ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe the incidence, determinants, and prognostic impact of cardiogenic shock (CS) in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). BACKGROUND: TTS can be associated with severe hemodynamic instability. The prognostic implication of CS has not been well characterized in large studies of TTS. METHODS: We analyzed patients with a definitive TTS diagnosis (modified Mayo criteria) who were recruited for the National RETAKO (Registry on Takotsubo Syndrome) trial from 2003 to 2016. Cox and competing risk regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality and recurrences. RESULTS: A total of 711 patients were included, 81 (11.4%) of whom developed CS. Male sex, QTc interval prolongation, lower left ventricular ejection fraction at admission, physical triggers, and presence of "a significant" left intraventricular pressure gradient, were associated with CS (C index = 0.85). In-hospital complication rates, including mortality, were significantly higher in patients with CS. Over a median follow-up of 284 days (interquartile range: 94 to 929 days), CS was the strongest independent predictor of long-term, all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.60 to 8.38); cardiovascular (CV) death (sub-HR: 4.29; 95% CI: 2.40 to 21.2), and non-CV death (sub-HR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.70 to 6.53), whereas no significant difference in the recurrence rate was observed between groups (sub-HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.10 to 5.95). Among patients with CS, those who received beta-blockers at hospital discharge experienced lower 1-year mortality compared with those who did not receive a beta-blocker (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.79; pinteraction = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: CS is not uncommon and is associated with worse short- and long-term prognosis in TTS. CS complicating TTS may constitute a marker of underlying disease severity and could identify a masked heart failure phenotype with increased vulnerability to catecholamine-mediated myocardial stunning.
Subject(s)
Shock, Cardiogenic/etiology , Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy/complications , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Registries , Risk Factors , Shock, Cardiogenic/diagnosis , Shock, Cardiogenic/mortality , Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy/diagnosis , Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy/mortalityABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos: El síndrome de tako-tsubo es un proceso patológico potencialmente grave durante la fase aguda. Simula un infarto de miocardio, sin que haya lesiones coronarias potencialmente responsables. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución y el pronóstico de los pacientes con síndrome de tako-tsubo en función del sexo. Métodos: Se analizaron las características de los pacientes incluidos en el registro RETAKO durante los años 2003 a 2015, un registro multicéntrico en el que participaron 32 hospitales españoles. Resultados: De los 562 pacientes incluidos, 493 (87,7%) eran mujeres. El dolor torácico fue menos frecuente como síntoma inicial en los varones que en las mujeres (43 [66,2%] frente a 390 [82,8%]; p < 0,01). El pronóstico fue peor en los varones, con mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (3 [4,4%] frente a 1 [0,2%]; p < 0,01), duración más prolongada de ingreso en cuidados intensivos (4,2 ± 3,7 frente a 3,2 ± 3,2 días; p = 0,03) y mayor frecuencia de insuficiencia cardiaca grave (22 [33,3%] frente a 95 [20,3%]; p = 0,02). Sin embargo la aparición de obstrucción dinámica a nivel del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo se observó exclusivamente en mujeres (39 [7,9%] frente a 0 [0,0%]; p = 0,02) y la incidencia de insuficiencia mitral funcional también fue mayor en ellas (52 [10,6%] frente a 2 [2,9%]; p = 0,04). Conclusiones: El síndrome de tako-tsubo es una enfermedad que muestra grandes diferencias en función del sexo en cuanto a su incidencia, presentación y evolución, con un peor pronóstico en los varones
Introduction and objectives: Tako-tsubo syndrome is a potentially serious disease during the acute phase. It mimics myocardial infarction, but with no potentially causative coronary lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical course and outcome of patients with tako-tsubo syndrome by sex. Methods: We analyzed the characteristics of patients included in the RETAKO registry from 2003 to 2015, a multicenter registry with participation of 32 Spanish hospitals. Results: Of 562 patients included, 493 (87.7%) were women. Chest pain was less frequent as an initial symptom in men than in women (43 [66.2%] vs 390 [82.8%]; P < .01). The prognosis was worse in men, with higher in-hospital mortality (3 [4.4%] vs 1 [0.2%]; P < .01), longer intensive care stay (4.2 ± 3.7 vs 3.2 ± 3.2 days; P = .03) and a higher frequency of severe heart failure (22 [33.3%] vs 95 [20.3%]; P = .02). However, dynamic obstruction at the left-ventricular outflow tract occurred exclusively in women (39 [7.9%] vs 0 [0.0%]; P = .02). The incidence of functional mitral regurgitation was also higher in women (52 [10.6%] vs 2 [2.9%]; P = .04). Conclusions: Tako-tsubo syndrome shows wide differences by sex in terms of its incidence, presentation, and outcomes. Prognosis is worse in men
