Association study of the serotoninergic system in migraine in the Spanish population.

In order to evaluate the contribution of 19 serotonin-related genes to the susceptibility to migraine in a Spanish population we performed a case-control association study of 122 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected according to genetic coverage parameters, in 528 migraine patients -308 with migraine without aura (MO) and 220 with migraine with aura (MA)- and 528 sex-matched migraine-free controls. The single-marker analysis identified nominal associations with the migraine phenotype or with the MO or MA subtypes. The multiple-marker analysis revealed risk haplotypes in three genes that remained significantly associated with migraine after correction by permutations. Two-marker risk haplotypes were identified in the HTR2B (rs16827801T-rs10194776G) and MAOA (rs3027400G-rs2072743C) genes conferring susceptibility to MO, and a four-marker haplotype in DDC was specific of MA (rs2329340A-rs11974297C-rs2044859T-rs11761683G). The present study supports the involvement of HTR2B and MAOA genes in the genetic predisposition to MO, while DDC might confer susceptibility to MA. These results suggest a differential involvement of serotonin-related genes in the genetic background of MO and MA.

Lack of association of hormone receptor polymorphisms with migraine.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies concerning the role of hormone receptor genetic variants in migraine have provided conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of common polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor gene (ESR1) and the progesterone receptor gene (PGR) in the risk for migraine in a Spanish population. METHODS: In a case-control study, including 210 Caucasoid migraine patients and 210 controls, we examined association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region of ESR1, rs2077642, rs1801132, and rs2228480, and an Alu insertion in PGR, and migraine, migraine without aura or migraine with aura. Genotypic, allelic and reconstructed haplotype distributions were compared. RESULTS: We found no significant differences between cases and controls in the distribution of genotypes or alleles for either polymorphism. No haplotype was over-represented in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study does not support a major contribution of ESR1 and PGR to the pathogenesis of migraine.

Parálisis periódica hipercaliémica: presentación de una familia española con la mutación p. Thr704Met en el gen SCN4A / Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: a Spanish family with the p. Thr704Met mutation in the SCN4A gene

Introducción. La parálisis periódica hipercaliémica (PPHC)es una enfermedad genética de herencia autosómica dominante caracterizada por episodios repetitivos de debilidad muscular con niveles aumentados de potasio en sangre. En este trabajo presentamos los hallazgos clínicos, analíticos, neurofisiológicos y genéticos de una familia con ocho miembros afectados, cinco de los cuales han podido ser estudiados. Pacientes y métodos. Se practicó anamnesis completa, exploración neurológica, analítica general y estudio genético de los cinco pacientes. Dos de los pacientes también fueron explorados a nivel clínico y neurofisiológico durante dos episodios de par¨¢lisis y en un caso se determinaron los niveles de potasio durante una crisis. Resultados. Casi todos los pacientes presentaban de dos a tres episodios diarios de debilidad muscular en las extremidades de entre 30 y 45 min de duración y mostraban hipertrofia de gemelos. Durante los episodios observados se producía una parálisis masiva en las extremidades inferiores y los pacientes presentaban arreflexia osteotendinosa generalizada. Los niveles de potasio del probando medidos durante uno de los episodios eran elevados. El análisis genético mostró en todos los afectados la presencia de la mutación p.Thr 704Met en la subunidad EÁ del canal de sodio de músculo esquelético, codificada por el gen SCN4A.Conclusiones. Los hallazgos expuestos se corresponden con lo descrito en la literatura, aunque en esta familia destaca la elevada frecuencia de episodios. La PPHC es una canalopatía causada por mutaciones en el gen SCN4A, aunque sólo se detectan alteraciones en el 70% de los pacientes. Los miembros afectados de la familia estudiada son portadores de una mutación frecuente, p.Thr704Met, asociada a una forma grave de la enfermedad (AU)

Introduction. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent episodes of muscular weakness with increased blood potassium levels. Here we present the clinical, analytical, neurophysiological and genetic findings of a family with eight affected individuals, five of which were available for study. Patients and methods. The five patients were subjected to complete anamnesis, neurological examination, routine blood analysis and genetic study. Two of the patients were also examined both at the clinical and neurophysiological levels. In one case, the potassium levels were determined during a crisis. Results. Almost all patients presented 2 to 3 episodes of muscle weakness of the limbs per day of 30-45 min, and showed calf hypertrophy. During the observed episodes, the paralysis was massive in the lower limbs and the patients showed generalized osteotendinous areflexia. The potassium levels of the proband us measured during one of the episodes were elevated. The genetic analysis showed that all the affected individuals carried the p.Thr704Met mutation in the a subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel, encoded by the SCN4A gene. Conclusions. Our findings correlate well with those reported previously in HYPP, although the frequency of the episodes is exceptionally high in our family. HYPP is a channelopathy caused by mutations in the SCN4A gene, although molecular alterations have only been identified in 70 % of the patients. The affected members of the studied family bear a frequent mutation, p.Thr704Met associated with a severe presentation of the disease (AU)

