Análisis molecular y filogenético del genotipo F de Chlamydia trachomatis aislados en México en 2011 / Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the F genotype of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated in Mexico in 2011

Resumen Antecedentes: Chlamydia trachomatis es la bacteria que se detecta con mayor frecuencia en las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Se han identificado 20 genotipos de C. trachomatis mediante el gen ompA y varias genovariantes mediante el análisis de polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido (SNP). En México, el genotipo F es el más frecuente. Objetivo: Identificar la existencia de subtipos del genotipo F. Método: Se analizaron siete cepas del genotipo F de C. trachomatis aisladas en 2011, mediante secuenciación de nucleótidos y mapeo con enzimas de restricción. Resultados: El análisis de SNP mostró dos cepas con el mismo SNP en el nucleótido 288 (C288T), mientras que con enzimas de restricción se identificó una variante con diferente RFLP (polimorfismo de la longitud de fragmentos de restricción) cuando se tratan con la mezcla de enzimas HinfI y TaqI. Conclusión: En México se encuentran dos subtipos del genotipo F y solo las enzimas de restricción HinfI y TaqI pueden identificar la existencia de uno de estos genotipos F.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently identified bacterium in sexually transmitted infections. Twenty C. trachomatis genotypes have been determined using the ompA gene and several genovariants by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. In Mexico, the F genotype is the most frequent. Objective: To identify subtypes of the F genotype. Method: Seven C. trachomatis genotype F strains isolated in 2011 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and restriction enzyme mapping. Results: SNP analysis showed two strains with the same SNP at nucleotide 288 (C288T), while with res-triction enzymes, a variant with different RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) was identified when treated with the mixture of HinfI and TaqI enzymes. Conclusion: In Mexico, there are two subtypes of F, and only with restriction enzymes HinfI and TaqI can identify one of the genovariants of the F genotype.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and Pi*S and Pi*Z SERPINA1 variants are associated with asthma exacerbations.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Asthma patients may experience potentially life-threatening episodic flare-ups, known as exacerbations, which may significantly contribute to the asthma burden. The Pi*S and Pi*Z variants of the SERPINA1 gene, which usually involve alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, had previously been associated with asthma. The link between AAT deficiency and asthma might be represented by the elastase/antielastase imbalance. However, their role in asthma exacerbations remains unknown. Our objective was to assess whether SERPINA1 genetic variants and reduced AAT protein levels are associated with asthma exacerbations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the discovery analysis, SERPINA1 Pi*S and Pi*Z variants and serum AAT levels were analyzed in 369 subjects from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). As replication, genomic data from two studies focused on 525 Spaniards and publicly available data from UK Biobank, FinnGen, and GWAS Catalog (Open Targets Genetics) were analyzed. The associations between SERPINA1 Pi*S and Pi*Z variants and AAT deficiency with asthma exacerbations were analyzed with logistic regression models, including age, sex, and genotype principal components as covariates. RESULTS: In the discovery, a significant association with asthma exacerbations was found for both Pi*S (odds ratio [OR]=2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.40-4.04, p-value=0.001) and Pi*Z (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.55-7.85, p-value=0.003)Likewise, AAT deficiency was associated with a higher risk for asthma exacerbations (OR=5.18, 95%CI=1.58-16.92, p-value=0.007) as well as AAT protein levels (OR= 0.72, 95%CI=0.57-0.91, p-value=0.005). The Pi*Z association with exacerbations was replicated in samples from Spaniards with two generations of Canary Islander origin (OR=3.79, p-value=0.028), and a significant association with asthma hospitalizations was found in the Finnish population (OR=1.12, p-value=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: AAT deficiency could be a potential therapeutic target for asthma exacerbations in specific populations.

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in Mexican men with infertile women as sexual partners / Identificación de genotipos de Chlamydia trachomatis en hombres mexicanos con mujeres infértiles como parejas sexuales

