[Prevalence and risk factors associated with intradialytic hypotension in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Burkina Faso]. / Prévalence et facteurs de risque associés à l'hypotension intradialytique en Afrique subsaharienne : cas du Burkina Faso.

AIM: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with intradialytic hypotension in our cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This was a prospective monocentric study over a six-month period. Intradialytic hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure ≥ 20mmHg or a decrease in mean arterial pressure of 10mmHg associated with clinical events and the need for nursing interventions. The groups were compared using univariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: We included 48 patients and counted 3014 hemodialysis sessions. The mean age was 44.7±15 years. The prevalence of intradialytic hypotension was 12.4%, with cramps 20 (41.7%) as the main symptom. Factors associated with frequent intradialytic hypotension compared to the groups without intradialytic hypotension and with infrequent intradialytic hypotension were age (61±13 years, p=0.018), diabetes (33.3%, p=0.019), high body mass index (27, 3±7.8kg/m2, p=0.002), interdialytic weight gain ≥ 5% of baseline weight (66.7%, p=0.033), hourly ultrafiltration (800±275ml/h, p=0.037) and perdialytic feeding (33.3%, p=0.016). Low pre-dialysis diastolic blood pressure (72±13mmHg, p=0.012) and high baseline weight (73.9±17.5kg, p=0.028) were associated with frequent versus infrequent intradialytic hypotension. CONCLUSION: Intradialytic hypotension is common in our context. Its prevention in at-risk patients is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life.

[Contribution of the University Clinical Research Center's laboratoryin the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in Mali]. / Contribution du laboratoire du Centre Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (UCRC) au diagnostic de SRAS-CoV-2 au Mali.

INTRODUCTION: The rapid diagnostic capacities of laboratories in Mali have been an essential element in the response to COVID-19. The University Clinical Research center (UCRC) diagnosed the first cases of Mali COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe the contribution of the UCRC in the diagnosis of Covid-19 and to clinically and epidemiologically characterize the patients tested in the UCRC laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted during eight months of intense activity. The samples were sent from the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) to the UCRC. RESULTS: The UCRC tested 12,406 contacts and suspected samples and confirmed the diagnosis in 1091 patients, or 9%. The most common symptoms were cough (48.78%), headache (34.14%), fatigue / weakness (34.14%), while (33.33%) of the patients were asymptomatic. The sample positivity rate among new cases decreased from May to September 2020, despite almost 230% of the number of samples tested. CONCLUSION: The laboratory played a major role in the response and there may be a low transmission of the virus in the Malian community.

INTRODUCTION: Les capacités de diagnostic rapide des laboratoires au Mali ont été un élément essentiel dans la riposte contre la COVID-19. Le Centre Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (UCRC)a diagnostiqué les premiers cas du Mali. OBJECTIF: Etait de décrire l'apport de l'UCRC dans le diagnostic de la Covid-19 et de caractériser cliniquement et épidémiologiquement les patients testés au laboratoire de l'UCRC. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Une étude transversale a été conduite pendant huit mois d'activité intense. Les échantillons ont été envoyés de l'Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP) à l'UCRC. RÉSULTATS: L'UCRC a testé 12 406 échantillons contacts et suspects et a confirmé le diagnostic chez 1091 patients soit 9%. Les symptômes les plus rencontrés ont été la toux (48,78%), les maux de tête (34,14%), la fatigue/faiblesse (34,14%), tandis que (33,33%) des patients étaient asymptomatiques. Le taux de positivité des échantillons a diminué entre mai et août et avec une légère diminution en septembre 2020,avec près de 230% du nombre d'échantillons testés. CONCLUSION: Le laboratoire a joué un grand rôle dans la riposte et il y'aurait une faible transmission du virus dans la communauté Malienne.

Fluorescein diacetate and rapid molecular testing for the early identification of rifampicin resistance in Mali.

