Edema macular asociado a taxanos: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Macular oedema associated with taxanes: A case report and literature review

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Los taxanos son un grupo de quimioterápicos frecuentemente utilizados que, aunque rara vez, pueden dar lugar a un edema macular. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar y comunicar, de forma integrada, los datos de los casos previamente comunicados en la literatura, así como presentar un nuevo caso. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión narrativa de publicaciones de casos de edemas maculares en relación con taxanos, y presentación del caso clínico de una mujer de 73 años que, tras el tratamiento con paclitaxel por un cáncer de mama metastásico, desarrolla un edema macular que cede tras suspenderse el fármaco. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 57 casos que contienen los datos de 109 ojos recogidos en 52 artículos. El 76,79% de los casos fueron mujeres y la edad media fue de 58,75 años. El cáncer que más frecuentemente motivó el tratamiento fue el de mama (60,72%) y el 92,5% de los casos presentaba metástasis. El fármaco asociado con mayor frecuencia fue el paclitaxel (52,63%). La mediana del tiempo transcurrido hasta el desarrollo de síntomas fue de 4,25 meses. En la exploración inicial, el 92,86% de los casos presentó un edema bilateral y la agudeza visual media fue 0,4 (escala decimal), el grosor macular medio 509,63 micras, y el 97,83% de los ojos no presentaron hallazgos angiográficos o fueron mínimos. En el 90,57% de los casos el tratamiento con taxanos fue interrumpido, y algún otro tratamiento fue empleado en un 43,86% de los casos, siendo el más usado la acetazolamida. La evolución fue favorable, en mayor o menor medida, en el 96,23% de los casos. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de ser una entidad rara, el edema macular asociado al uso de taxanos es una patología que todo oncólogo y oftalmólogo debiera conocer, teniendo en cuenta la buena evolución del cuadro que suele suceder a la suspensión del tratamiento

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although taxanes are a frequently used group of chemotherapy agents, they can, rarely, lead to macular oedema. The purpose of this article is to review and communicate, in an integrated way, the data of the cases previously reported in the literature, as well as to present a new case. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Narrative review of reports of cases of macular oedema associated with taxanes, and communication of the clinical case of a 73-year-old woman who, after treatment with paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, developed macular oedema that disappeared after discontinuing the drug. RESULTS: The review included 57 cases with data from 109 eyes collected in 52 articles. The large majority (76.79%) of the cases were women, and the mean age was 58.75 years. The cancer that most frequently motivated the treatment was breast cancer (60.72%), and 92.5% of cases had metastases. The most frequently associated drug was paclitaxel (52.63%). The median time to symptom development was 4.25 months. At the initial examination, 92.86% of the cases had bilateral oedema and the mean visual acuity was 0.4 (decimal scale). The mean macular thickness was 509.63 microns, and 97.83% of the eyes had no or minimal angiographic findings. In 90.57% of the cases, the treatment with taxanes was interrupted, and some other treatment was used in 43.86% of the cases, with the most widely used being acetazolamide. The outcome was favourable, to a greater or lesser extent, in 96.23% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare entity, macular oedema associated with the use of taxanes is a disorder that every oncologist and ophthalmologist should be aware of, taking into account the good outcome of the condition that usually occurs when treatment is suspended

