BMI, physical activity, and breast cancer subtype in white, black, and Sea Island breast cancer survivors.

Higher BMI, lower rates of physical activity (PA), and hormone receptor-negative breast cancer (BC) subtype are associated with poorer BC treatment outcomes. We evaluated the prevalence of high BMI, low PA level, and BC subtype among survivors with white/European American (EA) and African American (AA) ancestry, as well as a distinct subset of AAs with Sea Island/Gullah ancestry (SI). We used the South Carolina Central Cancer Registry to identify 137 (42 EAs, 66 AAs, and 29 SIs) women diagnosed with BC and who were within 6-21 months of diagnosis. We employed linear and logistic regression to investigate associations between BMI, PA, and age at diagnosis by racial/ethnic group. Most participants (82%) were overweight/obese (P=0.46). BMI was highest in younger AAs (P=0.02). CDC PA guidelines (≥150min/week) were met by only 28% of participants. The frequency of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative BC subtype was lower in EAs and SIs than in AAs (P<0.05). This is the first study to identify differences in obesity and PA rates, and BC subtype in EAs, AAs, and SIs. BMI was higher, PA rates were lower, and frequency of ER-negative BC was higher in AAs as compared to EAs and SIs. This study highlights the need to promote lifestyle interventions among BC survivors, with the goal of reducing the likelihood of a BC recurrence. Integrating dietary and PA interventions into ongoing survivorship care is essential. Future research could evaluate potential differential immune responses linked to the frequency of triple negative BC in AAs.

Alcohol and Tobacco Use in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Breast Cancer Patients, Including Sea Island African Americans: Implications for Survivorship.

Background/Objective: Data suggest that modifiable risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco use may increase the risk of breast cancer (BC) recurrence and reduce survival. Female BC mortality in South Carolina is 40% higher among African Americans (AAs) than European Americans (EAs). Given this substantial racial disparity, using a cross-sectional survey design we examined alcohol and tobacco use in an ethnically diverse statewide study of women with recently diagnosed invasive breast cancer. This included a unique South Carolina AA subpopulation, the Sea Islanders (SI), culturally isolated and with the lowest European American genetic admixture of any AA group. Methods: Participants (42 EAs, 66 non-SI AAs, 29 SIs), diagnosed between August 2011 and December 2012, were identified through the South Carolina Central Cancer Registry and interviewed by telephone within 21 months of diagnosis. Self-reported educational status, alcohol consumption and tobacco use were obtained using elements of the Behavior and Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire. Results: Alcohol: EAs were approximately twice as likely to consume alcohol (40%) and to be moderate drinkers (29%) than either AA group (consumers: 24% of non-SI AAs, 21% of SIs; moderate drinkers 15 and 10% respectively). Users tended to be younger, significantly among EAs and non-SI AAs, but not SIs, and to have attained more education. Heavy drinking was rare (≤1%) and binge drinking uncommon (≤10%) with no differences by race/ethnicity. Among both AA subgroups but not EAs, alcohol users were six to nine times more likely to have late stage disease (Regional or Distant), statistically significant but with wide confidence intervals. Tobacco: Current cigarette smoking (daily or occasional) was reported by 14% of EAs, 14% of non-SI AAs and 7% of SIs. Smoking was inversely associated with educational attainment. Use of both alcohol and cigarettes was reported by 3-6% of cases. Conclusions: Prevalences of alcohol and cigarette use were similar to those in the general population, with alcohol consumption more common among EAs. Up to half of cases used alcohol and/or tobacco. Given the risks from alcohol for disease recurrence, and implications of smoking for various health outcomes, these utilization rates are of concern.

Dynamic Angular Petrissage as Treatment for Axillary Web Syndrome Occurring after Surgery for Breast Cancer: a Case Report.

