Cell surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells related to the skeletal system: A scoping review.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been described as bone marrow stromal cells, which can form cartilage, bone or hematopoietic supportive stroma. In 2006, the International Society for Cell Therapy (ISCT) established a set of minimal characteristics to define MSCs. According to their criteria, these cells must express CD73, CD90 and CD105 surface markers; however, it is now known they do not represent true stemness epitopes. The objective of the present work was to determine the surface markers for human MSCs associated with skeletal tissue reported in the literature (1994-2021). To this end, we performed a scoping review for hMSCs in axial and appendicular skeleton. Our findings determined the most widely used markers were CD105 (82.9%), CD90 (75.0%) and CD73 (52.0%) for studies performed in vitro as proposed by the ISCT, followed by CD44 (42.1%), CD166 (30.9%), CD29 (27.6%), STRO-1 (17.7%), CD146 (15.1%) and CD271 (7.9%) in bone marrow and cartilage. On the other hand, only 4% of the articles evaluated in situ cell surface markers. Even though most studies use the ISCT criteria, most publications in adult tissues don't evaluate the characteristics that establish a stem cell (self-renewal and differentiation), which will be necessary to distinguish between a stem cell and progenitor populations. Collectively, MSCs require further understanding of their characteristics if they are intended for clinical use.

Diversity of Rickettsia in ticks collected from wild animals in Panama.

This paper presents new data about Rickettsia species detected in ticks collected from wild animals, using 16S rRNA, gltA and ompA. Rickettsia DNA was found in 66 of 101 ticks. Using EZ BioCloud libraries were produced reads that identified Rickettsia aeschlimannii, and Illumina BaseSpace produced reads of Rickettsia rickettsii group, Rickettsia bellii group, and unclassified Rickettsia. Using gltA and ompA gene-specific primers, R. aeschlimannii could not be confirmed, but detection of Rickettsia amblyommatis was achieved in Amblyomma auricularium, Amblyomma geayi, Amblyomma mixtum, and Amblyomma pacae; R. bellii from Amblyomma dissimile, "Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi" from A. dissimile, Rickettsia spp. closely related to R. raoultii from A. geayi, Rickettsia tamurae from A. dissimile, and Rickettsia endosymbionts of Ixodes from Ixodes affinis. There were no databases available specifically for 16S rRNA of Neotropical Rickettsia, highlighting the need to use species primers over only 16S rRNA primers to achieve more accurate interpretations and identifications. These findings increase the number of Rickettsia species detected in Panama and highlight the need to establish isolates to further characterize the nature of Rickettsia in the area.

Differential Antifungal Activity of Human and Cryptococcal Melanins with Structural Discrepancies.

Melanin is a pigment found in all biological kingdoms, and plays a key role in protection against ultraviolet radiation, oxidizing agents, and ionizing radiation damage. Melanin exerts an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. We demonstrated an antifungal activity of synthetic and human melanin against Candida sp. The members of the Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complexes are capsulated yeasts, which cause cryptococcosis. For both species melanin is an important virulence factor. To evaluate if cryptococcal and human melanins have antifungal activity against Cryptococcus species they both were assayed for their antifungal properties and physico-chemical characters. Melanin extracts from human hair and different strains of C. neoformans (n = 4) and C. gattii (n = 4) were investigated. The following minimum inhibitory concentrations were found for different melanins against C. neoformans and C. gattii were (average/range): 13.7/(7.8-15.6) and 19.5/(15.6-31.2) µg/mL, respectively, for human melanin; 273.4/(125->500) and 367.2/(125.5->500) µg/mL for C. neoformans melanin and 125/(62.5-250) and 156.2/(62-250) µg/mL for C. gattii melanin. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy we observed that human melanin showed a compact conformation and cryptococcal melanins exposed an amorphous conformation. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed some differences in the signals related to C-C bonds of the aromatic ring of the melanin monomers. High Performance Liquid Chromatography established differences in the chromatograms of fungal melanins extracts in comparison with human and synthetic melanin, particularly in the retention time of the main compound of fungal melanin extracts and also in the presence of minor unknown compounds. On the other hand, MALDI-TOF-MS analysis showed slight differences in the spectra, specifically the presence of a minor intensity ion in synthetic and human melanin, as well as in some fungal melanin extracts. We conclude that human melanin is more active than the two fungal melanins against Cryptococcus. Although some physico-chemical differences were found, they do not explain the differences in the antifungal activity against Cryptococcus of human and cryptococcal melanins. More detailed studies on the structure should be considered to associate structure and antifungal activity.