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is considered a public health problem due to the high prevalence in sexually active women and men. The distribution of genital Chlamydia genotypes among Mexican men is unknown. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia genotypes in men with infertile women as sexual partners. Methods: A total of 659 urine samples were collected from men whose sexual partners were infertile women; the identifying Chlamydia infection was by means of a real-time nucleic acid amplification test (qPCR). OmpA gene PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to confirm the genotypes of C. trachomatis. The association of genotypes with age, spermatic parameters and gynecological data of sexual partners was further analyzed. Results: Forty-nine urine samples were positive infection (7.4%). The Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with teratozoospermia, azoospermia, hypospermia, and oligozoospermia. Five genotypes (F 51%; 12.2% to D; 12.2% to E; 6.1% to L2 and 4.1% Ia) were correctly identified. None genotypes identified in this comparative study were positively associated with changes in some of the spermatic values because all of them typically produce some considerable damage to these cells. Conclusions: The F genotype was the most frequent genotype identified in infertile men from Mexico City and all genotypes play an important role in the seminal alteration of Mexican men whose female partners are infertile.(AU)

Antecedentes: Chlamydia trachomatis se considera un problema de salud pública debido a la alta prevalencia en mujeres y hombres sexualmente activos. Se desconoce la distribución de los genotipos genitales de Chlamydia entre los hombres mexicanos.Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de los genotipos de Chlamydia en hombres con mujeres infértiles como parejas sexuales. Métodos: Se recogieron 659 muestras de orina de hombres cuyas parejas sexuales eran mujeres infértiles; la identificación de la infección por Chlamydia se realizó mediante una prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico en tiempo real (qPCR). Se utilizaron la PCR-RFLP y la secuenciación del gen OmpA para confirmar los genotipos de C. trachomatis. Se analizó en mayor profundidad la asociación de los genotipos con la edad, los parámetros espermáticos y los datos ginecológicos de las parejas sexuales. Resultados: Cuarenta y nueve muestras de orina dieron positivo para la infección (7,4 %). La infección por Chlamydia se asoció significativamente con la teratozoospermia, la azoospermia, la hipospermia y la oligozoospermia. Se identificaron correctamente cinco genotipos (F 51 %; 12,2 % para D; 12,2 % para E; 6,1 % para L2 y 4,1 % Ia). Ninguno de los genotipos identificados en este estudio comparativo se asoció positivamente con cambios en algunos de los valores espermáticos porque todos ellos suelen producir algún daño considerable en estas células. Conclusiones: El genotipo F fue el más frecuente identificado en hombres infértiles de Ciudad de México y todos los genotipos desempeñan un papel importante en la alteración seminal de los hombres mexicanos cuyas parejas femeninas son infértiles.(AU)

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in Mexican men with infertile women as sexual partners.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is considered a public health problem due to the high prevalence in sexually active women and men. The distribution of genital Chlamydia genotypes among Mexican men is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia genotypes in men with infertile women as sexual partners. METHODS: A total of 659 urine samples were collected from men whose sexual partners were infertile women; the identifying Chlamydia infection was by means of a real-time nucleic acid amplification test (qPCR). OmpA gene PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to confirm the genotypes of C. trachomatis. The association of genotypes with age, spermatic parameters and gynecological data of sexual partners was further analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-nine urine samples were positive infection (7.4%). The Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with teratozoospermia, azoospermia, hypospermia, and oligozoospermia. Five genotypes (F 51%; 12.2% to D; 12.2% to E; 6.1% to L2 and 4.1% Ia) were correctly identified. None genotypes identified in this comparative study were positively associated with changes in some of the spermatic values because all of them typically produce some considerable damage to these cells. CONCLUSIONS: The F genotype was the most frequent genotype identified in infertile men from Mexico City and all genotypes play an important role in the seminal alteration of Mexican men whose female partners are infertile.

Clinical and inflammatory characteristics of patients with asthma in the Spanish MEGA project cohort.

INTRODUCTION: The MEGA (MEchanism underlying the Genesis and evolution of Asthma) project is a multicenter cohort study carried out in eight Spanish hospitals, gathering clinical, physiological, and molecular data from patients with asthma and multimorbidities in order to gain insight into the different physiopathological mechanisms involved in this disorder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report the baseline clinical and physiological characteristics and biomarker measures of adult participants in the project with the aim of better understanding the natural history and underlying mechanisms of asthma as well as the associated multimorbidities across different levels of severity. We carried out a detailed clinical examination, pulmonary function testing, measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), blood counts, induced sputum, skin prick tests, chest computed tomography scan, asthma questionnaires, and multimorbidity assessment in 512 asthmatic patients. RESULTS: When compared to patients with milder disease, severe asthmatic patients showed greater presence of symptoms, more exacerbations, lower asthma control, increased airflow obstruction, and higher frequency of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, severe rhinitis, anxiety and depression, gastroesophageal reflux, and bronchiectasis. CONCLUSION: The MEGA project succeeded in recruiting a high number of asthma patients, especially those with severe disease, who showed lower control and higher frequency of multimorbidities.