BACKGROUND: In the context of breast cancer, axillary web syndrome (AWS), also called lymphatic cording, typically presents in the weeks after axillary surgery. This painful condition, likely lymphofibrotic in origin, restricts upper extremity range of motion (ROM). There is no established treatment, although physical therapy and other approaches have been used to variable effect. This report describes treatment of a female client with AWS, who had recently undergone a unilateral simple mastectomy with sentinel node biopsy plus axillary dissection. METHODS: The client presented with pain upon movement (self-reported as 5 on the 0-10 Oxford Pain Scale), visible cording and restricted use of the ipsilateral upper extremity. Clinical assessment included determining the extent of AWS cording (taut, from axilla to wrist) and measuring glenohumeral joint ROM (140° flexion by goniometer). A therapeutic massage with movement protocol, termed dynamic angular petrissage, was administered over two sessions: Swedish massage combined with dynamically taking the limb through all possible angles of movement (passive ROM), controlling stretch and tension while simultaneously and segmentally applying petrissage and non-petrissage techniques to the underlying soft tissue. Careful attention was taken to not break the cord. Home care consisted of prescribed exercises performed by the patient. RESULTS: After Session One, pain was reduced (to 0/10), ROM improved (to 170° flexion), and cording was visibly reduced. After Session Two the cord was residually apparent only on hyperextension, with no ROM restrictions in glenohumeral joint flexion. Follow-up at three months revealed absence of visual or palpable evidence of cording, unrestricted glenohumeral joint ROM, and absence of movement-associated pain. CONCLUSION: The signs and symptoms of AWS were quickly and effectively eliminated, without causing any pain or discomfort to the client. We propose that dynamic angular petrissage may be an efficient and safe treatment approach for reducing the pain, mobility restrictions, and cording of AWS.

Completion Lymph Node Dissection Based on Risk of Nonsentinel Metastasis in Cutaneous Melanoma of the Head and Neck.

OBJECTIVE: Theoretically, completion lymph node dissection (CNLD) should have the lowest benefit in the absence of nonsentinel lymph node (NSLN) metastases. For this reason, substantial research efforts have attempted to define specific criteria that are associated with a low-enough risk of NSLN positivity so that CLND can be deferred. Our objectives were (1) to identify features associated with low risk of NSLN positivity in sentinel lymph node-positive cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck (CMHN) and (2) to analyze the effect of CLND on 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) among subgroups stratified by risk of NSLN metastasis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of population-based data. SETTING: SEER database. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with sentinel lymph node-positive CMHN were categorized according to lymph node treatment following sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB): 210 underwent CLND and 140 deferred. Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival were compared between SLNB+CLND and SLNB-only groups. Survival analyses were stratified by age and characteristics associated with NSLN positivity. RESULTS: Minimal tumor thickness and nonulceration were associated with lowest risk of positive NSLN (P < .025). In the subgroup with the lowest risk of metastasis, patients aged <60 years who underwent CLND+SLNB had markedly better DSS than those receiving SLNB only (>90% vs <25%; P < .0025). Paradoxically, in subgroups with a higher risk of NSLN metastasis, DSS was similar whether CLND was performed or not (P > .25). CONCLUSIONS: Selecting patients for CLND according to risk of NSLN metastasis may be a suboptimal strategy for improving DSS. We believe that CLND should not be withheld on the basis of "low risk" features in CMHN.

Maternal oral mutans streptococci (MS) status, not breastfeeding, predicts predentate infant oral MS status.

The purpose of this study was to investigate infant oral mutans streptococci (MS) by feeding method and by the mother's oral MS status. For this cross-sectional data collection, full-term infants at 4-6 weeks of age and their mothers were tested for oral MS using the Dentocult(®) SM chairside test (Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland). For the 104 mother-infant pairs (68 breastfed, 36 formula-fed), the two groups differed by mother's race/ethnicity (p=0.006) but not by delivery mode, level of care at birth, or MS in the mothers or the infants. Thirty-one percent of mothers and 12% of infants were MS positive. Infant MS was not predicted by mother's race/ethnicity, delivery mode, feeding method, or MS status. When stratified by feeding method, the mother's MS status did significantly predict the infant's MS status in the breastfed group (odds ratio=5.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-33.7; p=0.043). In conclusion, oral MS at >10(4) colony-forming units/mL were detected in 12% of the 4-6-week-old infants, and the effect of the mothers' oral MS status was modified by the feeding method. Future research is needed to clarify the modifiable perinatal and maternal risks associated with the development of the infant's predentate oral microbial environment, before the introduction of the first tooth.

Correlation of sonographic features of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma with age, tumor grade, and hormone-receptor status.