Macular oedema associated with taxanes: A case report and literature review. / Edema macular asociado a taxanos: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although taxanes are a frequently used group of chemotherapy agents, they can, rarely, lead to macular oedema. The purpose of this article is to review and communicate, in an integrated way, the data of the cases previously reported in the literature, as well as to present a new case. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Narrative review of reports of cases of macular oedema associated with taxanes, and communication of the clinical case of a 73-year-old woman who, after treatment with paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, developed macular oedema that disappeared after discontinuing the drug. RESULTS: The review included 57 cases with data from 109 eyes collected in 52 articles. The large majority (76.79%) of the cases were women, and the mean age was 58.75 years. The cancer that most frequently motivated the treatment was breast cancer (60.72%), and 92.5% of cases had metastases. The most frequently associated drug was paclitaxel (52.63%). The median time to symptom development was 4.25 months. At the initial examination, 92.86% of the cases had bilateral oedema and the mean visual acuity was 0.4 (decimal scale). The mean macular thickness was 509.63 microns, and 97.83% of the eyes had no or minimal angiographic findings. In 90.57% of the cases, the treatment with taxanes was interrupted, and some other treatment was used in 43.86% of the cases, with the most widely used being acetazolamide. The outcome was favourable, to a greater or lesser extent, in 96.23% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare entity, macular oedema associated with the use of taxanes is a disorder that every oncologist and ophthalmologist should be aware of, taking into account the good outcome of the condition that usually occurs when treatment is suspended.

Análisis de un programa de teleoftalmología para el cribado de retinopatía diabética en área rural tras cinco años / Five-year experience of tele-ophthalmology for diabetic retinopathy screening in a rural population

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la prevalencia de retinopatía diabética (RD) y los factores de riesgo asociados en la población incluida en un programa de teleoftalmología en área rural. Evaluar la capacidad diagnóstica de RD de los médicos de atención primaria (MAP) y su correcta coordinación con los oftalmólogos, cuantificando el ahorro generado. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal de una muestra aleatoria de 394 pacientes incluidos en el programa de teleoftalmología desde enero de 2010 a enero de 2015. Analizamos características clínicas, hallazgos de RD en las retinografías y la correcta derivación de imágenes por los MAP al servicio de oftalmología según los criterios establecidos: RD moderada o severa, baja agudeza visual (AV), mala calidad de imagen y presión intraocular (PIO) > 22 mmHg. Análisis estadístico con SPSS. Pruebas t de Student y χ 2. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de RD fue del 12,1%. Los pacientes con hemoglobina glucosilada > 7,68% o tratados con combinación de antidiabéticos orales e insulina presentaron mayor riesgo de RD (p < 0,05). El 43,3% de los pacientes derivados correctamente a oftalmología presentaban retinopatía moderada o severa. Los pacientes no derivados a oftalmología de forma correcta pasaron de un 91,7% en 2010 a un 98,6% en 2014. Estimamos un ahorro global de 152.550,45€. CONCLUSIONES: El programa de teleoftalmología resulta útil como cribado de RD. Los MAP son capaces de discriminar los pacientes que requieren valoración oftalmológica, evitando consultas presenciales y generando ahorro

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among rural inhabitants included in a tele-ophthalmology program. To analyse diagnostic accuracy among primary care physicians, concordance with ophthalmologists, and financial savings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational randomised study was conducted on 394 patients included in a tele-ophthalmology program (from January 2010 to January 2015). An analysis was performed on the clinical characteristics, DR findings in retinography images, and correspondence between the request for a second interpretation by an ophthalmologist, and previously established criteria for it: presence of moderate to severe DR, vision loss, poor image quality and/or intraocular pressure > 22 mmHg. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program (Student t and χ 2 tests). RESULTS: DR prevalence was 12.1%. Patients with glycosylated haemoglobin values > 7.68% or those treated with a combination of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs showed a higher risk of DR (P < .05). 43.3% of patients correctly referred to ophthalmologists showed moderate to severe DR. Unnecessary referrals to specialists were improved from 91.7% in 2010 to 98.6% in 2014. It is estimated that the program has made a total saving of €152,550.45. CONCLUSIONS: Tele-ophthalmology programs are a useful tool in DR screening. Primary care physicians are able to distinguish patients who need specialist care, avoiding unnecessary referrals to ophthalmologists, and saving costs

Utilidad del índice de complejidad quirúrgica en el proceso de cirugía de catarata / Usefulness of surgical complexity classification index in cataract surgery process

