ABSTRACT
The rationale for the following unsystematic review article is to provide a dense description of clapping behavior from an ethological, psychological, anthropological, sociological, ontological, and even physiological perspective. The article delves into its historical uses, possible biological-ethological evolution, and primitive and cultural polysemic-multipurpose social functions. It explores the different distal and immediate messages transmitted by the simple act of clapping, to its more complex attributes like synchronicity, social contagion, as a device of social status signaling, soft biometric data, and its, till now, mysterious subjective experience. The subtle distinction between clapping and applause will be explored. A list of primary social functions will be introduced based on the literature on clapping. In addition, a series of unresolved questions and possible research avenues will be suggested. In contrast, out of the scope of the essay and published as a second article will be the contents of clapping morphological variations and a comprehensive description of purposes achieved through them.
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Social Behavior , HumansABSTRACT
The 3-Level Model (3-LM) is proposed as a guide or heuristic for observing and describing patient change. Used since 2011 in the context of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), its trustworthiness as a model still needs to be studied. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study aimed to assess the trustworthiness of the 3-LM by comparing the output of three groups of IPA-certified analysts (Europe, North America and South America). The comparison was made using process and outcome measures as analytical tools. This objective was divided into specific objectives presented in two articles. Each group belonged to a different geographical region of the IPA. They all worked on the same clinical case and their output was analysed using the same structured qualitative methodology. To analyse levels 1 and 3 of the model, the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) method was used. For level 2, the Operationalised Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2) was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There was a predominance of convergence between each of the groups for each of the levels analysed, with some points of divergence. The implications of these results for the trustworthiness of the model, clinical practice, training and research in psychoanalysis are discussed.
Subject(s)
Psychoanalysis , Humans , Europe , Psychoanalysis/education , South AmericaABSTRACT
This is the second report (part 2) of an investigation whose general objective was to provide evidence regarding the trustworthiness of the Three-Level Model (3-LM). Three groups of analysts from different IPA regions worked with this model on the same clinical case. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1) To analyze group output with the same structured qualitative methodology (part 1); 2) To compare the results of the 3-LM group output reported in the 3-LM forms with the process-outcome measures used in the clinical case (part 2); 3) To describe the presence-absence of anchor points in the groups, their similarities and differences (part 2); 4) To exemplify the interrelationship of the three levels of the 3-LM in relation to patient change and the analyst's interventions (part 2). SAMPLE: verbatim transcript of three 3-LM groups. MATERIALS: 3-LM forms, process and outcome measures (APS, DIS and PHI-RADIO) and Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis. RESULTS: Objective 2 found global convergence in the PHI, DIS and APS scores across sessions. Objective 3 showed convergences and divergences in the themes relating to the anchor points. Objective 4 showed how an anchor point corresponds to the focus of treatment and how this is present in the analyst's attitudes and interventions. DISCUSSION: The results offer preliminary support for the trustworthiness of the 3-LM.
Subject(s)
Psychoanalytic Therapy , Humans , Psychoanalytic Therapy/methods , Professional-Patient Relations , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre sentimientos de soledad y problemas internalizantes producto del distanciamiento social y el confinamiento, para comprender el impacto psicológico en la población. Metodología: estudio de diseño mixto descriptivo-correlacional de alcance temporal transversal. Instrumentos: Perceptions of the Adult US Population regarding the Novel Coronavirus, Three-Item Loneliness Scale y el Adult Self Report. Muestra: 653 casos respondieron una encuesta online en marzo 2020. Resultados: mayores niveles de soledad y problemas internalizantes en sujetos jóvenes convivientes con sus padres y en adultos que viven solos. Hay correlaciones significativas entre sentimientos de soledad y problemas internalizantes: ansiedad-depresión (r =,636, p<.001) y quejas somáticas (r=,422, p<.001). Prevalencia de problemas internalizantes: preocupación general, inquietud por el futuro y trastornos del sueño. Discusión: los resultados del estudio identificaron dos grupos de riesgo: los jóvenes convivientes con sus padres y los adultos que viven solos(AU)
The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between feelings of loneliness and internalizing problems as a result of social distancing and lockdown, in order to understand the psychological impact on the population. Methodology: mixed descriptive-correlational design study with a transversal temporal scope. Instruments: Perceptions of the Adult US Population regarding the Novel Coronavirus, Three-Item Loneliness Scale and the Adult Self Report. Sample: 653 individuals answered an online survey in March 2020. Results: higher levels of loneliness and internalizing problems in young adults living with their parents and in adults living alone. There are significant correlations between feelings of loneliness and internalizing problems: anxiety-depression (r = .636, p = .000) and somatic complaints (r = .422, p = .000). Prevalence of internalizing problems: general concern, concern about the future and sleep disorders. Discussion: the study identified two groups at risk: young people living with their parents and adults living alone(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus , Loneliness , Physical DistancingABSTRACT
Evaluar la capacidad de toma de decisiones en salud es un proceso complejo en adolescentes. El MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T) permite estimar habilidades vinculadas a dicha capacidad. Esta herramienta fue adaptada para niños y adolescentes, pero no se dispone de versión en español. Objetivo: adaptar el MacCAT-T al español en su versión para adolescentes utilizando una situación estímulo. Muestra: los participantes fueron adolescentes entre 13 y 16 años (n=77) de edad sin diagnóstico clínico evidente. Materiales: se utilizó el MacCAT-T y el test de Raven. Resultados: el instrumento mostró propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. Se obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más elevadas en los adolescentes de 15 y 16 años en comparación con los de 13 y 14 años y no se evidenciaron diferencias de género. Discusión: esta entrevista semiestructurada es útil para complementar el juicio clínico al valorar la capacidad (cognitiva) para tomar decisiones en el ámbito de la salud(AU)
Assessing decision-making capacity in health is a complex process in adolescents. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T) makes it possible to estimate skills related to this ability. This tool was adapted for children and adolescents, but a Spanish version was not available. Objective: adapt the MacCAT-T to Spanish in its version for adolescents using a stimulus situation. Sample: the participants were adolescents between 13 and 16 years (n = 77) of age with no obvious clinical diagnosis. Materials: the MacCAT-T and the Raven test were used. Results: the instrument showed adequate psychometric properties. Notably higher scores were obtained in 15- and 16-year-olds compared to 13 and 14-year-olds and no gender differences were found. Discussion: this semi-structured interview is useful to complement clinical judgment when assessing the (cognitive) decision making capacity in the health field(AU)
