N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine detected in human breast milk.

PURPOSE: Measure concentrations of the neurogenic, pro-neurogenic, pro-synaptogenic and anti-inflammatory mediator N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) in relation to its precursor docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in breast milk. DESIGN AND METHODS: Postpartum women were recruited prior to discharge. We supplemented half the subjects with omega-3 fatty acids. Breast milk samples were collected at 1, 4 and 8 weeks. Synaptamide and DHA concentrations were determined by liquidchromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography, respectively. RESULTS: Synaptamide was detected in all breast milk samples. The concentration ranged from 44 to 257 fmol/mL. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation did not affect DHA or synaptamide concentration in breast milk due to a high-DHA-containing diet self-selected by control mothers. Nevertheless, synaptamide levels significantly correlated with DHA concentration in breast milk (r = 0.624, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration of detectable concentrations of synaptamide in human breast milk. Although the attempt to raise the milk DHA content by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was not successful in the current study, the positive correlation observed between synaptamide and DHA concentration suggests that synaptamide levels in human milk can be raised by proper omega-3 fatty acid supplementation that is known to increase DHA.

Analysis of renal anomalies in VACTERL association.

BACKGROUND: VACTERL association refers to a combination of congenital anomalies that can include: vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac malformations, tracheo-esophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, renal anomalies (typically structural renal anomalies), and limb anomalies. METHODS: We conducted a description of a case series to characterize renal findings in a cohort of patients with VACTERL association. Out of the overall cohort, 48 patients (with at least three component features of VACTERL and who had abdominal ultrasound performed) met criteria for analysis. Four other patients were additionally analyzed separately, with the hypothesis that subtle renal system anomalies may occur in patients who would not otherwise meet criteria for VACTERL association. RESULTS: Thirty-three (69%) of the 48 patients had a clinical manifestation affecting the renal system. The most common renal manifestation (RM) was vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in addition to a structural defect (present in 27%), followed by unilateral renal agenesis (24%), and then dysplastic/multicystic kidneys or duplicated collected system (18% for each). Twenty-two (88%) of the 25 patients with a structural RM had an associated anorectal malformation. Individuals with either isolated lower anatomic anomalies, or both upper and lower anatomic anomalies were not statistically more likely to have a structural renal defect than those with isolated upper anatomic anomalies (p = 0.22, p = 0.284, respectively). CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of isolated VUR in our cohort, we recommend a screening VCUG or other imaging modality be obtained to evaluate for VUR if initial renal ultrasound shows evidence of obstruction or renal scarring, as well as ongoing evaluation of renal health.

Analysis of cardiac anomalies in VACTERL association.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is estimated to affect between 3 and 5% of all newborns. Extra-cardiac malformations are observed in 7 to 50% of patients with CHD. One relatively well-known association that can occur in the context of CHD is VACTERL. Controversy still remains regarding the definition of VATER association and its expansion to VACTERL, the appropriate diagnostic criteria and the overall incidence. METHODS: We conducted a description of a case series to characterize the cardiac findings present in a cohort of patients meeting the criteria for VACTERL association. RESULTS: Forty-six of 220 were eligible for inclusion into the study, 67% (31 of 46) had CHD. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect, present in 18 of 31 patients (58%). There was no statistically significant association between CHD severity and the presence or absence of other VACTERL component features, specifically anorectal malformation (p = 0.18) or tracheo-esophageal fistula (p = 0.72). CHD presence also did not correlate with the presence of tracheo-esophageal fistula or anorectal malformation. CONCLUSION: Although this study does not, by design, provide further evidence toward the questions of whether CHD is a defining feature of VACTERL association, the frequency of CHD in our cohort does lend support to it being an important medical consideration in patients with VACTERL association. Based on our experience, we strongly recommend a screening echocardiogram to evaluate for CHD in individuals with a potential diagnosis of VACTERL association.