BACKGROUND: Non-conversion on auramine smear microscopy indicates a lack of treatment response, possibly associated with initial rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). However, dead bacteria still stain positive and may be detected. Fluorescein diacetate smear microscopy (FDA) shows live mycobacteria only. Therefore, we studied the potential of 2-month (2M) FDA for the identification of initial RR-TB.METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, we enrolled new smear-positive pulmonary TB patients from five local centres in Bamako, Mali. After baseline screening, sputum samples were collected at 1M, 2M, 5M and 18M. We used rpoB sequencing to identify initial RR-TB.RESULTS: Of 1359 patients enrolled, 1019 (75%) had rpoB sequencing results. Twenty-six (2.6%, 95%CI: 1.7-3.7) had mutations conferring rifampicin resistance. Most frequent rpoB mutations were located at the codons Asp435Val (42.4%) and Ser450Leu (34.7%). Among patients with initial RR-TB, 72.2% were FDA-negative at 2M (P = 0.2). The positive and negative predictive value of 5M FDA for culture-based failure was respectively 20.0% and 94.7%.CONCLUSION: FDA did not identify the majority of patients with initial RR-TB or culture-based failure. As the full spectrum of mutations identified on sequencing was identified using Xpert, our data support its rapid universal implementation in Mali.

Performance of Mali's biosafety level 3 laboratory in the external quality assessment in preparedness of laboratory accreditation and support to clinical trials.

Background: The external quality assessment (EQA) or external quality control is an evaluation conducted by a certified external organization to inquire about the quality of the results provided by a laboratory. The primary role of EQA is to verify the accuracy of laboratory results. This is essential in research because research data should be published in international peer-reviewed journals, and laboratory results must be repeatable. In 2007, the University Clinical Research Center (UCRC's) biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory joined the EQA program with the College of American Pathologists in acid-fast staining and culture and identification of mycobacteria as per laboratory accreditation preparedness. Thus, after 11 years of participation, the goal of our study was to evaluate the performance of our laboratory during the different interlaboratory surveys. Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study to evaluate the results of UCRC mycobacteriology laboratory from surveys conducted during 2007 and 2017. Results: Of the 22 evaluations, the laboratory had satisfactory (100% of concordance results) in 18 (81.8%) and good (80% of concordance results) in 4 (18.2%). Overall, the laboratory was above the commended/accepted limits of 75%. Conclusion: So far, UCRC's BSL-3 performed well during the first 11 years of survey participation, and efforts should be deployed to maintain this high quality in the preparedness for laboratory accreditation and support to clinical trials.

Diabetes Mellitus among new tuberculosis patients in Bamako, Mali.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) increases worldwide, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. In Mali, the prevalence in the adult population is estimated at 1.8%, but tuberculosis (TB) patients are not systematically screened. The goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of DM among newly diagnosed TB patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study and a pilot prospective cohort study in four health centers in Bamako. All patients underwent fasting capillary-blood glucose (FCBG) test at Day 0, and repeated after one-week of TB treatment. Venous FBG test was performed for discrepancies between the two FCBG results. Thereafter, FCBG was performed for pilot study at month-2 (M2) and M5 of TB treatment. RESULTS: Two hundred and one patients were enrolled in this study. Impaired fasting blood glucose was identified in 17 (8.5%), of whom 11 (5.5%) had DM (VFBG >7 mmol/L). Among patients with DM, seven (63.6%) had successful TB treatment outcome, versus 142 (74.7%) of those without DM (p = 0.64), and (OR: 1.69, 95%CI 0.47-6.02). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DM among TB patients in Bamako exceeds that of the general population and screening at TB diagnosis suffices to identify those with DM. Systematic screening of both diseases will allow better treatment.