PURPOSE: To determine whether presenting sonographic features of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) are associated with patient age, tumor histologic grade, and hormonal receptor status. METHODS: Sonographic features of 101 consecutive cases of IDC seen at ultrasound were retrospectively assessed based on the BI-RADS criteria of posterior acoustic appearance, tumor margins, and echogenicity. Associations between sonographic features and tumor characteristics were statistically evaluated with attention to patient age. RESULTS: IDC with shadowing compared with unchanged posterior acoustic appearance were significantly more likely to be of low histologic grade (Odds Ratio [OR] = 5.00; p < 0.05) and estrogen receptor (ER) -positive (OR = 10.00; p < 0.05). Conversely, posterior enhancement was associated with ER-negative status (OR = 4.45; p < 0.01), particularly among patients younger than 60 years of age (OR = 5.36, p < 0.05). Circumscribed tumors were more often high grade, particularly among older women (p < 0.01), and hormone receptor--negative regardless of age group. Among older women, tumors with mixed echogenicity tended to be high grade and progesterone receptor--negative (p values < 0.05). Noncircumscribed borders were observed for all tumors with posterior shadowing, and 97% of such tumors were also ER positive. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic features were significantly associated with tumor grade and hormone receptor status, with some differences based on patient age. Specifically, the presence of posterior shadowing was associated with lower histologic grade and ER-positive status, especially in older patients. In contrast, we found that posterior acoustic enhancement was more commonly associated with ER-negative status, especially in younger patients.

Mind the gap: racial differences in breast cancer incidence and biologic phenotype, but not stage, among low-income women participating in a government-funded screening program.

Breast cancer mortality rates in South Carolina (SC) are 40 % higher among African-American (AA) than European-American (EA) women. Proposed reasons include race-associated variations in care and/or tumor characteristics, which may be subject to income effects. We evaluated race-associated differences in tumor biologic phenotype and stage among low-income participants in a government-funded screening program. Best Chance Network (BCN) data were linked with the SC Central Cancer Registry. Characteristics of breast cancers diagnosed in BCN participants aged 47-64 years during 1996-2006 were abstracted. Race-specific case proportions and incidence rates based on estrogen receptor (ER) status and histologic grade were estimated. Among 33,880 low-income women accessing BCN services, repeat breast cancer screening utilization was poor, especially among EAs. Proportionally, stage at diagnosis did not differ by race (607 cancers, 53 % among AAs), with about 40 % advanced stage. Compared to EAs, invasive tumors in AAs were 67 % more likely (proportions) to be of poor-prognosis phenotype (both ER-negative and high-grade); this was more a result of the 46 % lesser AA incidence (rates) of better-prognosis (ER+ lower-grade) cancer than the 32 % greater incidence of poor-prognosis disease (p values <0.01). When compared to the general SC population, racial disparities in poor-prognostic features within the BCN population were attenuated; this was due to more frequent adverse tumor features in EAs rather than improvements for AAs. Among low-income women in SC, closing the breast cancer racial and income mortality gaps will require improved early diagnosis, addressing causes of racial differences in tumor biology, and improved care for cancers of poor-prognosis biology.

Completion node dissection in patients with sentinel node-positive melanoma of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVE: Determine if completion lymph node dissection (CLND) is associated with improved survival in sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck (CMHN) patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of large population database. SETTING: Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database/multiple settings. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using the SEER database, the authors identified patients with SLN-positive CMHN. Clinicopathologic data and 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) were examined for patients who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone vs SLNB + CLND. RESULTS: Among 350 SLN-positive patients, 210 (60%) had SLNB + CLND, and 140 (40%) had SLNB only. Patients in the SLNB-only group were significantly older (median age 62 vs 53 years, P < .0001). The cohort as a whole did not significantly benefit from CLND; however, CLND was associated with improved DSS for a subgroup of patients age <60 years with nonulcerated tumors ≤ 2 mm thick (P = .03). Relative to SLNB alone, CLND did not improve survival for patients age ≥ 60 years or those with thicker (>2 mm) or ulcerated tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with SLNB alone, CLND does not seem to be associated with improved survival for most patients with SLN-positive CMHN. CLND likely improves survival for patients age <60 years with thin (≤ 2 mm) nonulcerated tumors and when there is a low risk of identifying positive non-SLNs.

Racial differences in the incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by combined histologic grade and hormone receptor status.