[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: a Spanish family with the p.Thr704Met mutation in the SCN4A gene]. / Parálisis periódica hipercaliémica: presentación de una familia española con la mutación p.Thr704Met en el gen SCN4A.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent episodes of muscular weakness with increased blood potassium levels. Here we present the clinical, analytical, neurophysiological and genetic findings of family with eight affected individuals, five of which were available for study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The five patients were subjected to complete anamnesis, neurological examination, routine blood analysis and genetic study. Two of the patients were also examined both at the clinical and neurophysiological levels. In one case, the potassium levels were determined during a crisis. RESULTS: Almost all patients presented 2 to 3 episodes of muscle weakness of the limbs per day of 30-45 min, and showed calf hypertrophy. During the observed episodes, the paralysis was massive in the lower limbs and the patients showed generalized osteotendinous areflexia. The potassium levels of the probandus measured during one of the episodes were elevated. The genetic analysis showed that all the affected individuals carried the p.Thr704Met mutation in the a subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel, encoded by the SCN4A gene. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings correlate well with those reported previously in HYPP, although the frequency of the episodes is exceptionally high in our family. HYPP is a channelopathy caused by mutations in the SCN4A gene, although molecular alterations have only been identified in 70 % of the patients. The affected members of the studied family bear a frequent mutation, p.Thr704Met, associated with a severe presentation of the disease.

Genetic analysis of 27 Spanish patients with hemiplegic migraine, basilar-type migraine and childhood periodic syndromes.

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare type of migraine with aura. Mutations in three genes have been described in FHM patients: CACNA1A (FHM1), ATP1A2 (FHM2) and SCN1A (FHM3). We screened 27 Spanish patients with hemiplegic migraine (HM), basilar-type migraine or childhood periodic syndromes (CPS) for mutations in these three genes. Two novel CACNA1A variants, p.Val581Met and p.Tyr1245Cys, and a previously annotated change, p.Cys1534Ser, were identified in individuals with HM, although they have not yet been proven to be pathogenic. Interestingly, p.Tyr1245Cys was detected in a patient displaying a changing, age-specific phenotype that began as benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy, evolving into benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood and later becoming HM. This is the first instance of a specific non-synonymous base change being described in a subject affected with CPS. The fact that the molecular screen identified non-synonymous changes in < 15% of our HM patients further stresses the genetic heterogeneity underlying the presumably monogenic forms of migraine.

[Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome]. / Insensibilidad congénita al dolor con anhidrosis asociada a síndrome miasténico congénito.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder featuring recurrent fever episodes, inability to sweat, absent response to noxious stimuli, self mutilating behavior and mental retardation. It has been associated with mutations in the NTRK1 gene, located in 1q21-22 and encoding a high-affinity NGF receptor. CASE REPORT: An 8-year-old boy, the first son of consanguineous parents, presented with hypotonia, episodic hyperpyrexia and global developmental delay since the neonatal period. In addition to these signs, typical of CIPA, he displayed some other not previously described in this disease, such as facial dysmorphism, a severe swallowing disorder and a myogenic EMG pattern, that led to the initial suspicion of a muscle disorder. Molecular genetics studies uncovered a mutation c.C2011T in exon 15 of the NTRK1 gene. Genetic counselling was possible in the following pregnancy of the couple, where the female fetus was found to harbour the mutation in heterozygosity. The subsequent diagnosis of a congenital myasthenic syndrome in this sister led to neurophysiological re-evaluation of the probandus, in whom a myasthenic pattern of muscle activation was also found. CONCLUSIONS: A patient with CIPA and congenital myasthenic syndrome is described. CIPA must be the first diagnostic hypothesis when assessing a patient with insensitivity to pain, anhidrosis and self-mutilation. Given the rather homogeneous presentation of CIPA, the occurrence of atypical myopathic manifestations should raise the suspicion of a concurrent disorder. The present consanguineous kindred illustrates a rare instance of transmission of two mutated alleles giving rise to two unrelated, infrequent neurological syndromes.

Insensibilidad congénita al dolor con anhidrosis asociada a síndrome miasténico congénito / Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome

Introducción. La insensibilidad congénita al dolor con anhidrosis (CIPA) o neuropatía hereditaria sensitivoautonómica de tipo IV (HSAN IV) es un raro trastorno autosómico recesivo caracterizado por episodios recurrentes de fiebre, anhidrosis, ausencia de sensibilidad al dolor y retraso mental de gravedad variable. Se asocia a mutaciones en el gen NTRK1, localizado en el cromosoma 1q21-22, que codifica uno de los receptores del factor de crecimiento nervioso. Caso clínico. Describimos el caso de un niño de 8 años de edad, primer hijo de padres consanguíneos, que presenta hipotonía, episodios de hiperpirexia y retraso global desde el período neonatal, manifestaciones típicas de la CIPA, además de signos previamente no descritos en esta enfermedad como son anomalías fenotípicas, un grave trastorno de deglución durante los primeros meses de vida y un patrón miógeno en el estudio neurofisiológico, que condujeron a la sospecha inicial de proceso miopático. El estudio genético molecular detectó una mutación c.C2011T en el exón 15 del gen NTRK1. El hallazgo de dicha mutación en heterocigosidad en la hermana menor del paciente permitió efectuar consejo genético. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico de un síndrome miasténico congénito en esta hermana y la posterior observación de hallazgos neurofisiológicos miasteniformes también en nuestro paciente permiten explicar la existencia de estas manifestaciones atípicas de la CIPA. Conclusiones. Presentamos un paciente afecto de CIPA y síndrome miasténico congénito. Debe considerarse la posibilidad de CIPA como primera hipótesis diagnóstica en la valoración de un paciente con insensibilidad al dolor, anhidrosis y automutilación. Dada la considerable homogeneidad clínica de la CIPA, la aparición de signos atípicos miopáticos debe despertar la sospecha de algún otro trastorno asociado. La familia consanguínea que presentamos ilustra la situación muy poco frecuente de transmisión de dos alelos mutados, causantes de dos enfermedades neurológicas supuestamente monogénicas, a un mismo individuo (AU)

Introduction. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder featuring recurrent fever episodes, inability to sweat, absent response to noxious stimuli, self mutilating behavior and mental retardation. It has been associated with mutations in the NTRK1 gene, located in 1q21-22 and encoding a high-affinity NGF receptor. Case report. An 8-year-old boy, the first son of consanguineous parents, presented with hypotonia, episodic hyperpyrexia and global developmental delay since the neonatal period. In addition to these signs, typical of CIPA, he displayed some other not previously described in this disease, such as facial dysmorphism, a severe swallowing disorder and a myogenic EMG pattern, that led to the initial suspicion of a muscle disorder. Molecular genetics studies uncovered a mutation c.C2011T in exon 15 of the NTRK1 gene. Genetic counselling was possible in the following pregnancy of the couple, where the female fetus was found to harbour the mutation in heterozygosity. The subsequent diagnosis of a congenital myasthenic syndrome in this sister led to neurophysiological re-evaluation of the probandus, in whom a myasthenic pattern of muscle activation was also found. Conclusions. A patient with CIPA and congenital myasthenic syndrome is described. CIPA must be the first diagnostic hypothesis when assessing a patient with insensitivity to pain, anhidrosis and selfmutilation. Given the rather homogeneous presentation of CIPA, the occurrence of atypical myopathic manifestations should raise the suspicion of a concurrent disorder. The present consanguineous kindred illustrates a rare instance of transmission of two mutated alleles giving rise to two unrelated, infrequent neurological syndromes (AU)

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency presenting as neonatal hyperekplexia: a clinical, biochemical and genetic study.

We report a newborn with exaggerated startle reactions and stiffness of neonatal onset, the prototypical signs of hyperekplexia. Startle and flexor spasms, leading to apnoea, did not respond to treatment with clonazepam but did partially to sodium valproate. Molecular analysis of GLRA1 revealed no mutations. The incidental finding of hypouricemia led to a work-up for molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) deficiency; the diagnosis was confirmed by the altered urine chemistries, including elevated urine S-sulphocysteine. Despite persistence of the spasms, clinical or electrographic seizures were never detected before the infant died at age 1 month. In this patient, the concurrence of hyperekplexia and MoCo deficiency was suggestive of impaired gephyrin function. GPH mutational analysis, however, showed no abnormalities. The patient was eventually found to harbour a novel c.1064T > C mutation in exon 8 of the MOCS1 gene. Despite extensive sequence analysis of the gene, the second causative mutation of this recessive trait still awaits identification. MoCo deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal hyperekplexia, particularly in the instances of refractoriness to clonazepam, an early demise in infancy or the evidence of no mutations in the GLRA1 gene.

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and generalized seizures: clinical and genetic analysis in a Spanish pedigree.

Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare disorder featuring brief, dystonic or choreoathetotic attacks, typically triggered by sudden movements. Symptoms usually start in mid-childhood, although in several pedigrees infantile convulsions have been reported as the presenting sign. Previous linkage studies have identified two PKD loci on 16 p12.1-q21. We report here the clinical features of a Spanish kindred with autosomal dominant PKD, in which haplotype data are compatible with linkage to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 and exclude linkage to the locus for Paroxysmal Non Kinesigenic Dyskinesia (PNKD) on chromosome 2 q35. In this family, the conservative candidate region for the disease lies between markers D16S3145 and GATA140E03 on 16 p12.1-q21 and partially overlaps with both the Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia - Infantile Convulsions (PKD-IC) critical interval and the Episodic Kinesigenic Dyskinesia 2 (EKD2) locus. Unusual findings in our pedigree were early infantile onset of the dyskinesias in one patient and generalized seizures as adults in two, adding to previous observations of phenotypic overlap between epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders. Further clinical and genetic studies are needed to elucidate whether PKD and PKD-IC are allelic disorders with age-dependent phenotypic expression.