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad del índice de complejidad quirúrgica (ICQ) como indicador de la dificultad técnica esperable en la cirugía de catarata. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de intervenciones de catarata realizadas entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2014. Se realizó muestreo aleatorizado simple y se obtuvo un tamaño muestral representativo de 159 pacientes (p = 0,5, precisión 10%, seguridad 95%). Se analizó el registro y valor del ICQ en la historia clínica electrónica (HCE), la presencia de pseudoexfoliación (PSX), el cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión en lista de espera quirúrgica (LEQ) y los resultados funcionales. Se clasificó el ICQ en 7 categorías (rango: 1-4) según factores predictivos de dificultad técnica, que se estimó de forma indirecta a través del tiempo quirúrgico (TQ). Se utilizó el programa SPSS aplicando t de Student y chi-cuadrado para la comparación de grupos. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de PSX fue del 18,2% (IC 95%: 11,9-24,5). El 96,8% de los pacientes cumplía alguno de los criterios para su inclusión en LEQ y el 98,1% experimentaron una ganancia visual final ≥2 líneas, considerados ambos indicadores de calidad del proceso de catarata. El ICQ se había registrado en la HCE del 98,1% de los pacientes, y se agrupó para el estudio en 2 categorías: alta y baja complejidad quirúrgica. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la distribución del TQ en función del ICQ asignado (p < 0,005) y la presencia de PSX (p < 0,005). CONCLUSIONES: El ICQ permite estimar la complejidad técnica de la cirugía de catarata en términos de duración de la intervención, lo que facilita la programación quirúrgica, especialmente en aquellas áreas con alta prevalencia de PSX, en las que el riesgo teórico de complicaciones es mayor

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of surgical complexity classification index (SCCI) to predict the degree of surgical difficulty in cataract surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes data collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from patients who underwent cataract extraction by phacoemulsification at our hospital. A sample size of 159 patients was obtained by simple random sampling (P=.5, 10% accuracy, 95% confidence). The main variables were: recording and value of SCCI in electronic medical record (EMR), presence of exfoliation syndrome (XFS), criteria for inclusion in surgical waiting list (SWL), and functional results. SCCI was classified into 7 categories (range: 1-4) according to predictors of technical difficulty, which was indirectly estimated in terms of surgical time (ST). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v15.0 statistical software. RESULTS: Prevalence of XFS was 18.2% (95%CI: 11.9-24.5). In terms of quality indicators in the cataract surgery process, 96.8% of patients met at least one of the criteria to be included in SWL, and 98.1% gained ≥2 Snellen lines. The SCCI was recorded in EMR of 98.1% patients, and it was grouped for study into 2 categories: High and low surgical complexity. Statistically significant differences in the distribution of ST were found depending on the assigned SCCI (P<.005) and the presence of XFS (P<.005). CONCLUSIONS: The SCCI enables to estimate the degree of surgical complexity in terms of ST in cataract surgery, which is especially useful in those areas with high prevalence of XFS, because of the higher theoretical risk of surgical complications

Usefulness of surgical complexity classification index in cataract surgery process. / Utilidad del índice de complejidad quirúrgica en el proceso de cirugía de catarata.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of surgical complexity classification index (SCCI) to predict the degree of surgical difficulty in cataract surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes data collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from patients who underwent cataract extraction by phacoemulsification at our hospital. A sample size of 159 patients was obtained by simple random sampling (P=.5, 10% accuracy, 95% confidence). The main variables were: recording and value of SCCI in electronic medical record (EMR), presence of exfoliation syndrome (XFS), criteria for inclusion in surgical waiting list (SWL), and functional results. SCCI was classified into 7 categories (range: 1-4) according to predictors of technical difficulty, which was indirectly estimated in terms of surgical time (ST). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v15.0 statistical software. RESULTS: Prevalence of XFS was 18.2% (95%CI: 11.9-24.5). In terms of quality indicators in the cataract surgery process, 96.8% of patients met at least one of the criteria to be included in SWL, and 98.1% gained ≥2 Snellen lines. The SCCI was recorded in EMR of 98.1% patients, and it was grouped for study into 2 categories: High and low surgical complexity. Statistically significant differences in the distribution of ST were found depending on the assigned SCCI (P<.005) and the presence of XFS (P<.005). CONCLUSIONS: The SCCI enables to estimate the degree of surgical complexity in terms of ST in cataract surgery, which is especially useful in those areas with high prevalence of XFS, because of the higher theoretical risk of surgical complications.