Prise en charge de la glomérulonéphrite aiguë post-infectieuse chez l'enfant: expérience du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Introduction : La Glomérulo-Néphrite Aiguë Post-infectieuse (GNAP) reste fréquente chez l'enfant dans les pays en développement. Au Burkina Faso, il existe très peu de données sur le sujet. Le but de ce travail était de contribuer à travers les données fournies par l'étude, à l'amélioration de la prise en charge de la maladie en milieu pédiatrique au Burkina Faso. Patients et méthode : Il s'est agi d'une étude rétrospective descriptive sur la période du 1er janvier 2008 au 31 décembre 2017 (10 ans). Ont été inclus dans l'étude les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans hospitalisés dans le service de pédiatrie médicale du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle (CHUP-CDG) de Ouagadougou pour glomérulonéphrite aiguë post-infectieuse pendant notre période d'étude. Les données collectées ont été traitées sur micro-ordinateur à l'aide du logiciel SPSS dans sa version 20. Résultats : Cinquante-huit patients ont été inclus durant la période d'étude, soit 1,6% des hospitalisations. L'âge moyen était de 5,8 ± 2,9 ans avec des extrêmes de 20 mois et 13 ans. La tranche d'âge la plus concernée était celle de 5 à 12 ans. La prédominance était masculine (65,5%). Les enfants étaient dans la majorité des cas issus de familles à niveau socioéconomique défavorable. Un syndrome œdémateux était retrouvé chez la plupart des patients à l'admission. La tension artérielle a été mesurée chez 44 patients soit 75,86% des cas. Les moyennes des pressions artérielles systolique et diastolique étaient respectivement de 113,18 ± 23 mm Hg (extrêmes = 80 et 190) et 70,82 ± 18 mm Hg (extrême = 40 et 120). Sur le plan paraclinique nous avons noté des ASLO positifs dans 40,4% des cas. Un seul patient avait une protéinurie > 50 mg/kg/24h. La créatininémie moyenne était de 125,6 ± 197,1 µmol/L avec des extrêmes de 17 et 1830 µmol/L. Le traitement était essentiellement symptomatique. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était 12,03 ± 8,6 avec des extrêmes de 0 et 47 jours. L'évolution était favorable dans 79,31% des cas. Conclusion : La GNAPI reste relativement fréquente au CHUP-CDG de Ouagadougou probablement à cause des conditions de vie et d'hygiène précaires. L'évolution est généralement favorable mais des complications peuvent survenir

[Malaria and intestinal parasitosis in pregnant woman at Abobo district (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire)]. / Paludisme et parasitoses digestives chez la femme enceinte de la commune d'Abobo (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire).

A prospective study was carried out from 2010 to 2012 at the Hôpital Général d'Abobo (HGA) in Abidjan, in order to determine the impact of infectious and parasitic diseases on child cognitive development. Blood samples were examined by means of thick drop and blood smear; as for stool by direct examination and concentration by formalin-ether method. We evaluated the prevalence, the parasite load of malaria and gastrointestinal parasites; then we investigated the risk factors for these disorders. Overall, 331 pregnant women in the last trimester of their pregnancy were enrolled. The plasmodic index was 3.9% with infestation specific rates of P. falciparum from 100%. Concerning digestive protozoa, it has been observed 71.3% of nonpathogenic, against 9.7 % of pathogens, either an overall prevalence of 51.4% of digestive parasites. The calculated average parasitic loads revealed 3089.2 tpz/µl of blood (95 % CI: 591.1-5587.3) for malaria, 6.5 eggs per gram of stool (95 % CI: 0.4-13.4) for intestinal helminths and one parasite by microscopic field for protozoa (common infestation). It has been shown that the occurrence of malaria has been linked to the non-use of impregnated mosquito nets (x2 = 0.012; p = 0.018), not to age. No link could be established between the presence of digestive parasites and the age of pregnant women, or socioeconomic conditions (level of education, profession, type of toilet). Malaria is less common in pregnant women while the rate of digestive parasites remains high.

