.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been used in over 800 clinical trials with encouraging results in the field of transplant medicine and chronic inflammatory diseases. Today, Umbilical Cord (UC)-derived MSC are the second leading source used for clinical purposes, mainly due to its easy access and superior immune modulatory effects. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms of immune suppressive activities have not been fully understood, research over the last decade strongly suggests that MSC-mediated benefits are closely related to activation of secretome networks. Nevertheless, recent findings also point to cytokine-independent mechanisms as key players of MSC-mediated immune modulation. Here, we set up a robust in vitro immune assay using phytohemagglutinin- or anti-CD3/CD28-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in cell-to-cell interaction or in cell-contact independent format with UC-MSC and conducted integrated transcriptome and secretome analyses to dissect molecular pathways driving UC-MSC-mediated immune modulation. Under inflammatory stimuli, multiparametric analyses of the secretome led us to identify cytokine/chemokine expression patterns associated with the induction of MSC-reprogrammed macrophages and T cell subsets ultimately leading to immune suppression. UC-MSC transcriptome analysis under inflammatory challenge allowed the identification of 47 differentially expressed genes, including chemokines, anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules found also in UC-MSC-immunosupressive secretomes, including the novel candidate soluble IL-2R. This study enabled us to track functionally activated UC-MSC during immune suppression and opened an opportunity to explore new pathways involved in immunity control by UC-MSC. We propose that identified immunomodulatory molecules and pathways could potentially be translated into clinical settings in order to improve UC-MSC-therapy quality and efficacy.

Lower estimated intelligence quotient is associated with suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of individual with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) have a lifetime history of suicide attempt. Some cognitive measures were associated with a suicide attempt, but no study has assessed the association of this event with the estimated intelligence quotient (IQ) in PBI. In adult Bipolar Disorder no association between IQ and suicidality was found, with different correlations between cognitive measures. There are studies in general population showing a negative correlation and others did not find any association. In Schizophrenia, IQ had a positive correlation with suicide attempt. So, the correlation between IQ and suicidality still controversial. METHODS: We recruited 63 children and adolescents younger than 18 years of age with PBD based on DSM-IV criteria from an outpatient clinic in Brazil. Manic and depressive symptoms were assessed with the YMRS and CDRS, respectively. Estimated IQ was assessed with the WISC-III. The presence or absense of suicidal attempt, clinical and demographic variables were assessed with the K-SADS-PL-W. RESULTS: Patients who attempted suicide had lower estimated IQ compared to patients who did not attempt suicide (82.72 ±â€¯18.70 vs. 101.0 ±â€¯14.36; p = 0.009). This finding remained after correction for depressive symptoms and family income (OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.89 - 0.99; p = 0.029). LIMITATIONS: Small sample, reverse causality could not be discarded, we only used two subscales of the WISC-III to estimate intelligence. CONCLUSION: Estimated IQ and suicide attempts were negative correlated in PBD. Future longitudinal and larger studies may confirm our findings.

Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y con azúcar añadida y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes de Medellín (Colombia) / Consumption of sugary drinks and sugar added to beverages and their relationship with anthropometric indicators in young people from Medellín (Colombia)

Introducción: a nivel mundial se reporta una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en los niños y jóvenes; la etiología es multicausal e influyen factores ambientales, culturales y de hábitos alimentarios, como es el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y azúcar añadido, que promueven el exceso de peso y el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: identificar la relación entre la cantidad ingerida de bebidas azucaradas (BA) o con azúcar añadido (AA) y el estado nutricional de los jóvenes. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en 596 individuos de entre 10 y 18 años de edad. La evaluación de la ingesta dietética se realizó por medio del Recordatorio de 24 horas (R24H); para cada uno de los individuos se consideró el mejor predictor lineal insesgado (MPLI) de energía y el %AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution range) de los carbohidratos (CHO) totales y los CHO simples; el estado nutricional se clasificó según el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (IMCz) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC). Se determinó la asociación con la correlación de Spearman, la U de Mann-Whitney, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y un modelo de regresión cuantílica. Resultados: los jóvenes de estrato socioeconómico medio-bajo presentaron un mayor consumo de AA (p = 0,0001); los jóvenes con estado nutricional adecuado presentaron un mayor consumo de AA (p = 0,011) y de energía (p = 0,0001), y aquellos con estado nutricional excesivo ingerían una mayor cantidad de BA (p = 0,025) con un mayor %AMDR de CHO simples (p = 0,045). Conclusiones: el desarrollo de sobrepeso no estaba relacionado con la ingesta excesiva de energía sino con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el aporte de carbohidratos simples a la energía total

