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1.
Vaccine ; 42(22): 126219, 2024 Sep 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39146858

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage studies are crucial to monitor changes induced by use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and inform vaccination policies. In this cross-sectional study, we examined changes within the pneumococcal population following introduction of PCV13 in 2015 in the National Immunization Program (NIP), in Portugal. In 2018-2020 (NIP-PCV13), we obtained 1450 nasopharyngeal samples from children ≤6 years attending day-care. We assessed serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypes (MLST and GPSC) and compared findings with earlier periods: 2009-2010 (pre-PCV13), 2011-2012 (early-PCV13), and 2015-2016 (late-PCV13). Pneumococcal carriage prevalence remained stable at 60.2 %. Carriage of PCV13 serotypes was 10.7 %, markedly reduced compared to pre-PCV13 period (47.6 %). The most prevalent PCV13 serotypes were 19F, 3, and 19A all showing a significant decreasing trend compared to the pre-PCV13 period (from 7.1 % to 4.7 %, 10.1 % to 1.8 %, and 14.1 % to 1.8 %, respectively), a notable observation given the described limited effectiveness of PCV13 against serotype 3. Non-vaccinated children and children aged 4-6 years were more likely to carry PCV13 serotypes (2.5-fold, 95 %CI [1.1-5.6], and 2.9-fold, 95 %CI [1.3-6.8], respectively). The most prevalent non-PCV13 serotypes were 15B/C, 11A, 23B, 23A, and NT, collectively accounting for 51.9 % of all isolates. In total, 30.5 % of all pneumococci were potentially covered by PCV20. Resistance to penicillin (low-level) and macrolides increased significantly, from 9.3 % and 13.4 %, respectively, in the late-PCV13 period, to approximately 20 % each, mostly due to lineages expressing non-PCV13 serotypes, nearing pre-PCV13 levels. An expansion of lineages traditionally associated with PCV13 serotypes, like CC156-GPSC6 (serotype 14) and CC193-GPSC11 (serotype 19F), but now predominantly expressing non-PCV13 serotypes (11A, 15B/C, and 24F for GPSC6; and 15A and 21 for GPSC11) was noted. These findings indicate that the pneumococcal population is adapting to the pressures conferred by PCV13 and antimicrobial use and indicate the need to maintain close surveillance.


Subject(s)
Carrier State , Genotype , Immunization Programs , Nasopharynx , Pneumococcal Infections , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Serogroup , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humans , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Cross-Sectional Studies , Portugal/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Female , Male , Carrier State/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Infant , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Child , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Prevalence , Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology , Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
2.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 11: 803286, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35071049

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease is incidental and is preceded by asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization in the form of biofilms. Simultaneous colonization by multiple pneumococcal strains is frequent but remains poorly characterized. Previous studies, using mostly laboratory strains, showed that pneumococcal strains can reciprocally affect each other's colonization ability. Here, we aimed at developing a strategy to investigate pneumococcal intra-species interactions occurring in biofilms. A 72h abiotic biofilm model mimicking long-term colonization was applied to study eight pneumococcal strains encompassing 6 capsular types and 7 multilocus sequence types. Strains were labeled with GFP or RFP, generating two fluorescent variants for each. Intra-species interactions were evaluated in dual-strain biofilms (1:1 ratio) using flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy was used to image representative biofilms. Twenty-eight dual-strain combinations were tested. Interactions of commensalism, competition, amensalism and neutralism were identified. The outcome of an interaction was independent of the capsular and sequence type of the strains involved. Confocal imaging of biofilms confirmed the positive, negative and neutral effects that pneumococci can exert on each other. In conclusion, we developed an experimental approach that successfully discriminates pneumococcal strains growing in mixed biofilms, which enables the identification of intra-species interactions. Several types of interactions occur among pneumococci. These observations are a starting point to study the mechanisms underlying those interactions.


Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Biofilms , Humans , Nasopharynx , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics
3.
Front Psychol ; 9: 1713, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30258389

ABSTRACT

The relationship between executive functioning and psychopathy lacks consistent findings. The heterogeneity of the psychopathic personality structure may contribute to the mixed data that emerged from clinical-categorical approaches. Considering the link between antisocial behavior and executive dysfunction from the perspective of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy, it is suggested that executive impairments in psychopathy are specifically explained by meanness and disinhibition traits, reflecting externalizing vulnerability. In turn, boldness is conceptualized as an adaptive trait. The current study assessed updating (N-back), inhibition (Stroop), and shifting (Trail Making Test) in a forensic (n = 56) and non-forensic sample (n = 48) that completed the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. A positive association between boldness and inhibition was found, while meanness accounted for the lack of inhibitory control. In addition, disinhibition explained updating dysfunction. These findings provide empirical evidence for dissociable effects of psychopathic traits on executive functioning, in light of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy.

4.
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol ; 55(2): 275-80, 2016 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27125414

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We report on two rare Xq rearrangements, namely a t(X;9)(q24;q12) found in a mildly-affected girl (Patient 1) and a rea(X)dup q concomitant with a rob(14;21)mat in a Down syndrome girl (Patient 2). CASE REPORT: Both rearrangements were characterized by banding techniques [Giemsa (G), constitutive heterochromatin (C), and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse], fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, human androgen receptor (HUMAR) assays, and microarray analyses. Patient 1 had a t(X;9)(q24;q12)dn. Patient 2 had a de novo rea(X)(qter→q23 or q24::p11.2→qter) concomitant with an unbalanced rob(14;21)mat. X-Inactivation studies in metaphases and DNA revealed a fully skewed inactivation: the normal homolog was silenced in Patient 1 and the rea(X) in Patient 2. Both rearranged X chromosomes were of paternal descent. Microarray analyses revealed no imbalances in Patient 1 whereas loss of Xp (∼52 Mb) and duplication of Xq (∼44 Mb) and 21q were confirmed in Patient 2. CONCLUSION: Our observations further document the cytogenetic heterogeneity and predominant paternal origin of certain de novo X-chromosome rearrangements.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Duplication , Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics , Sex Chromosome Aberrations , Translocation, Genetic , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Child , Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics , Down Syndrome/genetics , Female , Humans , Infant , Paternal Inheritance , Prohibitins
5.
Buenos Aires; s.n; 1983. 261 p. tab, graf. (83456).
Monography in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-83456