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in Mexican men with infertile women as sexual partners.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is considered a public health problem due to the high prevalence in sexually active women and men. The distribution of genital Chlamydia genotypes among Mexican men is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia genotypes in men with infertile women as sexual partners. METHODS: A total of 659 urine samples were collected from men whose sexual partners were infertile women; the identifying Chlamydia infection was by means of a real-time nucleic acid amplification test (qPCR). OmpA gene PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to confirm the genotypes of C. trachomatis. The association of genotypes with age, spermatic parameters and gynecological data of sexual partners was further analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-nine urine samples were positive infection (7.4%). The Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with teratozoospermia, azoospermia, hypospermia, and oligozoospermia. Five genotypes (F 51%; 12.2% to D; 12.2% to E; 6.1% to L2 and 4.1% Ia) were correctly identified. None genotypes identified in this comparative study were positively associated with changes in some of the spermatic values because all of them typically produce some considerable damage to these cells. CONCLUSIONS: The F genotype was the most frequent genotype identified in infertile men from Mexico City and all genotypes play an important role in the seminal alteration of Mexican men whose female partners are infertile.

Detección atípica de Chlamydia pneumoniae no humana en una muestra endocervical. Reporte de caso / Atypical detection of non-human Chlamydia pneumoniae in an endocervical sample. Case Report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Chlamydia trachomatis es uno de los principales microorganismos de trasmisión sexual asociado de manera importante con infertilidad femenina. La detección de genotipos y nuevas variantes de Chlamydia trachomatis permite conocer su prevalencia, distribución geográfica, identificar la aparición de resistencia antimicrobiana y las asociaciones clínicas o comportamientos sexuales y desarrollar vacunas. Este caso clínico es el primer informe de infección endocervical por una cepa diferente a C trachomatis. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 25 años, con diagnóstico de infertilidad primaria de 2 años de evolución por factor endocrino-ovárico (sobrepeso e hipotiroidismo subclínico) y por factor masculino de hipospermia y teratozoospermia. El cultivo microbiológico endocervical detectó la infección por Ureaplasma spp y Chlamydia spp. La identificación de la cepa de Chlamydia mediante secuenciación del gen 16S del ARNr informó que era Chlamydia pneumoniae. La existencia de un plásmido en esta cepa de C pneumoniae confirmó que la infección endocervical fue por una cepa de Chlamydia pneumoniae no humana. CONCLUSIÓN: Este caso clínico sugiere la posibilidad de que una cepa de C pneumoniae no humana sea capaz de trasmitirse sexualmente a los humanos, estar circulando en la población mexicana y causar infertilidad, aunque aún se desconocen el origen y la dirección de la trasmisión.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted microorganisms that is significantly associated with the development of female infertility. The detection of genotypes and new variants ofChlamydia trachomatisallows us to know their prevalence and geographic distribution, identify the appearance of antimicrobial resistance, clinical associations, or sexual behaviors, and develop vaccines. This clinical case reports for the first time endocervical infection by a strain other thanC. trachomatis. CLINICAL CASE: A 25-year-old woman with primary infertility of 2 years of evolution due to endocrine-ovarian factor (overweight and subclinical hypothyroidism) and male factor characterized by hypospermia and teratozoospermia. Endocervical microbiological culture detected infection byUreaplasma urealyticumandChlamydiaspp. Identification of theChlamydiastrain by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene reported that it wasChlamydia pneumoniae. The presence of plasmid in this strain ofC. pneumoniaeconfirmed that the endocervical infection was by a non-humanChlamydia pneumoniaestrain. CONCLUSION: This clinical case suggests that a non-human strain ofC. pneumoniaecan be sexually transmitted to humans, circulating in the Mexican population, and causing infertility, although the origin and direction of transmission are still unknown.

Dietary Fat Patterns and Outcomes in Acute Pancreatitis in Spain.

