ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces a spectrum of clinical manifestations that depend on the immune response of the patient, i.e., from an asymptomatic form to an inflammatory response with multiorgan deterioration. In some cases, severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 are characterized by an excessive, persistent release of inflammatory mediators known as a cytokine storm. This phenomenon arises from an ineffective T helper (Th)-1 response, which is unable to control the infection and leads to a reinforcement of innate immunity, causing tissue damage. The evolution of the disease produced by SARS-CoV2, known as COVID-19, has been of interest in several research fields. Asthma patients have been reported to present highly variable outcomes due to the heterogeneity of the disease. For example, the Th2 response in patients with allergic asthma is capable of decreasing Th1 activation in COVID-19, preventing the onset of a cytokine storm; additionally, IL-33 released by damaged epithelium in the context of COVID-19 potentiates either Th1 or T2-high responses, a process that contributes to poor outcomes. IL-13, a T2-high inflammatory cytokine, decreases the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, hindering SARS-CoV-2 entry; finally, poor outcomes have been observed in COVID-19 patients with severe neutrophilic asthma. In other contexts, the COVID-19 lockdown has had interesting effects on asthma epidemiology. The incidence of asthma in the most populated states in Mexico, including Tamaulipas, which has the highest asthma incidence in the country, showed similar tendencies independent of how strict the lockdown measures were in each state. As described worldwide for various diseases, a decrease in asthma cases was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown. This decrease was associated with a drop in acute respiratory infection cases. The drop in cases of various diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension or depression, observed in 2020 was restored in 2022, but not for asthma and acute respiratory infections. There were slight increases in asthma cases when in-person classes resumed. In conclusion, although many factors were involved in asthma outcomes during the pandemic, it seems that acute respiratory infection is intimately linked to asthma cases. Social distancing during remote learning, particularly school lockdown, appears to be an important cause of the decrease in cases.
Subject(s)
Asthma , COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Cytokine Release Syndrome/epidemiology , RNA, Viral , Communicable Disease Control , Asthma/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La vaginosis bacteriana (VB) es la infección más prevalente del tracto genital inferior en mujeres en edad reproductiva, asociándose acomplicaciones gineco-obstétricas y al aumento del riesgo de adquirir infecciones de transmisión sexual. Su etiología es polimicrobiana (complejo GAMM) utilizándose para el diagnóstico al menos tres de los cuatro criterios de Amsel. Objetivo: evaluar si el autoexamen por parte de la paciente es un dato útilpara considerar la curación luego del tratamiento antimicrobiano. Métodos: se evaluaron 378 pacientes sintomáticas, utilizando los criterios de Amsel, que fueron derivadas al consultorio de infecciones en ginecología de la OSPM. Se indicó tratamiento con metronidazol 500 mg v.o. cada 12 hs por 7 días y selas interrogó cuatro semanas más tarde para evaluar la subjetividad de la curación clínica y realizar un nuevo estudio microbiológico. Resultados: se obtuvo como resultados que el 77,89% de las pacientes expresó haberse curado (77,16% presentó microbiota habitual, 9,69% vaginosis bacteriana y el 13,15%otra patología), mientras que el 22,11% no refirió mejoría, o fue parcial, o recurrió luego del tratamiento (48,78% microbiota habitual, 26,83% vaginosisbacteriana y 24,39% presentaban otra patología). La sensibilidad del autoexamen fue del 44%, la especificidad del 84,7%, el VPP de 35% y el VPN de 88%.Conclusión: el presente estudio demuestra la utilidad de realizar el estudio del flujo de rutina en todas las pacientes que consultan por leucorrea, según loscriterios de Amsel. Dado que la vaginosis bacteriana se encuentra asociada a multiples complicaciones, consideramos necesario que efectuar un diagnóstico correcto, basado en criterios y métodos fácilmente reproducibles, nos llevará a realizar un tratamiento adecuado de las pacientes.
A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é a infecção mais comum do trato genital inferior em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo associada acomplicações obstétricas e ginecológicas e maior risco de adquirir doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. A sua etiologia é polimicrobiana (complexo GAMM) e para diagnóstico são utilizados pelo menos três dos quatro critérios de Amsel. Objetivo: avaliar se o autoexame feito pela paciente é considerado um fator benéfico para a cura após o tratamento antimicrobiano. Métodos: trezentos e setenta e oito pacientes sintomáticas foram avaliadas com os critériosde Amsel, e foram encaminhadas para o setor de infecções em ginecologia da OSPM. Terapia com metronidazol 500 mg VO foi indicada a cada 12 h por7 dias e as pacientes foram interrogadas 4 semanas mais tarde para avaliar a subjetividade de cura clínica e microbiológica a fim de validar a pesquisa.Resultados: os resultados foram que 77,89% das pacientes expressaram cura (77,16% apresentaram microbiota normal, em 9,69% ocorreu vaginose bacteriana e em 13,15%, outras patologias), enquanto 22,11% não referiram melhora, ou esta foi parcial, ou houve recorrência após o tratamento (48,78% com microbiota normal, 26,83% com vaginose bacteriana e 24,39% tiveram outra patologia). A sensibilidade do autoexame foi de 44%, a especificidade,de 84,7%, VPP de 35% e VPN de 88%. Conclusão: o presente estudo demonstra a utilidade de realizar o método de fluxo de rotina em todas as pacientesque procuram consulta por leucorreia, segundo os critérios de Amsel. Dado que a vaginose bacteriana se encontra associada a múltiplas complicações,consideramos necessário efetuar um diagnóstico correto, baseado em critérios e métodos fácilmente reprodutíveis, que nos levará a realizar o tratamento adequado das pacientes.