ABSTRACT

En el presente trabajo hemos expuesto los hallazgos más relevantes de la biología molecular, que contribuyen a una mejor comprensión del mecanismo de carcinogénesis, posibilitando el desarrollo de nuevos métodos para la detección del cáncer mamario humano. Se ha revisado exhaustivamente la literatura internacional relacionada con la detección, aislamiento y aplicación de marcadores biológicos orientados al diagnóstico del cáncer mamario humano. Es así que la expresión de genes embrionarios (antígeno carcinoembrionario, alfafetoproteína, isoenzima de Regan), en las manifestaciones neoplásicas mamarias, y en otros desórdenes, constituye uno de los rasgos más singulares de las alteraciones a nivel de expresión genética en células transformadas. Se han desarrollado diversos métodos para su detección en especímenes tumorales y en fluídos biológicos, resultando de enorme ayuda para el diagnóstico de estadíos preneoplásicos. Sin embargo, su mayor aplicación radica en el seguimiento de la enfermedad durante el curso de su tratamiento y remisión. La desventaja en común de estos marcadores es su especificidad relativa, hecho que no invalida su aplicación. Probablemente, la mayor contribución resultante de estos marcadores clásicos es el haber estimulado la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores que exhiban mayor especificadad para el diagnóstico anatomo-patológico y precoz del cáncer de mama. Las técnicas de hibridización somática han permitido el desarrollo de hibridomas secretantes, cuyos clones debidamente seleccionados, poseen la propiedad de sintetizar anticuerpos dirigidos hacia un determinante antigénico de una proteína tumor específica. Los anticuerpos monoclonales como H59,B6.2 y otros, forman parte de una batería molecular de inapreciables facultades. El cáncer mamario es una entidad nosológica con carcterísticas particulares. Su dependencia o su antomía hormonal es en gran parte debida a la presencia de receptores específicos para cada hormona o grupo de ellas. La síntesis de nuevas macromoléculas, manifestación biológica de la interacción hormona-recptor, es considerada como un excelente modelo para determinar la funcionalidad hormonal. Nuestra orientación en el campo de la biología molecular es la descripción y purificación de nuevos marcadores que puedan integrarse a una precisa tecnología para el diagnóstico de neoplasias mamarias humanas... (TRUNCADO)(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Female , Molecular Biology , alpha-Fetoproteins , Carcinoembryonic Antigen , Hybridomas , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Neoplasm Proteins , DNA, Neoplasm , Gammaretrovirus , Cell Line , Hormones , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Biomarkers, Tumor
6.
Buenos Aires; s.n; 1983. 261 p. tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: biblio-1205412

ABSTRACT

En el presente trabajo hemos expuesto los hallazgos más relevantes de la biología molecular, que contribuyen a una mejor comprensión del mecanismo de carcinogénesis, posibilitando el desarrollo de nuevos métodos para la detección del cáncer mamario humano. Se ha revisado exhaustivamente la literatura internacional relacionada con la detección, aislamiento y aplicación de marcadores biológicos orientados al diagnóstico del cáncer mamario humano. Es así que la expresión de genes embrionarios (antígeno carcinoembrionario, alfafetoproteína, isoenzima de Regan), en las manifestaciones neoplásicas mamarias, y en otros desórdenes, constituye uno de los rasgos más singulares de las alteraciones a nivel de expresión genética en células transformadas. Se han desarrollado diversos métodos para su detección en especímenes tumorales y en fluídos biológicos, resultando de enorme ayuda para el diagnóstico de estadíos preneoplásicos. Sin embargo, su mayor aplicación radica en el seguimiento de la enfermedad durante el curso de su tratamiento y remisión. La desventaja en común de estos marcadores es su especificidad relativa, hecho que no invalida su aplicación. Probablemente, la mayor contribución resultante de estos marcadores clásicos es el haber estimulado la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores que exhiban mayor especificadad para el diagnóstico anatomo-patológico y precoz del cáncer de mama. Las técnicas de hibridización somática han permitido el desarrollo de hibridomas secretantes, cuyos clones debidamente seleccionados, poseen la propiedad de sintetizar anticuerpos dirigidos hacia un determinante antigénico de una proteína tumor específica. Los anticuerpos monoclonales como H59,B6.2 y otros, forman parte de una batería molecular de inapreciables facultades. El cáncer mamario es una entidad nosológica con carcterísticas particulares. Su dependencia o su antomía hormonal es en gran parte debida a la presencia de receptores específicos para cada hormona o grupo de ellas. La síntesis de nuevas macromoléculas, manifestación biológica de la interacción hormona-recptor, es considerada como un excelente modelo para determinar la funcionalidad hormonal. Nuestra orientación en el campo de la biología molecular es la descripción y purificación de nuevos marcadores que puedan integrarse a una precisa tecnología para el diagnóstico de neoplasias mamarias humanas... (TRUNCADO)


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Carcinoembryonic Antigen , Molecular Biology , Biomarkers, Tumor , DNA, Neoplasm , Gammaretrovirus , Hybridomas , Hormones , Cell Line , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasm Proteins , alpha-Fetoproteins
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