Breast cancer encompasses several distinct clinical entities of very different characteristics and behaviors, a fact which likely contributes to the higher breast cancer mortality in African-Americans (AA) despite the higher incidence in European-Americans (EA). We are interested in how incidence variability in cancer subtypes defined by combined estrogen receptor (ER) and grade contributes to racial mortality disparities. As an initial step, we compared age-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates for each ER/Grade subtype in South Carolina (SC-a southern state) with Ohio (a northern mid-western state), using state registry data for 1996-2004. Each ER/Grade subtype had a distinct incidence pattern and rate, with three striking racial/geographic differences. First, the racial incidence disparity in ER negative (ER-) cancers was mostly within the ER-/G3 subtype, of which AAs had ~65% higher incidence than did EAs; ER-/G2 was much less common, but of significantly higher incidence in AAs. Second, the racial disparity in ER positive (ER+) cancers was in the ER+/lower-grade cancers, with a marked EA excess in both states. Third, AA incidence of the ER+/lower-grade subtypes was ~26% higher in Ohio than in SC. The other subtypes (ER-/G1 and ER+/G3) varied minimally by race and state, and the latter showed a strong association with age. Age adjustment halved the racial difference in mean age at diagnosis to about 2 years younger in AAs, compared to 4 years younger in case comparisons. Use of age-adjusted and age-specific rates of breast cancer subtypes may improve understanding of racial incidence and mortality disparities over time and geography. This approach also may aid in estimating the race-specific incidence rates of triple-negative breast cancer.

Breast cancer trends in Indian residents and emigrants portend an emerging epidemic for India.

PURPOSE: As developing nations such as India become increasingly Westernized, incidence rates will increase for many cancers. Presently, breast cancer is the leading cancer site in female residents of India, but rates are considerably lower than in Western countries. Trends observed in Indian immigrants to the West may help predict changes expected in India. METHODS: Data were obtained from Indian cancer registries, the SEER program in the USA, IARC scientific database, and published studies. Incidence, age at diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, and hormone receptor status in these three populations were compared for the period 1993-1999. RESULTS: Age-adjusted (to world standard population) incidence rates (per 100,000) in Indian immigrants (47.0-61.0) were higher than in Indian residents (7.2-33.4) but lower than in Western whites (83.1-112.0). Compared to Indian residents, Indian immigrant cases tended to be older (49 years +), diagnosed at an earlier stage, and more often hormone receptor positive, sharing similarities with Western white women. CONCLUSIONS: The intermediate breast cancer trends exhibited by Indian immigrants may help predict future incidence trends amongst Indian (particularly urban) residents, which have major public health implications for India as urbanization and Westernization continue. We suggest adding demographic variables to cancer registry data, and additional studies on immigrant Indian populations.

Subject recruitment for cancer control studies in an adverse environment.

Subject recruitment in an adverse environment prompted researchers to identify a novel method to gain a different perspective on the problem. Lewin's Model of Change was used in a post hoc examination of recruitment strategies from 5 cancer control studies of breast or prostate cancer. Based on this evaluation, driving and restraining forces in recruitment were identified. Lessons learned and recommendations are discussed based on this evaluation. Five categories of restrainers were identified from this evaluation and include sociocultural, institutional, individuals, budget, and study design. Conversely, only 3 categories of drivers were elucidated by the examination: sociocultural, institutional, and individuals. Lessons and recommendations ranged from addressing institutional barriers to capitalizing on public relations. Researchers entering a new environment for recruitment would benefit from using Lewin's force field analysis before writing a proposal or implementing a project. This approach better directs energy and resources and enhances the ability of the investigator to maintain a broad, less biased perspective.

Is risk of axillary lymph node metastasis associated with proximity of breast cancer to the skin?

INTRODUCTION: Risk of axillary lymph node metastasis, the most important predictor of disease-free and overall survival in breast cancer patients, is estimated primarily from histologic features of the primary cancer including tumor size, histologic type and grade, and hormone receptor expression. Based upon a clinical impression, and research showing that palpable cancers are more likely to be node positive, we hypothesized that primary breast cancers more proximal to the skin of the breast are more likely to be positive for axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS: This is a retrospective medical record review of 209 women with stage T1 or T2 (

Association of physical activity with hormone receptor status: the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study.

Evidence exists that breast tumors differing by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status may be phenotypically distinct diseases resulting from dissimilar etiologic processes. Few studies have attempted to examine the association of physical activity with breast cancer subtype. Such research may prove instructive into the biological mechanisms of activity. Consequently, this investigation was designed to assess the relationship between physical activity and hormone receptor-defined breast cancers in a population of Asian women in which the distribution of receptor types differed from traditional Western populations. Participants, ages 25 to 64 years, were recruited into this population-based, case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Shanghai, China from August 1996 to March 1998. Histologically confirmed breast cancer cases with available receptor status information (n = 1001) and age frequency-matched controls (n = 1,556) completed in-person interviews. Polytomous logistic regression was used to model the association between measures of activity with each breast cancer subtype (ER+/PR+, ER-/PR-, ER+/PR-, and ER-/PR+) using the control population as the reference group. Exercise in both adolescence and the last 10 years was associated with a decreased risk of both receptor-positive (ER+/PR+) and receptor-negative (ER-/PR-) breast cancers in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (odds ratios, 0.44 and 0.51 and 0.43 and 0.21, respectively). Sweating during exercise within the last 10 years was also associated with decreased risk for receptor-positive and receptor-negative breast cancers among postmenopausal women (odds ratios, 0.58 and 0.28, respectively). These findings suggest that physical activity may reduce breast cancer risk through both hormonal and nonhormonal pathways.