[Current situation of primary prophylaxis with isoniazid (INH) in children who are contacts of patients with bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis in Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire)]. / Situation actuelle de la chimioprophylaxie primaire à l'isoniazide (INH) chez les enfants contacts des patients atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire bacillifère à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

INTRODUCTION: The National tuberculosis program (NTP) in Ivory Coast recommends that children under 5 years living in a family environment with contagious tuberculosis patients, should receive Prophylactic treatment with INH (PTI), whatever the result of the tuberculin skin test (positive or negative) and their BCG status (vaccinated or not), at a dose of 5mg/kg/day for 6 months. We conducted this study to check the implementation of this recommendation in three support services of tuberculosis in Abidjan, the economic capital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional and descriptive study over 3 years (2011-2013), on consented patients, adolescents and adults aged at least 15 years, with a first episode of infectious pulmonary tuberculosis, in order to look for information on the INH prophylaxis in children under 5 years living under the same roof. We made patients interviews during their visit for bacteriological sputum controls at the second month of TB treatment. RESULTS: Of a total of 412 patients (53% males and 47% females) with a mean age of 34.5 years and with a low level of instruction (66.5%), we noticed 639 children under 5 years living under the same roof with them. Information on the screening of contact children was given to 71% of interviewed patients (291/412). Of the 339 children examined among 639 contacts, 234 (69%) had received only an intradermoreaction (IDR) and PTI was finally administered to 64% of them (217/339). CONCLUSION: High proportion of contact children under 5 not examined is a major concern for the NTP and a missed opportunity to prevent additional cases of tuberculosis among children.

[Perinatal asphyxia and acute renal insufficiency in Ouagadougou]. / Asphyxie périnatale et insuffisance rénale aiguë à Ouagadougou.

AIM: This study aimed to analyze acute renal failure in perinatal asphyxia (PNA) of term newborns in a sub-Saharan urban health center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was prospective, conducted from 1st June to 30th November 2013 on term newborns hospitalized at the centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles-de-Gaulle for PNA. Renal insufficiency (RI) was defined by a serum creatinine greater than or equal to 90 µmol/L. RESULTS: Eighty-five PNA cases were included, or 19.8% of newborns hospitalized in the study period. The sex ratio was 2.1. Thirty-eight newborns (44.7%) had RI. Their creatinine averaged 153.8±96.6 µmol/L. Twenty-six of 38 (68.4%) had brain damage in Sarnat stage 2 and 12 (31.6%) stage 3. Twelve newborns with RI (31.6%) had seizures. Transfontanellar echography revealed an abnormality in 30 cases (78.9%) of RI. Of the 38 newborns with renal failure, albuminuria was found in 21 cases (65.2%) and leukocyturia in 28 cases (73.7%). Renal function improved in 86.1% of cases. Newborns with initially normal serum creatinine had no RI during hospitalization. Six newborns (7.1%) died. CONCLUSION: This study showed that acute RI is common during PNA most particularly in newborns with severe neurological impairment. In our context, earlier support for women in labor could help prevent PNA and therefore newborn acute RI.

[Multidrug resistant tuberculosis among health personnel in Côte d'Ivoire]. / Tuberculose multirésistante chez le personnel de santé en Côte d'Ivoire.

UNLABELLED: Multidrug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) of health workers raises the question of hospital-borne transmission of infection. OBSERVATIONS: We report 4 cases of MDR-TB confirmed at the health workers over a period of 8 years (January, 2005 to December 2012), in the 2 services of pulmonology from Abidjan to Côte d'Ivoire). It was about young grown-up patients (aged between 28 and 39 years), all HIV negatives, in a no-win situation of antituberculosis treatment (3 patients/4). The most concerned staffs were the male nurses (2/4). Two agents worked in general hospital and the only one in a pulmonology department at the time of the diagnosis. The tuberculosis was of lung seat with bilateral radiographic hurt (3/4) and multiples excavations (4/4). The case index, when it was identified (2/2), was a family case. Among 3 agents who benefited from a second line treatment, 1 died further to an extensive drug resistance and 2 are declared to be cured. The fourth died before the beginning of the treatment. These cases of cure were in touch with a premature care. CONCLUSION: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis at the health workers could have a negative impact on the antituberculosis fight imposing rigorous measures of infection control and better implication of the occupational medicine.