Efecto de las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares en los desenlaces cardiovasculares y en los niveles séricos de lípidos: A systematic review / Effect of bile acid sequestrants on cardiovascular outcomes and seric lipids

Antecedentes: Las guías internacionales recientes proponen el uso de estatinas como piedra angular del manejo de la dislipidemia en adultos. Sin embargo, no se ha definido con claridad el tratamiento de los pacientes con intolerancia o efectos adversos asociados con estas. Las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares son una alternativa interesante, pese a que la evidencia que avala su uso no ha sido evaluada cuidadosamente. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en MEDLINE, Embase y en la Biblioteca Cochrane hasta junio de 2013, acerca de artículos publicados en inglés y español, identificando experimentos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios de cohortes que evaluaran el impacto de las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares en mortalidad, eventos cardiovasculares, niveles de lípidos séricos y efectos adversos. Se presenta la información de forma descriptiva. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro experimentos clínicos aleatorizados y un estudio de cohortes, que incluían 6.833 pacientes. Solo uno de los estudios evaluó el impacto en la mortalidad cardiovascular, evidenciando que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en comparación con placebo (RR de 0,76; IC 95% 0,5:1,15), aunque se observó una reducción del 16% en la incidencia de infarto agudo de miocardio (RR 0,84; IC 95% 0,67:1,00). Tres estudios evaluaron cambios en las fracciones lipídicas, los cuales mostraron disminución moderada en los niveles de colesterol LDL, sin percibir diferencias clínicamente significativas en los niveles de colesterol HDL y triglicéridos. Conclusión: La evidencia que respalda el uso de resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares es limitada y no avala su empleo como terapia de primera línea en pacientes con dislipidemia; no obstante, son una alternativa en pacientes con efectos adversos o intolerancia al manejo con estatinas.

Background: Recent international guidelines have proposed statins as the corner stone of dyslipidemia management in adults. However it is not clear if they are best option for patients with statin related intolerance or what their adverse effects are. The bile acid sequestrants are an interesting alternative, however its evidence has not been carefully evaluated. Methods: A search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library databases for articles published up to June 2013, limited to Spanish and English language. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) and cohort studies evaluating the impact of bile acid sequestrants on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, seric lipids and adverse effects were selected. Information was presented in a descriptive way. Results: Four RCT and one cohort study with aggregate data on 6833 people were included. Just one study evaluated cardiovascular mortality showing no statistically significant difference when compared with placebo, (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.5:1.15), however there was a 16% reduction on acute myocardial infarction incidence. (RR 0.84; 95% IC 0.67: 1.00). Three studies evaluated seric lipids changes showing a moderate reduction in LDL levels without clinical significant differences on HDL and triglyceride levels. Conclusions: The evidence supporting bile acid sequestrants use is lacking and not conclusive to recommend its use as first-line therapy in dyslipidemic patients; however, these are an alternative option for patients with statin-related intolerance or adverse effects.

Anestesia espinal alta para mastoplastia reductora: experiencia de tres años / High spinal anesthesia for reductive mammaplasty: a three years experience

Fundamento: la aplicación de anestesia neuroaxial espinal alta en las intervenciones quirúrgicas resulta un tema controversial. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la aplicación de anestesia neuroaxial espinal alta en intervenciones quirúrgicas para mastoplastia reductora. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en el Hospital General Universitario Dr Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos, desde junio de 2006 hasta junio de 2009, que incluyó 90 pacientes operadas, en las cuales se empleó anestesia neuroaxial espinal alta. Se analizaron las variables: edad, índice de masa corporal, saturación de HBO2, tensión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, uso de analgesia preventiva, comportamiento de la analgesia posoperatoria, estado de satisfacción, presencia de complicaciones, técnica quirúrgica, duración del acto quirúrgico y de la anestesia. Resultados: el 50

tenía entre 35 y 44 años; 46, 7 por ciento estaban sobrepeso; el 80 por ciento se operó de hipertrofia mamaria; en el 97, 8 por ciento se utilizó la mastoplastia reductora; ninguna presentó cifras altas de tensión arterial antes ni después de la aplicación de la anestesia, el 41,1 por ciento presentó cifras bajas de tensión arterial después de la anestesia; la frecuencia cardiaca estuvo baja en el 31, 1 por ciento después de aplicada la anestesia y alta en el 4, 4 por ciento. La analgesia posoperatoria fue buena en el 87, 8 por ciento de las pacientes; no hubo compromiso ventilatorio en ningún caso y el 100 por ciento mostró satisfacción con la técnica anestésica. Conclusiones: la aplicación de la técnica anestésica permite desarrollar exitosamente las intervenciones quirúrgicas con un mínimo de riesgos y complicaciones para las pacientes(AU)