Background/Objective: Evidence from basic and clinical studies suggests that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) might be relevant mediators of the development of complications in acute pancreatitis (AP). Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes in patients with AP from regions in Spain with different patterns of dietary fat intake. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed with data from 1,655 patients with AP from a Spanish prospective cohort study and regional nutritional data from a Spanish cross-sectional study. Nutritional data considered in the study concern the total lipid consumption, detailing total saturated fatty acids, UFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) consumption derived from regional data and not from the patient prospective cohort. Two multivariable analysis models were used: (1) a model with the Charlson comorbidity index, sex, alcoholic etiology, and recurrent AP; (2) a model that included these variables plus obesity. Results: In multivariable analysis, patients from regions with high UFA intake had a significantly increased frequency of local complications, persistent organ failure (POF), mortality, and moderate-to-severe disease in the model without obesity and a higher frequency of POF in the model with obesity. Patients from regions with high MUFA intake had significantly more local complications and moderate-to-severe disease; this significance remained for moderate-to-severe disease when obesity was added to the model. Conclusions: Differences in dietary fat patterns could be associated with different outcomes in AP, and dietary fat patterns may be a pre-morbid factor that determines the severity of AP. UFAs, and particulary MUFAs, may influence the pathogenesis of the severity of AP.

Obtaining an ELISA test based on a recombinant protein of Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis is considered as a public health problem due to its high prevalence and increased rates of gynecological disorders. The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of this bacterium is the most abundant protein in its membrane and has been evaluated not only as a vaccine development candidate but also is used in many diagnostic tests. The MOMP weighs 69 kDa and contains four variable segments (VS 1-4) separated by constant regions. Several research groups have developed recombinant single-variable segments of MOMP expressed in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. But, all variable segments have been used minimally for the diagnosis of a chlamydial infection. In this experiment, the authors obtained the recombinant MOMP of C. trachomatis (rMOMP) in E. coli rMOMP and extracted, purified, and partially characterized it. This was later used to identify anti-Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in sera of infertile patients by immunodetection assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect immunofluorescence tests. The ELISA test showed high sensitivity and low specificity of 100 and 58.3%, respectively. The above results obtained were linked to the cross-reactivity of antibodies against C. pneumoniae or C. psittaci. Hence, an evaluation was performed to obtain an optimized test for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection

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Obtaining an ELISA test based on a recombinant protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydia trachomatis is considered as a public health problem due to its high prevalence and increased rates of gynecological disorders. The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of this bacterium is the most abundant protein in its membrane and has been evaluated not only as a vaccine development candidate but also is used in many diagnostic tests. The MOMP weighs 69 kDa and contains four variable segments (VS 1-4) separated by constant regions. Several research groups have developed recombinant single-variable segments of MOMP expressed in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. But, all variable segments have been used minimally for the diagnosis of a chlamydial infection. In this experiment, the authors obtained the recombinant MOMP of C. trachomatis (rMOMP) in E. coli rMOMP and extracted, purified, and partially characterized it. This was later used to identify anti-Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in sera of infertile patients by immunodetection assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect immunofluorescence tests. The ELISA test showed high sensitivity and low specificity of 100 and 58.3%, respectively. The above results obtained were linked to the cross-reactivity of antibodies against C. pneumoniae or C. psittaci. Hence, an evaluation was performed to obtain an optimized test for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection.

Is the Osmolal Concentration of Ethanol Greater Than Its Molar Concentration?

Background: Recent data suggested that the osmolal gap attributed to ethanol as determined by the difference between measured serum osmolality and calculated serum osmolarity is greater than its molar concentration. The increased osmotic activity of ethanol is thought to be due to its binding to water molecules. This study is conducted to determine the true osmotic contribution of ethanol to serum osmolality. Methods: Baseline serum osmolality and ethanol concentration were measured on each serum sample. Varying amounts of ethanol were added to aliquots of serum in which the baseline serum ethanol concentration was undetectable. Repeat serum osmolality and serum ethanol concentration were measured after addition of ethanol. Results: The range of serum ethanol concentration was 27.3-429.8 mg/dL. The serum osmolal gap attributed solely to ethanol is calculated based on the difference between measured serum osmolality before and measured serum osmolality after addition of ethanol. Our results demonstrated that the contribution of ethanol to serum osmolality can be calculated by dividing the serum ethanol level in mg/dl by 4.6. In addition, the relationship between serum ethanol concentration and osmolal gap due to ethanol was assessed by linear regression analysis. Linear regression analysis relating the osmolal gap due to ethanol and ethanol concentration yielded the following equation: Osmolal Gap (mOsm/kg H2O) = 0.23 (Ethanol [mg/dL]) - 1.43. Conclusion: The osmolal concentration of ethanol can be calculated based on its molar concentration. We found no evidence for ethanol binding to water molecules over the range of ethanol concentration in this study.