[Ivory Coast physician's knowledge and attitudes about smoking in patients with tuberculosis]. / Connaissances et attitudes des médecins ivoiriens vis-à-vis du tabagisme chez les patients atteints de tuberculose.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking promotes, among other health problems, the development of tuberculosis and the discovery of a case of tuberculosis can therefore be an opportunity for tobacco control interventions. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study evaluating the knowledge of 37 Ivorian physicians (32 men and 5 women with 5 active smokers) on the relationship between smoking and tuberculosis and their attitudes to smoking tuberculous patients between February and August 2012 using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate to the questionnaire was 88.1%. Among them, 70.3% of Ivorian physicians knew that smoking increased the incidence of tuberculosis, 75.7% said that forms of tuberculosis were more severe in smokers and about 27% thought that the cure rate of tuberculosis was lower in smokers. No significant difference was observed according to respondents' smoking status, or gender. Patients' smoking status was always assessed by 64.9% of physicians and by 78.4% in patients with tuberculosis, again not differing by physicians' smoking status or gender. The risks of smoking were always explained to patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis by 43.2% and benefits of stopping smoking ware always described in 35.1%. An intervention for smoking cessation was systematically offered to smokers having tuberculosis by 59.4% of physicians and 8.1% offered medication for smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: These results strongly support the need to reinforce physician behaviors to address smoking in patients with tuberculosis in Ivory Coast.

[Prevalence of albuminuria in children from 5 to 15 years in the town of Kaya (Burkina Faso)]. / Prevalence de l'albuminurie chez des enfants de 5 a 15 ans de la ville de Kaya (Burkina Faso).

INTRODUCTION: Albuminuria, an important marker of kidney damage, is still insufficiently studied in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of albuminuria in the town of Kaya in Burkina Faso. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the town of Kaya. Simple random sampling was done. It concerned all households with children 5-15 years old of urban area of the town of Kaya. Selected children or their parents were interviewed. Anthropometric measurements and urinary samples were performed. RESULTS: Two hundred six children (113 girls and 93 boys) participated in the study. Albuminuria was found in 18 children whether 8.7% of cases. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of children with albuminuria (107.2 ± 13.6 and 74.7 ± 11.4 mm Hg) were not significantly different from those of children without albuminuria (110.3 ± 14 and 73.1 ± 11.5 mmHg). Sociodemographic factors were not associated with the occurrence of albuminuria in children. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of albuminuria in the strip involved nearly a tenth of children, which is important. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are a first population database of kidney disease in the country. The study should be completed by the identification of cases of persistent albuminuria in this population.

INTRODUCTION: L'albuminurie, important marqueur d'atteinte rénale, est encore insuffisamment étudiée en Afrique subsaharienne. Par la présente étude, nous voulons connaître l'épidémiologie de l'albuminurie dans la ville de Kaya au Burkina Faso. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une étude transversale dans la ville de Kaya. Un échantillonnage aléatoire simple a été effectué à partir d'une base de sondage constituée par l'ensemble des ménages ayant des enfants de 5 à 15 ans du milieu urbain de la ville de Kaya. Les enfants sélectionnés ou leurs parents ont été interviewés. Les mesures anthropométriques et des prélèvements urinaires ont été effectués. RÉSULTATS: Deux cent six enfants (113 filles et 93 garçons) ont participé à l'étude. L'albuminurie a été trouvée chez 18 enfants soit 8,7% des cas. Les moyennes des pressions artérielles systolique et diastolique des enfants avec albuminurie (107,2±13,6 et 74,7±11,4 mm Hg) n'étaient pas significativement différentes de celles des enfants sans albuminurie (110,3±14 et 73,1±11,5 mm Hg). Les facteurs sociodémographiques n'étaient pas associés à la survenue de l'albuminurie chez l'enfant. DISCUSSION: La prévalence de l'albuminurie à la bandelette a concerné près d'un dixième des enfants, ce qui est important. CONCLUSION: Les résultats de cette étude constituent pour le pays une première base de données en population sur la maladie rénale. L'étude doit être complétée par l'identification des cas d'albuminurie persistante dans cette population.

[Management of end-stage kidney failure: a challenge for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa example of mineral and bone disorders in Burkina Faso]. / Prise en charge de l'insuffisance rénale terminale : un challenge pour les pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne Exemple des désordres minéralo-osseux au Burkina Faso.