Introduction: worldwide, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and young people; the etiology is multicausal and influences include environmental, cultural and eating habit factors such as the consumption of sugary drinks and added sugar, which promote excess weight and risk of chronic diseases. Objective: to identify the relationship between the amount of ingested sugary drinks (BA) or added sugar (AA) and the nutritional status of young people. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in 596 individuals aged between 10 and 18 years; the evaluation of dietary intake was made using a Reminder 24 hours (R24H); for each subject the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) of energy, and %AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for total carbohydrates (CHOs) and simple CHOs were considered; nutritional status was classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score and percentage of body fat (%BF). Association was determined using Spearman's correlation, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and a quantile regression model. Results: young people with medium-low socioeconomic status had higher AA consumption (p = 0.0001); young people with an adequate nutritional status had higher AA (p = 0.011) and energy consumption (p = 0.0001), and those with excess nutritional status ingested a greater amount of BA (p = 0.025) and had a greater %AMDR for CHOs (p = 0.045). Conclusions: the development of overweight was not related to excessive energy intake but to consumption of sugary drinks and the contribution of simple carbohydrates to total energy

[Consumption of sugary drinks and sugar added to beverages and their relation ship with nutritional status in young people of Medellin (Colombia)]. / Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y con azúcar añadida y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes de Medellín (Colombia).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Worldwide, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and young people, the etiology is multicausal and influences environmental, cultural and eating habits factors such as the consumption of sugary drinks and added sugar that promote excess weight and risk of chronic diseases. Objective: To identify the relationship between the amount ingested of sugary drinks (BA) and added sugar (AA) with the nutritional status of young people. Methods: Cross sectional study, carried out in 596 individuals, between 10 and 18 years, the evaluation of dietary intake was made through Reminder 24 hours (R24H), for each of the individuals was considered the Best Linear Predictor Insleegue (MPLI) of energy,% AMDR of the total CHOS (acceptable range of distribution of macronutrients) and of the simple CHOS; the nutritional status was classified according to Z score of the body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (% GC). An association with the Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis and a quantile regression model was determined. Results: Young people from medium-low socioeconomic status had higher AA consumption (p = <0.0001), young people with adequate nutritional status had higher AA (p = 0.011) and energy consumption (p = <0.0001 ) and those with excess nutritional status ingest a greater amount of BA (p = 0.025) and greater% of simple AMDR CHOS (p = 0.045). Conclusions: the development of overweight was not related to excessive energy intake, but to the consumption of sugary drinks and the contribution of simple carbohydra es to total energy.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: A nivel mundial se reporta alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y jóvenes, la etiología es multicausal e influyen factores ambientales, culturales y hábitos alimentarios como es el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y azúcar añadido que promueven el exceso de peso y riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre la cantidad ingerida de bebidas azucaradas (BA) y azúcar añadido (AA) con el estado nutricional de jóvenes. Métodos: estudio Cross sectional, realizado en 596 individuos, entre 10 y 18 años, la evaluación de ingesta dietética se realizó por medio de Recordatorio 24 horas (R24H), para cada uno de los individuos se consideró el Mejor Predictor Lineal Insesgado (MPLI) de la energía, %AMDR de los CHOS totales (Rango aceptable de distribución de macronutrientes) y de los CHOS simples; el estado nutricional se clasificó según puntaje Z del Índice de masa corporal (IMCz) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC). Se determinó asociación con la correlación de Spearman, U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis y un modelo de regresión cuantílica. Resultados: Los jóvenes de estrato socioeconómico medio-bajo tuvieron mayor consumo de AA (p=<0,0001), los jóvenes con estado nutricional adecuado tuvieron mayor consumo de AA (p=0,011) y de energía (p=<0,0001) y aquellos con estado nutricional en exceso ingirieron mayor cantidad de BA (p=0,025) y mayor %AMDR CHOS simples (p=0,045). Conclusiones: el desarrollo del sobrepeso no estuvo relacionado con la ingesta excesiva de energía, sino con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el aporte de los carbohidratos simples a la energía total.