Valor pronóstico del pH en el condensado de aire exhalado y de la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico en la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial asociada a esclerosis sistémica / Prognostic role of exhaled breath condensate pH and fraction exhaled nitric oxide in systemic sclerosis related interstitial lung disease

Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar intersticial (EPI) es una de las principales causas de muerte en los pacientes con esclerosis sistémica (ES). En este estudio se investigaron biomarcadores en el aire exhalado (AE) y en el condensado de aire exhalado (CAE) y se analizó su posible papel como factores pronóstico de la EPI en pacientes con ES. Métodos. Se analizó prospectivamente la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico (FeNO) y el monóxido de carbono exhalado (COe) en AE, y se determinaron los valores de pH, nitritos, nitratos e interleucina-6 en CAE, en 35 pacientes con ES. La tomografía computarizada de alta resolución (TACAR) torácica mostró signos de EPI en 12 pacientes, no estando presentes en los 23 restantes. En el momento de la inclusión se determinaron los biomarcadores en el AE y en el CAE, y durante los 4 años de seguimiento se efectuaron anualmente pruebas de función respiratoria. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias entre grupos en los valores iniciales de los diferentes biomarcadores. En todos los pacientes examinados los valores disminuidos de pH en CAE se asociaron con una reducción en la capacidad de difusión de monóxido de carbono (DLCO) durante el seguimiento. Valores disminuidos de FeNO se correlacionaron con una menor capacidad vital forzada (FVC) inicial y a los 4 años, así como con una reducción de FVC y DLCO durante el seguimiento. En los pacientes con EPI los valores más altos de COe se correlacionaron con FVC más disminuidas al inicio. En el conjunto de la cohorte se identificó una menor supervivencia libre de progresión en los pacientes con un pH en CAE inferior a 7,88 y en los que presentaban un FeNO inferior a 10,75 ppb (Log Rank: p = 0,03 y p < 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusiones. Los biomarcadores en el AE y en el CAE son útiles para detectar pacientes con una mayor probabilidad de presentar un deterioro de la función pulmonar durante el seguimiento de la enfermedad

Introduction. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the major causes of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study investigated exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) biomarkers in patients with SSc and analyzed their role as a prognostic tool in SSc-related ILD. Methods. Fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) measured in EB, together with pH, nitrite, nitrate and interleukin-6 levels measured in EBC were prospectively analyzed in 35 patients with SSc. Twelve patients had established ILD by chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and 23 patients showed no evidence of ILD. EB and EBC biomarkers were determined at inclusion, and pulmonary function tests were annually performed during 4 years of follow-up. Results. No differences at baseline biomarkers levels were found between groups. In all patients studied, low EBC pH levels were associated with a decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) during follow-up. Low FeNO levels were correlated with lower forced vital capacity (FVC) at baseline, 4 years of follow-up and with a decrease in FVC and DLCO during monitoring. Among ILD patients, high eCO levels were correlated with lower baseline FVC. In the global cohort, a worse progression-free survival was identified in patients with EBC pH values lower than 7.88 and FeNO levels lower than 10.75 ppb (Log Rank P = .03 and P < .01, respectively). Conclusions. EB and EBC could help to detect patients likely to present a deterioration on lung function during follow up

Prognostic Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and Fraction Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Systemic Sclerosis Related Interstitial Lung Disease. / Valor pronóstico del pH en el condensado de aire exhalado y de la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico en la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial asociada a esclerosis sistémica.

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the major causes of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study investigated exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) biomarkers in patients with SSc and analyzed their role as a prognostic tool in SSc-related ILD. METHODS: Fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) measured in EB, together with pH, nitrite, nitrate and interleukin-6 levels measured in EBC were prospectively analyzed in 35 patients with SSc. Twelve patients had established ILD by chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and 23 patients showed no evidence of ILD. EB and EBC biomarkers were determined at inclusion, and pulmonary function tests were annually performed during 4 years of follow-up. RESULTS: No differences at baseline biomarkers levels were found between groups. In all patients studied, low EBC pH levels were associated with a decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) during follow-up. Low FeNO levels were correlated with lower forced vital capacity (FVC) at baseline, 4years of follow-up and with a decrease in FVC and DLCO during monitoring. Among ILD patients, high eCO levels were correlated with lower baseline FVC. In the global cohort, a worse progression-free survival was identified in patients with EBC pH values lower than 7.88 and FeNO levels lower than 10.75ppb (Log Rank P=.03 and P<.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: EB and EBC could help to detect patients likely to present a deterioration on lung function during follow up.