INTRODUCTION: Meeting treatment targets for dialysis is a seemingly impossible challenge for most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. To assess this problem, we conducted this study of mineral and bone disorders in subjects undergoing hemodialysis at the Ouagadougou hemodialysis unit, the only such unit in Burkina Faso. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in January 2010. We included patients on hemodialysis for at least three months who had some minimal predialysis laboratory results available. The KDIGO guidelines served as our reference. Dialysis sessions lasted 5 h and took place once every five days. The statistical analysis of the data was performed with PASW statistical software, version 18 for Windows. RESULTS: The study included 32 of the 53 patients in the unit: 19 men and 13 women with a mean age of 43.5 ± 12.7 years. Their mean serum levels were 2.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L for calcium, 1.4 ± 0.5 mmol/L for phosphorus, 934 ± 887.4 pg/mL for intact parathyroid hormone and 193.4 ± 125.7 IU/L for total alkaline phosphatases. No patient reached the target for all three of the first three indicators. Patients with parathyroid hormone ≥ 800 pg/mL (n = 14) had a serum phosphorus (1.6 ± 0.6 vs 1.2 ± 0.4; p = 0.044) and alkaline phosphatases (287.5 ± 100.5 vs 120.2 ± 90; p < 0.001), significantly higher than those whose parathyroid hormone level was < 800 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The bone and mineral status of our hemodialysis patients is worrisome and is due to suboptimal treatment conditions. The risk of deaths is high. Subsidies sufficient to provide adequate care would reduce these problems, which have, we note, an ethical dimension.

[Effects of war on control of tuberculosis in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007]. / Effets de la guerre sur le contrôle de la tuberculose en Côte d'Ivoire de 2002 à 2007.

OBJECTIVES: To specify consequences of armed conflict in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007 on treatment outcomes of new cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) and retreatment cases. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and reprocessing notified to the National Program against Tuberculosis from 2001 to 2008. RESULTS: Totally, 7,4232 cases of TPM+ and 5094 cases of reprocessing had been declared during the war period in Côte d'Ivoire. The global average rate of therapeutic success was 72% with a lower average rate of success in retreatment in Center, Northern et Western (CNO) zone (54%) than in Southern zone (73%). The average rate of lost sight was higher in CNO zone than in the South with respectively 27% and 11%. The average rate of success in retreatment was 60% on the national level with a lower rate in CNO zone (48%) than in the South zone (62%) and the average rate of lost sight in retreatment was higher in CNO zone than in the South zone (28% versus 16%). CONCLUSION: Our results show that there was no early epidemic of tuberculosis during the armed conflict in Côte d'Ivoire which has although severely disrupted activities of tuberculosis management in ex-nongovernmental zone.

[Prevalence of proteinuria in children followed-up for HIV infection at Pediatric University Hospital Charles-de-Gaulle (CHUP-CDG) of Ouagadougou]. / Prévalence de la protéinurie chez les enfants suivis pour infection à VIH au centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles-de-Gaulle (CHUP-CDG) de Ouagadougou.

In subjects infected with HIV, proteinuria could represent a marker of HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN), the most important cause of chronic renal failure in them. To determine the prevalence of proteinuria in children with HIV infection and to improve the screening of renal disease for these children in our country, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study over a 3-month period. We included 122 children (0-14 years old) with HIV infection followed at CHUP-CDG. Proteinuria was calculated using the first morning urine sample by dipstick test (significant for a "+" or more). Statistical tests were significant for p < 0.05. The 122 children (121 HIV1 and 1 HIV2) comprised of 64 boys and 58 girls. Eighteen (14.8%) (14 boys and 4 girls) had proteinuria (1 or 2 "+"). The mean age of patients with proteinuria was 10.4 ± 3.3 years. None of the children were hypertensive. All were infected with HIV1. Proteinuria was associated with microscopic hematuria in six cases. The average CD4 count was 21 ± 8% versus 23 ± 10% in 42 patients without proteinuria (p = NS). The mean serum creatinine in patients with proteinuria was 47 ± 29 µmol/l. Three of them had acute renal failure. All patients with proteinuria had antiretroviral treatment (ARV) since 40 ± 24 months versus 36 ± 26 months in 98 patients without proteinuria. No treatment included tenofovir, indinavir, or converting enzyme inhibitor. The prevalence of proteinuria in our sample is lower than that reported by other African writers in untreated subjects. This fact suggests a nephroprotection of ARV in our patients probably treated early and effectively. However, microalbuminuria, a possible early marker of HIVAN, has not been evaluated by our study. Studies of the prevalence of microalbuminuria in children infected with HIVand treated with ARVs in Sub-Saharan African countries should be encouraged. They would help to determine the relevance in these children of research routinely of microalbuminuria and to screen and precociously take care of a possible HIVAN or other chronic glomerulopathy.

