A coping self-insight scale for adults: development and preliminary psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND: Self-insights focused on the coping process are implicated in the refinement of capacities for resilience. To advance this research, we must identify key coping self-insights and develop a concise measurement tool. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence for the construct dimensionality and validity of a measure of coping self-insight. METHODS: Items measuring 13 coping self-insight dimensions were generated via consultation with theoretical work, subject matter experts, and pre-testing items for clarity. Thereafter, the dimensionality of items was assessed with undergraduate students (N = 232) and an online sample (N = 800) via exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Finally, a multi-trait, multi-method approach was used to test discriminant validity in a further sample of students (N = 228). RESULTS: The initial item list was reduced to five key dimensions that balanced data-driven and conceptual considerations. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed moderate-to-strong correlations (r = .47-.80) among dimensions. We also demonstrated evidence of internal reliability, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity. Invariance tests for sub-groups of interest (e.g., sex, sample type) frequently demonstrated metric or scalar invariance, except for age sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS: Findings offer a starting point regarding the types of coping self-insights important for the emergence of resilience and a validated tool for future research.

Listeria monocytogenes cholangiohepatitis in a lactating Holstein cow.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a unique presentation of systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection in a lactating adult Holstein cow. ANIMAL: 3-year-old second-parity female Holstein, 200 days in milk. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: A 3-year-old Holstein dairy cow was presented for decreased appetite, decreased milk production, and pyrexia. Blood work displayed marked abnormalities in liver-associated parameters. A diagnosis of L monocytogenes cholangiohepatitis was made following liver biopsy, histopathology, and bacterial culture. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The cow was treated with systemic antimicrobial and antipyretic therapy. The cow was discharged to continue treatment on farm, and at time of last communication with the owner, the cow was doing very well, with full resolution of clinical signs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This case report describes a novel presentation of L monocytogenes infection in an adult bovine. L monocytogenes cholangiohepatitis should be considered a rare differential diagnosis in cattle presenting with evidence of pyrexia and liver disease.

An exploratory domain analysis of deployment risks and protective features and their association to mental health, cognitive functioning and job performance in military personnel.

BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses of military deployment involve the exploration of focused associations between predictors and peri and post-deployment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to provide a large-scale and high-level perspective of deployment-related predictors across eight peri and post-deployment outcomes. DESIGN: Articles reporting effect sizes for associations between deployment-related features and indices of peri and post-deployment outcomes were selected. Three-hundred and fourteen studies (N = 2,045,067) and 1,893 relevant effects were retained. Deployment features were categorized into themes, mapped across outcomes, and integrated into a big-data visualization. METHODS: Studies of military personnel with deployment experience were included. Extracted studies investigated eight possible outcomes reflecting functioning (e.g., post-traumatic stress, burnout). To allow comparability, effects were transformed into a Fisher's Z. Moderation analyses investigating methodological features were performed. RESULTS: The strongest correlates across outcomes were emotional (e.g., guilt/shame: Z = 0.59 to 1.21) and cognitive processes (e.g., negative appraisals: Z = -0.54 to 0.26), adequate sleep on deployment (Z = -0.28 to - 0.61), motivation (Z = -0.33 to - 0.71), and use of various coping strategies/recovery strategies (Z = -0.25 to - 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: Findings pointed to interventions that target coping and recovery strategies, and the monitoring of emotional states and cognitive processes post-deployment that may indicate early risk.

Evaluation of ovarian volume by transrectal ultrasonography in cattle; affect of the day of the estrous cycle and validation of a method of subtracting of corpora lutea and follicle volume.

This research was conducted to evaluate a method for determining ovarian volume using ultrasonography; specifically, how the day of the estrous cycle affected ovarian volume, and the application of a formula for adjusted ovarian volume (ADJ VOL) and its relationship to actual ovarian volume. Cows (n = 22) were estrous synchronized and subjected to serial transrectal ultrasonographic evaluations, performed every 48 h from the day prior to ovulation until day 9 of the subsequent estrous cycle. Measurements obtained from recorded ultrasonographic images were used to determine actual ovarian volume cm3 = [0.523 X (D1 X D2 X D3)] and adjusted ovarian volume (ADJ VOL) cm3 = [0.523 X (D1 X D2 X D3)]- 43 (πrCL2) - 43 (πrF2) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 of the estrous cycle. A third objective was to evaluate the concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) between post-mortem ovarian measurements and the water displacement test. Ovarian volume increased with each day of the estrous cycle from Day 1 to Day 7. Day of the estrous cycle affected ovarian volume (P <  0.001). When applying the formula for ADJ VOL, there was not an effect of day of the estrous cycle (P  = 0.509). Ovarian volume, results ex-vivo, were very consistent with the displacement volume results (ρc = 0.942). If large ovarian structures are present, and the day of the estrous cycle is unknown, then the formula for ADJ VOL can be used to estimate ovarian volume on Day 1 of the estrous cycle.