Five-year experience of tele-ophthalmology for diabetic retinopathy screening in a rural population. / Análisis de un programa de teleoftalmología para el cribado de retinopatía diabética en área rural tras cinco años.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among rural inhabitants included in a tele-ophthalmology program. To analyse diagnostic accuracy among primary care physicians, concordance with ophthalmologists, and financial savings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational randomised study was conducted on 394 patients included in a tele-ophthalmology program (from January 2010 to January 2015). An analysis was performed on the clinical characteristics, DR findings in retinography images, and correspondence between the request for a second interpretation by an ophthalmologist, and previously established criteria for it: presence of moderate to severe DR, vision loss, poor image quality and/or intraocular pressure >22mmHg. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program (Student t and χ(2) tests). RESULTS: DR prevalence was 12.1%. Patients with glycosylated haemoglobin values >7.68% or those treated with a combination of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs showed a higher risk of DR (P<.05). 43.3% of patients correctly referred to ophthalmologists showed moderate to severe DR. Unnecessary referrals to specialists were improved from 91.7% in 2010 to 98.6% in 2014. It is estimated that the program has made a total saving of €152,550.45. CONCLUSIONS: Tele-ophthalmology programs are a useful tool in DR screening. Primary care physicians are able to distinguish patients who need specialist care, avoiding unnecessary referrals to ophthalmologists, and saving costs.

Oclusión de arteria central retiniana tras facoemulsificación con anestesia peribulbar: hipótesis patogénicas / Central retinal artery occlusion after phacoemulsification under peribulbar anaesthesia: Pathogenic hypothesis

CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 77 años, intervenido de catarata en ojo derecho bajo anestesia peribulbar, sin complicaciones. Al día siguiente presenta edema palpebral severo con empeoramiento progresivo, secundario a reacción alérgica no conocida a la povidona yodada. A los 5 días presenta una resolución del cuadro alérgico, detectándose amaurosis y mancha rojo cereza. El eco-Doppler de troncos supraaórticos y el angio-TAC confirman una estenosis del 80% de la arteria carótida interna ipsilateral. DISCUSIÓN: Las oclusiones vasculares retinianas constituyen una complicación infrecuente de la anestesia loco-regional orbitaria. Su aparición obliga a descartar causas subyacentes, como enfermedad carotídea, así como a reflexionar sobre los factores locales o sistémicos que han colaborado en su aparición

CLINICAL CASE: A 77-year-old patient had uneventful cataract surgery in the right eye under peribulbar anaesthesia. The next day, a severe and progressive eyelid swelling was noted, caused by an unknown allergic reaction to povidone-iodine. The allergic signs dissapeared by the fifth day, but amaurosis and a cherry-red spot were detected. Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography confirmed an 80% ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis. DISCUSSION: Retinal vascular occlusion after orbital loco-regional anaesthesia is rare. When this complication occurs, carotid disease, and local or systemic factors, should be evaluated

Central retinal artery occlusion after phacoemulsification under peribulbar anaesthesia: Pathogenic hypothesis.

CLINICAL CASE: A 77-year-old patient had uneventful cataract surgery in the right eye under peribulbar anaesthesia. The next day, a severe and progressive eyelid swelling was noted, caused by an unknown allergic reaction to povidone-iodine. The allergic signs dissapeared by the fifth day, but amaurosis and a cherry-red spot were detected. Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography confirmed an 80% ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis. DISCUSSION: Retinal vascular occlusion after orbital loco-regional anaesthesia is rare. When this complication occurs, carotid disease, and local or systemic factors, should be evaluated.