[Simvastatin indused chylothorax]. / Chylothorax induit par la simvastatine.

Chylothorax is a rare disorder occurring most often in aftermath of a thoracic surgery or during cancer of mediastinum. We report the clinical history of the world's second case of chylothorax which appeared during treatment with simvastatin.

[Dent's syndrome. Nephrology follow-up of four patients of the same family]. / Le syndrome de Dent. Suivi néphrologique de quatre cas de la même famille.

Dent's syndrome is a rare inherited tubulopathy. Factors influencing renal function in this disease are not well known. The aim of our study is to investigate the evolution of the Dent's syndrome in renal plan. The study was retrospective and conducted in 2006, concerning four brothers. The genetic defect was a mutation S244L missense in exon 6 of gene CLCN5. Various parameters were studied. Patients were 8.5 to 21-years-old at the beginning of the follow-up. Two of them had chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) which evolved, at least 7 years of moderate to terminal stage. Tubular signs were made of hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, hypophosphatemia and proteinuria mostly ß2 microglobulin. Improvement of these abnormalities was obtained with symptomatic treatment which has not always been well tolerated. A case of beginner nephrocalcinosis was observed. There was size and weight delay at the beginning of patient monitoring. Dent's syndrome may be complicated by CRI. It seems to appear in the second decade of life and hypercalciuria would contribute to it. Our CRI patients had significant bone disease. The hypercalciuria and proteinuria are factors over which we try to act. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of treatment on the reduction of CRI or its progression by reducing these factors in patients with Dent's syndrome.

[Persistent, cavitating, non-tuberculous pneumopathy in a patient with HIV: the role of Candida?]. / Pneumopathie persistante et excavee non tuberculeuse chez un patient infecte par le VIH: rôle de candida?

Fungal agents are not common cause of pneumonia. In favorables conditions mycosis can cause atypical clinical and radiographic figures. Authors report the observation of a 45 years and VIH-positive patient presenting a persistant and excavating pneumonia probably caused by Candida albicans.

Pneumopathie persistante et excavee non tuberculeuse chez un patient infecte par le VIH : role de candida ?

Les mycoses sont une cause peu commune de pneumopathie. Dans certaines circonstances favorables; elles peuvent etre a l'origine de tableaux cliniques et radiologiques trompeurs; pouvant faire errer le diagnostic

[Tuberculous pleural effusion and HIV infection at the pulmonary disease clinic in Abidjan, Ivory Coast]. / Pleurésies tuberculeuses et infection à VIH en milieu pneumologique à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Clinical, radiographic, biological, histological and pathological data from thirty HIV-infected patients with tuberculous pleural effusion were prospectively collected at the pulmonary disease clinic at the University teaching hospital of Treichville in Abidjan from April to December 1999. Patients mean age was 35 years, ranging from 16 to 79. The white cell count in the serous effusion pleural fluid was high with predominant lymphocytes. Microscopy examination of the aspirate did not show AFB. The Tuberculin Skin Test remained negative for 16 patients (53%). Multiple pleural biopsies showed typical tuberculous follicles in 19 patients (63%) and a non-typical inflammatory reactions in eleven patients (37%).