Ingesta de energía y nutrientes en niños de 2-4 años que asisten al programa "Buen Comienzo", Medellín (Colombia) Energy and nutrients intake in childre.

Introducción: a escala mundial y nacional se reporta una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de 5 años. La etiología es multifactorial, pero factores ambientales como sedentarismo y el progresivo deterioro de la alimentación promueven el exceso de peso y conllevan a mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en temprana edad.Objetivo: describir la ingesta de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en los niños de 2-4 años con obesidad y eutróficos del programa "Buen Comienzo".Método: estudio de corte con 111 niños con obesidad clasificada según IMC >3 DE, que fueron pareados por sexo, edad y tipo de atención con un niño clasificado con estado nutricional normal. Personal entrenado realizó la valoración antropométrica con equipos y métodos estandarizados y se evaluó la ingesta dietética a través de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se aplicó la prueba t-student y U de Mann Whitney en el análisis bivariado y para determinar el patrón de consumo de alimentos y se efectuó un análisis de clases latentes (ACL).Resultados: los niños tienen un consumo de energía superior a su requerimiento, pero existe diferencia significativa según el estado nutricional; el consumo en los niños obesos es de 1.632 kcal (IQR: 1.475-1.801 kcal) y eutróficos de 1.798 kcal (IQR 1.702-1.632 kcal) (p = 0,00). Los niños con peso adecuado tienen mayor ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes (p < 0,05); hay una mayor ingesta de proteínas y micronutrientes durante la semana (p < 0,05); el 30% de los niños no consumió ninguna verdura y el 60% ninguna fruta el día anterior a la encuesta y tuvieron, además, un alto consumo de azúcares y dulces.Conclusiones: los niños están sometidos a una dieta obesogénica caracterizada por un bajo consumo de frutas y verduras y una alta ingesta de energía, grasas saturadas y carbohidratos concentrados, lo que promueve una ganancia de peso no deseado.

Ingesta de energía y nutrientes en niños de 2-4 años que asisten al programa «Buen Comienzo», Medellín (Colombia) / Energy and nutrients intake in children of 2-4 years at the «Buen Comienzo» program, Medellín (Colombia)