Medication use among children 0-14 years old: population baseline study / Uso de medicamentos entre crianças de 0-14 anos: estudo de base populacional

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of medication use in children and adolescents in 20 municipalities of Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais-Brazil, showing the main groups and variables that may have influenced use. METHODS: Descriptive population-based survey sample of 555 interviews, selected by simple random cluster sampling of 137 census tracts. Inclusion criteria were age ≤ 14 years, mandatory interview with the legal guardians, and regardless of having received medications. Regarding the usage pattern, participants were divided into two groups: consumption and non-consumption of drugs. A descriptive analysis of the variables and tests of association were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of drug consumption was 56.57%, and 42.43% showed no consumption. The use of medicinal plants was 72.9% for drug users and 74.3% for non-users. The health conditions for consumption were cough, common cold, flu, nasal congestion or bronchospasm (49.7%), fever (5.4%), headache (5.4%), diarrhea, indigestion, and abdominal colic (6.7%). In cases of self-medication, 30.57% of the drugs were given by the mother, and 69.42% were prescription drugs. Self-medication was prevalent using paracetamol (30.2%), dipyrone (20.8%), and cold medicine (18.8%). There was increased use of analgesics/antipyretics, followed by respiratory medications, systemic antibiotics, histamine H1 antagonists, and vitamins/antianemics. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of drugs use in children was high, indicating the need for formulating educational programs aiming at the awareness of caregivers regarding rational use. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência do consumo de medicamento em crianças e adolescentes de 20 municípios do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais-Brasil, mostrando os principais grupos e variáveis que possam ter influenciado o uso. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo tipo inquérito populacional domiciliar, amostra constituída por 555 entrevistas selecionadas de maneira aleatória simples por meio de amostragem por conglomerado de 137 setores censitários. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade ≤14 anos, entrevista obrigatória com os responsáveis legais, independente de terem consumido medicamento. Quanto ao padrão de uso os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos consomem e não consomem medicamentos. Realizada análise descritiva das variáveis e aplicados testes de associação. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de consumo de medicamentos foi 56,57% e o não consumo 42,43%. O uso de plantas medicinais foi de 72,9% para o consumo de medicamento e 74,3% para o não consumo. As situações de saúde para o consumo foram tosse, resfriado comum, gripe, congestão nasal ou broncospasmo (49,7%); febre (5,4%); cefaléia (5,4%); diarréia, "má digestão" e cólica abdominal (6,7%). Na automedicação, 30,57% dos medicamentos foram indicados pela mãe, e 69,42% de prescrições médicas. Destaca-se na automedicação o uso de paracetamol (30,2%), dipirona (20,8%) e antigripais (18,8%). E um maior uso de analgésicos/antipiréticos, seguido do aparelho respiratório, antibióticos sistêmicos, antagonistas H1 da histamina e vitaminas/antianêmicos. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência do consumo de medicamentos na população infantil foi alta, indicando a necessidade de formulação de programas educativos visando principalmente à ...

Medication use among children 0-14 years old: population baseline study.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of medication use in children and adolescents in 20 municipalities of Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais-Brazil, showing the main groups and variables that may have influenced use. METHODS: Descriptive population-based survey sample of 555 interviews, selected by simple random cluster sampling of 137 census tracts. Inclusion criteria were age ≤ 14 years, mandatory interview with the legal guardians, and regardless of having received medications. Regarding the usage pattern, participants were divided into two groups: consumption and non-consumption of drugs. A descriptive analysis of the variables and tests of association were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of drug consumption was 56.57%, and 42.43% showed no consumption. The use of medicinal plants was 72.9% for drug users and 74.3% for non-users. The health conditions for consumption were cough, common cold, flu, nasal congestion or bronchospasm (49.7%), fever (5.4%), headache (5.4%), diarrhea, indigestion, and abdominal colic (6.7%). In cases of self-medication, 30.57% of the drugs were given by the mother, and 69.42% were prescription drugs. Self-medication was prevalent using paracetamol (30.2%), dipyrone (20.8%), and cold medicine (18.8%). There was increased use of analgesics/antipyretics, followed by respiratory medications, systemic antibiotics, histamine H1 antagonists, and vitamins/antianemics. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of drugs use in children was high, indicating the need for formulating educational programs aiming at the awareness of caregivers regarding rational use.