Background: High spinal neuraxial anesthesia is a controversial issue when used in surgery. Objective: To describe the results of the application of high spinal neuraxial anesthesia in reductive mammaplasty surgery. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima General University Hospital of Cienfuegos from June 2006 to June 2009. It included 90 patients who underwent surgery with high spinal neuraxial anesthesia. The following variables were analyzed: age, body mass index, HbO2 saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, use of preemptive analgesia, postoperative analgesia behavior, satisfaction level, complications, surgical technique and duration of surgery and anesthesia application. Results: 50 percent of patients were between 35 and 44 years old; 46, 7 percent were overweight; 80 percent had surgery for breast hypertrophy; reductive mastopalstia was performed in 97, 8 percent of cases; no patients presented rates of high blood pressure before or after the application of anesthesia; 41.1 percent showed low levels of blood pressure after anesthesia; heart rate was low in 31, 1 percent of cases after the application of anesthesia and high in 4, 4 percent. Postoperative analgesia was good in 87, 8 percent of patients, there was no ventilatory complication and 100 percent of patients expressed their satisfaction with the anesthetic technique. Conclusions: The application of this anesthetic technique can successfully develop surgeries with minimal risks and complications for patients(AU)

Anestesia de alta frecuencia con jet / Jet high-frequency anesthesia

Se señalalan los diferentes empleos de la alta frecuencia ventilatoria con jet (HPVJ) como método ventilatorio. Se realiza la presentación de un caso al cual se le realizó el proceder quirúrgico por vía endoscópica y donde se empleó esta técnica ventilatoria. Se comentan las alteraciones más notables en el paciente

Anestesia de alta frecuencia con jet / Jet high-frequency anesthesia

Se señalalan los diferentes empleos de la alta frecuencia ventilatoria con jet (HPVJ) como método ventilatorio. Se realiza la presentación de un caso al cual se le realizó el proceder quirúrgico por vía endoscópica y donde se empleó esta técnica ventilatoria. Se comentan las alteraciones más notables en el paciente

Diez Años de atención al paciente crítico (II). Utilidad del apache II y riesgo de muerte como índices pronósticos

Se realiza el calculo del sistema APACHE II y el Riesgo de Muerte (R), al ingreso en nuestra Unidad, de dos grupos de pacientes admitidos en dos épocas diferentes (1979-1988); con el objetivo de evaluar su utilidad predictiva en los pacientes admitidos en dos épocas diferentes (1979-1988); con el objetivo de evaluar su utilidad predictiva en los pacientes estudiados. Las características clínicas de ambos grupos se describen en el trabajo precedente. Se demuestran diferencias significativas (p<0.001) de los indicadores ante mencionados en dos series estudiadas, 1979: APACHE II Media 11.81 + 7.83 y R Media 1935 + 22.25; 1988: APACHE II Media 8.52 + 7.77 y R Media 10.77 + 12.98. Se comparan los resultados en vivos y fallecidos obteniendose resultados altamente significativos

Diez Años de atención al paciente crítico (II). Utilidad del apache II y riesgo de muerte como índices pronósticos

Se realiza el calculo del sistema APACHE II y el Riesgo de Muerte (R), al ingreso en nuestra Unidad, de dos grupos de pacientes admitidos en dos épocas diferentes (1979-1988); con el objetivo de evaluar su utilidad predictiva en los pacientes admitidos en dos épocas diferentes (1979-1988); con el objetivo de evaluar su utilidad predictiva en los pacientes estudiados. Las características clínicas de ambos grupos se describen en el trabajo precedente. Se demuestran diferencias significativas (p<0.001) de los indicadores ante mencionados en dos series estudiadas, 1979: APACHE II Media 11.81 + 7.83 y R Media 1935 + 22.25; 1988: APACHE II Media 8.52 + 7.77 y R Media 10.77 + 12.98. Se comparan los resultados en vivos y fallecidos obteniendose resultados altamente significativos (AU)