[Clinical presentation and performance of urine dipstick for diagnosis of urinary infection in geriatric population]. / Présentation clinique et performance de la bandelette urinaire pour le diagnostic d'infection urinaire en population gériatrique.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second cause of community-acquired bacterial infections in the elderly. Distinguishing symptomatic UTI from asymptomatic bacteriuria is problematic, as older adults are less likely to present with localized urinary symptoms. We evaluated characteristics of patients presenting UTI among elderly with sepsis. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the sensibility and specificity of urine dipstick tests in the diagnosis of UTI in geriatric population. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We led a prospective, monocentric, observational study between April 2017 and January 2018. We included patients hospitalized in geriatric wards, who were prescribed urine culture for UTI symptoms or/and infection without primary sites for which a urine culture was prescribed. Dipstick urinalyses were performed for all patients. Clinical and biological characteristics of all patients were compared according to the final diagnosis of UTI. Moreover, results of dipstick tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of UTI in this population. RESULTS: Among 165 patients, 67 (40.6 %) had a UTI and 98 (59.4 %) had another diagnosis. These two groups were comparable for age and daily-living activities. In the UTI group, the proportion of women was higher than in the other group (P<0.05), and mean MMSE score was lower (P<0.05). Positive urine dipstick test for leukocytes and/or nitrites had high sensitivity (92 %), but low specificity (50 %). Negative predictive value of this test was high (91 %). CONCLUSION: For suspicion of UTI among elderly, few criteria are specific. Negative dipstick tests can suggest an absence of UTI due to its high negative predictive value.

High-pressure, high-temperature molecular doping of nanodiamond.

The development of color centers in diamond as the basis for emerging quantum technologies has been limited by the need for ion implantation to create the appropriate defects. We present a versatile method to dope diamond without ion implantation by synthesis of a doped amorphous carbon precursor and transformation at high temperatures and high pressures. To explore this bottom-up method for color center generation, we rationally create silicon vacancy defects in nanodiamond and investigate them for optical pressure metrology. In addition, we show that this process can generate noble gas defects within diamond from the typically inactive argon pressure medium, which may explain the hysteresis effects observed in other high-pressure experiments and the presence of noble gases in some meteoritic nanodiamonds. Our results illustrate a general method to produce color centers in diamond and may enable the controlled generation of designer defects.

Sustaining eHealth engagement in a multi-year weight gain prevention intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Digital tools are widely used and effective in weight management interventions; however, usage declines over time. Strategies to promote continued engagement should be explored. We examined the effects of offering additional modes of weight reporting as well as periodic online campaigns to promote engagement, assessed by frequency of weight reporting, in a weight gain prevention study for young adults. METHODS: Using an observational design, self-reported weights obtained through digital tools were pooled across participants assigned to two interventions (n = 312). Analysis examined the effects before during and after introduction of an additional reporting modality (email) and for three time-limited refresher campaigns over 2 years. RESULTS: Adding a new modality to the three existing modes (SMS, web, and mobile web) increased weight reporting as well as the number of modalities participants used to report weights. The use of several modes of reporting was associated with more weights submitted (p < 0.01). Refresher campaigns did not increase the proportion of participants reporting; however, the number of weights submitted during the 4-week campaigns increased compared with the 4 weeks before the campaign (p's ≥ 0.45, <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Using multiple digital modalities and periodic campaigns shows promise for sustaining engagement with weight reporting in a young adult population, and incorporating such strategies may mitigate typical declines in eHealth and mHealth interventions.

How resilience is strengthened by exposure to stressors: the systematic self-reflection model of resilience strengthening.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to demands is normally considered to drain resources and threaten wellbeing. However, studies have indicated a resilience-strengthening role for stressors. OBJECTIVES: This paper introduces a unifying model, including five testable hypotheses regarding how resilience can be strengthened progressively via exposure to life-stressors. METHODS: We review and synthesize relevant scholarship that underpins the Systematic Self-Reflection model of resilience-strengthening. RESULTS: The model highlights the importance of a specific meta-cognitive skill (self-reflection on one's initial stressor response) as a mechanism for strengthening resilience. The Systematic Self-Reflection model uniquely proposes five self-reflective practices critical in the on-going adaptation of three resilient capacities: (1) coping resources, (2) usage of coping and emotional regulatory repertoire, and (3) resilient beliefs. The self-reflective process is proposed to strengthen a person's resilience by developing insight into their already-present capacities, the limitations of these capacities, and by stimulating the search for person-driven alternative approaches. CONCLUSION: This model extends the existing scholarship by proposing how the experience of stressors and adversity may have resilience-strengthening opportunities. The implication of this model is that engaging with stressors can have positive consequences for longer-term healthy emotional development if scaffolded in adaptive reflective practices.