Introducción: a escala mundial y nacional se reporta una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de 5 años. La etiología es multifactorial, pero factores ambientales como sedentarismo y el progresivo deterioro de la alimentación promueven el exceso de peso y conllevan a mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en temprana edad. Objetivo: describir la ingesta de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en los niños de 2-4 años con obesidad y eutróficos del programa «Buen Comienzo». Método: estudio de corte con 111 niños con obesidad clasificada según IMC > 3 DE, que fueron pareados por sexo, edad y tipo de atención con un niño clasificado con estado nutricional normal. Personal entrenado realizó la valoración antropométrica con equipos y métodos estandarizados y se evaluó la ingesta dietética a través de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se aplicó la prueba t-student y U de Mann Whitney en el análisis bivariado y para determinar el patrón de consumo de alimentos y se efectuó un análisis de clases latentes (ACL). Resultados: los niños tienen un consumo de energía superior a su requerimiento, pero existe diferencia significativa según el estado nutricional; el consumo en los niños obesos es de 1.632 kcal (IQR: 1.475-1.801 kcal) y eutróficos de 1.798 kcal (IQR 1.702-1.632 kcal) (p = 0,00). Los niños con peso adecuado tienen mayor ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes (p < 0,05); hay una mayor ingesta de proteínas y micronutrientes durante la semana (p < 0,05); el 30% de los niños no consumió ninguna verdura y el 60% ninguna fruta el día anterior a la encuesta y tuvieron, además, un alto consumo de azúcares y dulces. Conclusiones: los niños están sometidos a una dieta obesogénica caracterizada por un bajo consumo de frutas y verduras y una alta ingesta de energía, grasas saturadas y carbohidratos concentrados, lo que promueve una ganancia de peso no deseado (AU)

Introduction: At a global and national level, high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children under five years old has been reported. The etiology is multi-factorial, but environmental factors such as sedentary lifestyle, as well as eating habits become more important, given the progressive deterioration in the food quality that promotes the overweight in childhood and leads to increased risk of chronic, noncommunicable early. Objective: To describe the intake of food, energy and nutrients in children aged 2-4 years with obesity and healthy children, attending the «Buen Comienzo» Program in the form of institutional care setting. Method: A Cross-sectional study of 111 children with obesity, classified according to IMC > 3 SD, which had were matched by sex, age and type of care, with a child with normal nutritional status, Trained personnel performed the anthropometric assessment and standardized methods, and dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall. Student t-test and Mann Whitney test was used in the bivariate analysis and to determine the pattern of food intake in obese and eutrophic children, Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was performed. Results: All children have a higher intake of calories to their requirements, but there are significant differences as nutritional status, consumption in obese children is 1,632 kcal (IQR: 1,475-1,801kcal) and eutrophics of 1,798 kcal (IQR 1,702-1,632 kcal) (p = 0,00). Children with healthy weight, have a higher intake of macro and micro-nutrients (p < 0,05); there is a higher intake of protein and micronutrients during the week (p < 0,05) and 30% of children did not consume any vegetables and 60% fruit any day prior to the survey and also had a high consumption of sugars. Conclusions: The children subjected to a obesogenic diet, characterized by a low consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as highly caloric diet with saturated fats and concentrated carbohydrates, that surpasses their daily requirements to gain weight in undesirable (AU)

Genotypic and bioinformatic evaluation of the alpha-l-iduronidase gene and protein in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme α-l-iduronidase (IDUA), which is instrumental in the hydrolysis of the glycosaminoglycans, dermatan and heparan sulfate. The accumulation of unhydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans leads to pathogenesis in multiple tissue types, especially those of skeletal, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal origin. Although molecular diagnostic tools for MPSI have been available since the identification and characterization of the IDUA gene in 1992, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have lacked such methodologies. Therefore, the mutational profile of the IDUA gene in these countries has largely been unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize genotypes in 14 patients with MPSI from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The most common mutation found at a frequency of 42.8% was W402X. Six patients presented with seven novel mutations, a high novel mutational rate in this population (32%). These novel mutations were validated using bioinformatic techniques. A model of the IDUA protein resulting from three of the novel missense mutations (Y625C, P385L, R621L) revealed that these mutations alter accessible surface area values, thereby reducing the accessibility of the enzyme to its substrates. This is the first characterization of the mutational profile of the IDUA gene in patients with MPSI in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The findings contribute to our understanding of IDUA gene expression and IDUA enzyme function, and may help facilitate early and improved diagnosis and management for patients with MPSI.