Comparing the effect of the interaction between fine and coarse scales and surround suppression on motion discrimination.

Our ability to discriminate motion direction in a Gabor patch diminishes with increasing size and contrast, indicating surround suppression. Discrimination is also impaired by a static low-spatial-frequency patch added to the moving stimulus, suggesting an antagonism between sensors tuned to fine and coarse features. Using Bayesian staircases, we measured duration thresholds in motion-direction discrimination tasks using vertically oriented Gabor patches moving at 2°/s. In two experiments, we tested two contrasts (2.8% and 46%), five window sizes (from 0.7° to 5°), and two spatial frequencies (1 c/deg and 3 c/deg), either presented alone or added to a static pattern. When the moving pattern was presented alone, duration thresholds increased with size at high contrast and decreased with size at low contrast. At low contrast, when a static pattern of 3 c/deg was added to a moving pattern of 1 c/deg, duration thresholds were similar to the case when the moving pattern was presented alone; however, at high contrast, duration thresholds were facilitated, eliminating the effect of surround suppression. When a static pattern of 1 c/deg was added to a moving pattern of 3 c/deg, duration thresholds increased about 4 times for high contrast and 2 times for low contrast. These results show that the antagonism between sensors tuned to fine and coarse scales is more complex than surround suppression, suggesting that it reflects the operation of a different mechanism.

Human mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing the IL-33 antagonist soluble IL-1 receptor-like-1 attenuate endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by pulmonary edema attributable to alveolar epithelial-interstitial-endothelial injury, associated with profound inflammation and respiratory dysfunction. The IL-33/IL-1 receptor-like-1 (ST2) axis plays a key role in the development of immune-inflammatory responses in the lung. Cell-based therapy has been recently proposed as an effective alternative for the treatment of ALI and ARDS. Here, we engineered human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) overexpressing soluble IL-1 receptor-like-1 (sST2), a decoy receptor for IL-33, in order to enhance their immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties when applied in a murine ALI model. We administered both hASCs and hASC-sST2 systemically at 6 hours after intranasal LPS instillation, when pathological changes had already occurred. Bioluminescence imaging, immunohistochemistry, and focused transcriptional profiling confirmed the increased presence of hASCs in the injured lungs and the activation of an immunoregulatory program (CXCR-4, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 protein, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase up-regulation) in these cells, 48 hours after endotoxin challenge. A comparative evaluation of hASCs and the actions of hASC-sST2 revealed that local sST2 overproduction by hASC-sST2 further prevented IL-33, Toll-like receptor-4, IL-1ß, and IFN-γ induction, but increased IL-10 expression in the injured lungs. This synergy caused a substantial decrease in lung airspace inflammation and vascular leakage, characterized by significant reductions in protein content, differential neutrophil counts, and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, hASC-sST2-treated ALI lungs showed preserved alveolar architecture, an absence of apoptosis, and minimal inflammatory cell infiltration. These results suggest that hASCs genetically engineered to produce sST2 could become a promising therapeutic strategy for ALI/ARDS management.

[Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis in endometrium and peritoneal fluid of infertile patients with negative cervical culture]. / Persistencia de Chlamydia trachomatis en el endometrio y líquido peritoneal de pacientes con infertilidad pero cultivo cervical negativo.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is considered a public health problem due to its high prevalence, and because is asymptomatic in 70% of women and provokes reproductive sequelae when it is not detected and treated timely. OBJECTIVE: To search for C. trachomatis in endometrium and peritoneal fluid of infertile women without detection of this pathogen in cervical secretions. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was done in 38 patients with infertility only 18 showed peritoneal fluid infection and/or endometrial infection, eight of them were negative for the amplificated product of 129-bp from CT ompA gene in cervical secretions. Laparoscopic data showed that five of them had pelvic inflammatory disease. CONCLUSION: The non-detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervix does not reflect what happens in the upper genital tract, that's why we need to do a deliberate search of infection by this pathogen in endometrium of suspected women with infertility.