Design standards for experimental and field studies to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of tests for infectious diseases in aquatic animals.

Design and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies (DAS) are important metrics for assessing utility of tests used in animal and human health. Following standards for designing DAS will assist in appropriate test selection for specific testing purposes and minimize the risk of reporting biased sensitivity and specificity estimates. To examine the benefits of recommending standards, design information from published DAS literature was assessed for 10 finfish, seven mollusc, nine crustacean and two amphibian diseases listed in the 2017 OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. Of the 56 DAS identified, 41 were based on field testing, eight on experimental challenge studies and seven on both. Also, we adapted human and terrestrial-animal standards and guidelines for DAS structure for use in aquatic animal diagnostic research. Through this process, we identified and addressed important metrics for consideration at the design phase: study purpose, targeted disease state, selection of appropriate samples and specimens, laboratory analytical methods, statistical methods and data interpretation. These recommended design standards for DAS are presented as a checklist including risk-of-failure points and actions to mitigate bias at each critical step. Adherence to standards when designing DAS will also facilitate future systematic review and meta-analyses of DAS research literature.

Can Ureaplasma diversum be transmitted from donor to recipient through the embryo? Two case reports outlining U. diversum losses in bovine embryo pregnancies.

Two bovine embryo recovery results are outlined from different herds. Both cases involve significant late gestational loss from embryos relating back to a single donor. Ureaplasma diversum was confirmed in 3 of 4 cases submitted for postmortem examination. Natural infection originating from the donor and transmitted to the recipient has not previously been documented.

Peut-on transmettre Ureaplasma diversumdu donneur au récipiendaire par l'embryon? Deux rapports de cas présentant des pertes associées à U. diversumlors de gestations d'embryons bovins. Deux résultats de récupération d'embryons bovins provenant de différents troupeaux sont présentés. Les deux cas portent sur la perte gestationnelle considérablement tardive d'embryons provenant d'un seul donneur. Ureaplasma diversum a été confirmé dans 3/4 des cas soumis à l'examen post mortem. Une infection naturelle provenant du donneur transmise au récipiendaire n'a pas été documentée antérieurement.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Hermaphroditism in the dash-and-dot goatfish Parupeneus barberinus.

Presence of bisexual individuals and a sex-specific bimodal size distribution are suggestive of protogyny in the dash-and-dot goatfish Parupeneus barberinus, but the most parsimonious interpretation of histological analysis is juvenile hermaphroditism. This is the first report of hermaphroditism in the Mullidae.

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: susceptibility of non-target species.

Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a pest species in Australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. An important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. In this study, the susceptibility to CyHV-3 of a range of non-target species (NTS) was tested. The NTS were as follows: 13 native Australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole and mature stages); two native reptilian species; chickens; and laboratory mice. Animals were exposed to 100-1000 times the approximate minimum amount of CyHV-3 required to cause disease in carp by intraperitoneal and/or bath challenge, and then examined clinically each day over the course of 28 days post-challenge. There were no clinical signs, mortalities or histological evidence consistent with a viral infection in a wide taxonomic range of NTS. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of infection with CyHV-3, and, in particular, all RT-PCRs for viral mRNA were negative. As a consequence, the results encourage further investigation of CyHV-3 as a potential biocontrol agent that is specific for carp.

Hand eczema and steroid-refractory chronic hand eczema in general practice: prevalence and initial treatment.