Descripción de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes en niños expuestos y no expuestos al programa de complementación alimentaria MANÁ Infantil en el municipio de Envigado, Colombia, 2006-2010 / Food and nutrient intake in exposed and unexposed of MANA food complementary program from Envigado, Colombia, 2006-2010

Antecedentes: entre las estrategias de complementación alimentaria desarrolladas en Envigado, Antioquia-Colombia, se encuentra el Programa MANÁ Infantil, sin embargo no existe información actualizada sobre la ingesta de los alimentos suministrados en el Programa. Objetivo: establecer diferencias en la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes entre niños expuestos y no expuestos al Programa MANÁ Infantil en el municipio de Envigado, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal con 49 niños expuestos y 35 no expuestos. Se realizó evaluación de ingesta mediante recordatorios de 24 horas. Resultados: se encontró baja inclusión del complemento, sin diferencias entre expuestos (32,5%) y no expuestos (22,9%) (p=0,462). Tampoco se hallaron diferencias en el consumo general de alimentos, energía y nutrientes (2.177 kcal/d expuestos, 2.037 kcal/d no expuestos, p=0,627). 60,2 g/d de proteína expuestos, 60,7 g/d no expuestos, p=0,640). La distribución de macronutrientes fue balanceada para ambos grupos, sin embargo el aporte de carbohidratos simples (15,5% expuestos y 12,7% no expuestos p=0,264) y ácidos grasos saturados (12,8% expuestos y 12,9% no expuestos p=0,608) superaron las recomendaciones. El complemento MANÁ Infantil no logró aportar los micronutrientes programados. Conclusiones: la baja ingesta del complemento MANÁ, entre los niños evaluados, limitó el cumplimiento de los objetivos nutricionales propuestos por el Programa.

Introduction: MANA is a food complementary program provided to children in Envigado, Antioquia-Colombia. However, there is not information related with the actual food and nutrients intakes of MANA beneficiaries. Objective: To compare food and nutrient intakes between exposed and unexposed of MANA. Methods: Cross sectional study which included 49 exposed and 35 of MANA. Food and nutrient intakes were evaluated by 24 h recall. Results: Complementary food intake was not different between groups (32.5% in exposed and 22.9% in unexposed; p=0.462), general food, energy and nutrients intakes were not different between groups (2.177 kcal/d MANA exposed and 2.037 kcal/d unexposed, p=0.627; 60.2 g protein/d MANA exposed 60.7 g/d unexposed; p=0.640). Macronutrient distribution was balanced in both groups; however, simple carbohydrates (15.5% MANA exposed and 12.7% unexposed; p=0.264), and saturated fatty acid intakes (12.8% MANA exposed and 12.9% unexposed; p=0.608) were higher than the recommended dietary intakes. MANA did not provide micronutrient goals. Conclusion: The achievements of MANA Program were limited, due to a low consumption of food provided.

Perfil clínico epidemiológico de los pacientes con cáncer tratados en unainstitución de tercer nivel. Manizales, Colombia, 1995-2004 / Epidemic clinical profile of cancer patients treated in a third-level clinical institution in Manizales, Colombia, 1995-2004

Antecedentes: Los diagnósticos de cáncer son cada vez mayores y ello está asociado con el aumento de la expectativa de vida, la exposición a carcinógenos, la cobertura en salud, el tamizaje y la búsqueda activa de casos. En Estados Unidos se diagnostican 1’000,000 de casos nuevos y más de 500,000 muertes por año. Los costos de la atención y la incapacidad laboral son muy altos. En Colombia, el patrón de ocurrencia de esta enfermedad se constituye en un problema de salud pública. En Manizales, en el año 2004, se diagnosticaron 653 casos nuevos.Objetivo: Describir la población con diagnóstico de cáncer atendida en el Instituto Oncológico (ION SA) deManizales, Colombia, desde su fundación en el año 1995, hasta diciembre de 2004. Métodos: Se incluyeron 5,000 pacientes tratados durante 1995 a 2004. Las variables demográficas y clínicas seanalizaron para establecer las frecuencias de presentación y los principales aspectos del manejo y los resultados del tratamiento.Resultados: Edad promedio 57 años +17.3; sexo femenino (65.6%); procedencia urbana (90.2%). La principal categoría ocupacional fue ®Oficios varios¼ (61%) seguida de ®Técnico¼ (12.1%). Los diagnósticos con mayor frecuencia fueron cáncer de mama (18.7%), cáncer de cérvix (13.1%), linfomas (7.7%), cáncer colorectal (6.4%) y cáncer gástrico (4.7%). La mayoría de los pacientes (69.1%) consultó después de dos meses de presentar síntomas.Las etapas clínicas III y IV fueron las más frecuentes en el momento de la consulta. Según la escala de Karnofsky, la capacidad funcional era buena al inicio del tratamiento. El manejo general se hizo con cirugía, quimioterapia yradioterapia. La toxicidad medicamentosa se presentó en 11.3% (567/5,000). La supervivencia a 5 años para hombres y mujeres fue de 61.2% y 72.3%, respectivamente (p<0.05).

Ingesta de hierro y folatos durante el embarazo y su relación con indicadores bioquímicos maternos / Iron and folate intake during pregnancy and its relationship with maternal biochemical indicators

Introducción: la anemia en gestantes es un problema de salud pública en América Latina incluida Colombia. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores bioquímicos del estado nutricional del hierro y el folato en un grupo de mujeres gestantes pobres vinculadas a un programa nutricional de la Gobernación de Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental en 26 gestantes, beneficiarias de un programa de educación nutricional, complemento alimentario fortificado con micronutrientes y suplemento de hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina C. Se evaluaron la ingesta dietética por recordatorio de 24 horas, y se midieron la ferritina sérica, la hemoglobina, el volumen corpuscular medio, la proteína C reactiva y el folato sérico; se hizo un coprológico para parásitos intestinales. Se aplicaron la prueba de Pearson para correlacionar la ingesta de folatos con la concentración sérica de los mismos, la prueba de Spearman para correlacionar la ingesta de hierro con la concentración sérica de ferritina, ANOVA de mediciones repetidas para comparación entre los trimestres de gestación y análisis de regresión simple y múltiple para establecer la dependencia de la ferritina, la hemoglobina y el folato sérico con las variables de interés. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: la anemia se previno en 84,6%; la variable más explicativa del cambio en la hemoglobina del tercer trimestre fue su valor en el segundo trimestre. Disminuyó la microcitosis (p = 0,02), pero las gestantes con menor ingesta de hierro tuvieron mayor prevalencia de esta en el tercer trimestre (p = 0,009). La ferropenia aumentó en el transcurso del embarazo (p < 0,001) y se halló correlación positiva entre la ingesta de hierro y la concentración de ferritina en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). La concentración sérica de folato aumentó en el segundo y tercer trimestres (p = 0,018) y se observó una tendencia a la correlación positiva con la ingesta de folatos, que fue significativa en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,40, p = 0,044). Conclusión: el suministro de nutrientes mostró un efecto positivo en los indicadores bioquímicos, pero no logró mejorar las reservas de hierro. Se destaca la importancia de los suplementos nutricionales en gestantes.

Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy is a public health problem in Latin America, including Colombia. Objective: To evaluate the biochemical indicators of iron and folate nutritional state in a group of pregnant women belonging to a nutritional government program in Antioquia (Colombia). Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study of 26 poor pregnant women, who were beneficiaries of a program that included nutritional education, food complement fortified with micronutrients and supplements of iron, folic acid and vitamin C. Dietetic ingestion was evaluated by 24 hours reminders; the following parameters were measured: seric ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, C reactive protein, and seric folate. A stool specimen was examined for parasites. Pearson test was applied to correlate folate ingestion with seric folate concentration; Spearman test was used to correlate iron ingestion and seric ferritin; ANOVA of repeated measurements was employed for comparison between pregnancy trimesters; simple and multiple regression analyses were used to establish dependency of ferritin, hemoglobin and serum folate on the variables of interest. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Anemia was prevented in 84.6%. The variable that better explained hemoglobin change during the third trimester was its value in the second trimester. Microcytosis diminished (p = 0.02) but women with the lesser iron ingestion had the highest prevalence during the third trimester (p = 0.009). Iron deficiency increased during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and a positive correlation was found between iron ingestion and ferritin concentration during the third trimester (r = 0.64; p < 0.001). Seric folate concentration increased during the second and third trimesters (p = 0.018), and a trend was observed toward positive correlation with folate ingestion, which was significant in the third trimester (r = 0.40, p = 0.044). Conclusion: Nutritional supplements showed a positive effect on biochemical indicators, but they did not achieve an improvement of iron reserves. The importance of nutritional supplements during pregnancy is emphasized.

Malaria, desnutrición en niños e inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares: una revisión / Malaria and malnutrition in children and household food insecurity: a review

Antecedentes: la malaria, la desnutrición y la inseguridad alimentaria, son problemas de salud pública en Colombia, que deben estudiarse integradamente. Objetivo: describir la relación entre morbimortalidad por malaria con desnutrición proteico-calórica, anemia y deficiencia de vitamina A y de zinc en los niños e inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares, al igual que el efecto de los suplementos poblacionales de retinol, hierro y zinc sobre morbimortalidad por malaria. Metodología: se consultaron Medline y otras bases biográficas. Resultados: la desnutrición proteico-calórica y las deficiencias de vitamina A y zinc, aumentan la morbimortalidad por malaria. Los estudios sobre los efectos de los suplementos poblacionales de micronutrientes en niños sobre morbimortalidad por malaria por P. falciparum muestran: los de vitamina A, sugieren efecto protector, los de zinc no tienen resultados concluyentes frente a la malaria pero otros beneficios y los de hierro, tienen efecto perjudicial. Los estudios sobre los efectos de tales suplementos sobre la mobimortalidad por malaria por P. vivax son incipientes y en el caso del hierro, parecen estar influenciados por la edad de los niños y si se usan solos o combinados con zinc. La malaria coexiste con la inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar y la prevención de esta última contribuye a reducir la desnutrición infantil y posiblemente la morbimortalidad por malaria. Conclusión: reducir la inseguridad alimentaria disminuirá la desnutrición infantil y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, así contribuirá a reducir la morbi-mortalidad por malaria. En zonas endémicas para P. falciparum, los suplementos poblacionales de vitamina A tienen resultados promisorios: los efectos de los suplementos de zinc no son claros aún y los de hierro son perjudiciales.

Background: malaria and household food insecurity are public health problems in Colombia that should be studied in an integrated approach Objective: to describe the relationship between malaria and malnutrition, deficiencies of vitamin A, zinc and anaemia in children; and household food insecurity, as well as the effect of retinol, iron and zinc supplements on morbidity and mortality in children with malaria infection. Methodology: Medline and other databases were searched. Results: the articles showed that protein-caloric malnutrition and deficiencies of both vitamin A and Zinc increase morbidity and mortality associated to Malaria infection. Studies of the effects of micronutrient supplements on morbidity and mortality associated to Malaria caused by P. falciparum confirmed that vitamin A supplements’ may has a protective effect; studies of zinc on malaria are no conclusive, although it has other benefits; and supplement of iron could presents a deleterious effects, an it seems to be influenced by children age and if it is administer alone o combined with zinc. There is a strong relationship between Household food insecurity and malaria. Prevention of household food insecurity should contribute to decrease children malnutrition and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated to malaria. Conclusion: Improving household security could help to reduce malnutrition and micronutrients deficiencies in children, contributing to reduce morbidity and mortality associated to malaria. In endemic areas for P. falciparum vitamin A population supplementation has promising results. Studies of zinc are not conclusive and iron has deleterious effects.