BACKGROUND: The self-reported annual prevalence of hand eczema (HE) in adults is about 10%. Incidence and prevalence data for HE, chronic HE (CHE) and steroid-refractory CHE (SR-CHE) in physician-attended populations are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalences of HE, CHE and SR-CHE in a primary-care population using a cross-sectional design; and to estimate the incidence of each and describe initial therapy using a cohort approach. METHODS: The population was all patients in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink for 2000-10, 2005-10 and 2010-11. HE was defined as any of 12 diagnoses (six specific to the hand, six for contact dermatitis). HE became CHE if any of these 12, or three additional diagnoses, occurred 90-365 days after the first HE, and if the patient was prescribed at least one course of potent topical steroids. A patient with CHE was classified as having SR-CHE if they were (i) referred to a dermatologist and/or (ii) prescribed phototherapy, systemic immunomodulators, oral corticosteroids, alitretinoin or acitretin. RESULTS: The 1-year adult prevalence of HE was 0·4%. The period prevalences of SR-CHE for 1, 5 and 10 years in adults were 0·008%, 0·036% and 0·072%, respectively; lifetime estimates were 0·071%, 0·080%, 0·098%. About one-half of cases of CHE were steroid refractory. All conditions were more common in female than in male patients. One-third of HE diagnoses were specific for the hand, the remainder were for contact dermatitis. The majority (62%) of newly diagnosed patients with HE were not prescribed treatment in the 12 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of HE could be 2-3 times higher than reported herein, the proportion of adults seeking medical care for HE is a fraction of those who self-report HE. SR-CHE is rare.

Trait perfectionism strengthens the negative effects of moral stressors occurring in veterinary practice.

OBJECTIVE: Moral challenges are a unique class of workplace stressor where behaviours violate one's personal moral beliefs regarding how things should be done or one's perceived obligations. Morally challenging stressors exist in many workplaces and at times can transform into marked emotional distress, referred to as moral distress. In this study we investigated the degree to which morally significant stressors are related to psychological distress and resilience in a sample of Australian veterinarians. Further, we explored the role of trait perfectionism in strengthening the relationship between exposure to morally significant stressors and psychological distress. Trait perfectionism is the tendency to have very high and rigid standards for the self and/or others and is often implicated in the experience of psychological distress. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey sampled 540 Australian-registered veterinarians (64.2% female), ranging in age from 23 to 74 years. RESULTS: Although morally significant stressors were related to increases in milder expressions of distress, they did not appear to be associated with more severe decrements in psychological wellbeing. Rather, it was the combination of these triggering stressor events and trait perfectionism that appeared to create the vulnerability to moral stressors. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that trait perfectionism is an individual difference that enhances vulnerability to the risk of greater distress in response to morally challenging events in veterinary practice. The implications of these findings and directions for further research are discussed.

Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus.

Molecular (PCR) diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of aquareovirus in general, and Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) specifically, were developed, and their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared with virus isolation in cell culture. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparison of PCR (conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR & RT-qPCR) and virus isolation in cell culture using finfish cell lines, CHSE-214 and EPC, was carried out for the detection and identification of TSRV using field samples of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. from various aquaculture sites around Tasmania. The interlaboratory comparison of diagnostic methods was carried out between two laboratories, AAHL-CSIRO and DPIPWE-Tasmania. A total of 144 fish from nine sites (12-33 fish per site) were sampled from two regions of Tasmania (Tamar River estuary in the north and Huon River estuary in the south-east) during late spring to early summer of 2009, and the data were analysed using different statistical approaches. The prevalence of TSRV ranged from 6% to 22% in both regions. All the diagnostic methods (data from both laboratories) had high specificity, while the estimated sensitivity varied between tests with RT-qPCR being the most sensitive (95.2%) method followed by virus isolation and then conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR.

An empirical assessment of the focal species hypothesis.

Biodiversity surrogates and indicators are commonly used in conservation management. The focal species approach (FSA) is one method for identifying biodiversity surrogates, and it is underpinned by the hypothesis that management aimed at a particular focal species will confer protection on co-occurring species. This concept has been the subject of much debate, in part because the validity of the FSA has not been subject to detailed empirical assessment of the extent to which a given focal species actually co-occurs with other species in an assemblage. To address this knowledge gap, we used large-scale, long-term data sets of temperate woodland birds to select focal species associated with threatening processes such as habitat isolation and loss of key vegetation attributes. We quantified co-occurrence patterns among focal species, species in the wider bird assemblage, and species of conservation concern. Some, but not all, focal species were associated with high levels of species richness. One of our selected focal species was negatively associated with the occurrence of other species (i.e., it was an antisurrogate)-a previously undescribed property of nominated focal species. Furthermore, combinations of focal species were not associated with substantially elevated levels of bird species richness, relative to levels associated with individual species. Our results suggest that although there is some merit to the underpinning concept of the FSA, there is also a need to ensure that actions are sufficiently flexible because management tightly focused on a given focal species may not benefit some other species, including species of conservation concern, such of which might not occur in species-rich assemblages.

The spatial and temporal variation of the distribution and prevalence of Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) infection in Tasmania, Australia.

Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) has been consistently isolated from Atlantic salmon in Tasmania, since first identification in 1990 under the Tasmanian Salmonid Health Surveillance Program (TSHSP). The distribution and prevalence of TSRV was identified using TSHSP data. A data set of 730 fish submissions tested over a period of 15 years was reviewed and analysed to describe the spatial and temporal variation of TSRV in Tasmanian salmonid aquaculture production units. The virus was present throughout Tasmania with the highest reported prevalence of the virus in the south-east region of Tasmania.

Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often characterized by heterogeneous trajectories, which may have unique pre-, peri- and post-trauma risk and protective factors. To date, however, no study has evaluated the nature and determinants of predominant trajectories of PTSD symptoms in World Trade Center (WTC) responders. METHOD: A total of 10835 WTC responders, including 4035 professional police responders and 6800 non-traditional responders (e.g. construction workers) who participated in the WTC Health Program (WTC-HP), were evaluated an average of 3, 6 and 8 years after the WTC attacks. RESULTS: Among police responders, longitudinal PTSD symptoms were best characterized by four classes, with the majority (77.8%) in a resistant/resilient trajectory and the remainder exhibiting chronic (5.3%), recovering (8.4%) or delayed-onset (8.5%) symptom trajectories. Among non-traditional responders, a six-class solution was optimal, with fewer responders in a resistant/resilient trajectory (58.0%) and the remainder exhibiting recovering (12.3%), severe chronic (9.5%), subsyndromal increasing (7.3%), delayed-onset (6.7%) and moderate chronic (6.2%) trajectories. Prior psychiatric history, Hispanic ethnicity, severity of WTC exposure and WTC-related medical conditions were most strongly associated with symptomatic trajectories of PTSD symptoms in both groups of responders, whereas greater education and family and work support while working at the WTC site were protective against several of these trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: Trajectories of PTSD symptoms in WTC responders are heterogeneous and associated uniquely with pre-, peri- and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Police responders were more likely than non-traditional responders to exhibit a resistant/resilient trajectory. These results underscore the importance of prevention, screening and treatment efforts that target high-risk disaster responders, particularly those with prior psychiatric history, high levels of trauma exposure and work-related medical morbidities.

Dimensional structure and course of post-traumatic stress symptomatology in World Trade Center responders.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11) is one of the most prevalent and persistent health conditions among both professional (e.g. police) and non-traditional (e.g. construction worker) WTC responders, even several years after 9/11. However, little is known about the dimensionality and natural course of WTC-related PTSD symptomatology in these populations. METHOD: Data were analysed from 10 835 WTC responders, including 4035 police and 6800 non-traditional responders who were evaluated as part of the WTC Health Program, a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to evaluate structural models of PTSD symptom dimensionality; and autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) panel regressions were used to examine the prospective interrelationships among PTSD symptom clusters at 3, 6 and 8 years after 9/11. RESULTS: CFAs suggested that five stable symptom clusters best represent PTSD symptom dimensionality in both police and non-traditional WTC responders. This five-factor model was also invariant over time with respect to factor loadings and structural parameters, thereby demonstrating its longitudinal stability. ARCL panel regression analyses revealed that hyperarousal symptoms had a prominent role in predicting other symptom clusters of PTSD, with anxious arousal symptoms primarily driving re-experiencing symptoms, and dysphoric arousal symptoms primarily driving emotional numbing symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that disaster-related PTSD symptomatology in WTC responders is best represented by five symptom dimensions. Anxious arousal symptoms, which are characterized by hypervigilance and exaggerated startle, may primarily drive re-experiencing symptoms, while dysphoric arousal symptoms, which are characterized by sleep disturbance, irritability/anger and concentration difficulties, may primarily drive emotional numbing symptoms over time. These results underscore the importance of assessment, monitoring and early intervention of hyperarousal symptoms in WTC and other disaster responders.

Laboratory evaluation of sample collection methods (organs vs swabs) for Tasmanian salmon reovirus detection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

The use of swabs relative to organs as a sample collection method for the detection of Tasmanian salmon reovirus (TSRV) in farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Evaluation of individual and pooled sample collection (organs vs swabs) was carried out to determine the sensitivity of the collection methods and the effect of pooling of samples for the detection of TSRV. Detection of TSRV in individual samples was as sensitive when organs were sampled compared to swabs, and in pooled samples, organs demonstrated a sensitivity of one 10-fold dilution higher than sampling of pooled swabs. Storage of swabs at 4 °C for t = 24 h demonstrated results similar to those at t = 0. Advantages of using swabs as a preferred sample collection method for the detection of TSRV compared to organ samples are evident from these experimental trials.