Breast cancer disparities in South Carolina: early detection, special programs, and descriptive epidemiology.

A discrepancy exists between mortality and incidence rates between African-American and European-American women in South Carolina. The relationship between tumor grade and the estrogen/ progesterone receptor status is different in African-American and European-American women. African-American women with breast cancer should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials, with the goal of identifying biological factors that might facilitate the detection of tumors at an earlier stage and the development of more effective therapies. The most important of our goals is to design studies to reduce the incidence of the disease and interventions to improve survival and quality of life. The importance of participation in research cannot be overstated. Reproductive factors such as early pregnancy and multiple pregnancies are strongly related to breast cancer risk, however, promotion of these factors as a "prevention strategy," clearly does not lead to cogent, comprehensive public health messages. Data from ecological and migrant studies point clearly to other factors that may be important such as diet. Additional research around primary prevention strategies is needed. In addition, yearly mammograms (secondary prevention) are recommended for women over 50 years old or those with relatives who have developed breast cancer. The Best Chance Network, as a provider of screenings to low-income, uninsured women, has helped to narrow the racial gap in screening that otherwise might exist (see Figures 3 and 4) to a large extent. The determination for timing of surgery after diagnosis needs additional consideration. For example, factors such as effective screening in younger women, timing of screening and surgery in relationship to the ovulatory cycle, and season of screening and surgery may have a great impact on outcomes and may offer some insight into the process of carcinogenesis and therapeutic efficacy. Research into this area is so novel that the impact on possible ethnic disparities is completely unknown. The South Carolina Cancer Disparities Community Network (SCCDCN) has identified the following areas as potential research foci: Identification of small media interventions as an effective strategy to motivate targeted populations, especially those least likely to seek screening for breast cancer and those least likely to participate in research programs (African-Americans). Utilization of breast cancer survivors, self-identified as community natural helpers, can share their experiences with their church congregation. A replication of such a program in South Carolina has great potential because of the strong presence of the church, especially in rural parts of the state. Programs that closely integrate religion with screening women for breast cancer are promising in this state. Development of a mammography registry whereby information on all mammography procedures would be collected within a single database system (much like a central cancer registry). This would aid in identifying population groups that could be targeted for special programs and in the examination and exploration of the most appropriate modalities of detection. Such a resource could also be a useful tool to encourage screening. Thus, this focus area has the potential to benefit epidemiologic and health promotion research on many different levels. Additional breast cancer screening methods should not be overlooked as a potential research focus. Mammography is not the only valid screening method for breast cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging has shown some promise for screening among women with a genetic predisposition for cancer. Another promising avenue is thermography. Because detection rates may depend on age, ethnicity, and breast mammographic characteristics, women for whom regular screening methods do not detect their cancers (e.g. older age, African-American ethnicity, dense breasts) must be identified and other screening methods promoted within these populations. The above-mentioned mammography registry would support this type of research.

Urinary estrogen metabolites, prostate specific antigen, and body mass index among African-American men in South Carolina.

INTRODUCTION: Estrogen metabolites have been linked to risk of breast cancer, and we were interested in whether they are associated with prostate specific antigen (PSA) and other factors associated with prostate cancer. African-American (AA) men in South Carolina have among the highest prostate cancer rates in the world, and thus provide an ideal population in which to investigate this hypothesis. METHODS: We recruited AA men attending prostate cancer screenings in and around Columbia, South Carolina. Because very few men had elevated PSAs, we restricted our study to the 77 men whose PSA was below the cutpoint used by the screening program to indicate need for diagnostic workup. These men provided spot urine samples and answered demographic and lifestyle questions including self-reported body weight, height, exercise, tobacco use, medications, cancer history and age. Levels of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1), and their ratio (2/16) and blood PSA levels were determined. RESULTS: After adjusting for a statistically significant interaction between age and BMI, we found a reduction of 14.2% in 2-OHE1 for each 1.0 ng/ml increase in PSA (p=0.05). For obese AA men only (BMI> or =30 kg/m2), 2-OHE1 increased by 36% for each decade of age (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen metabolites may be related to PSA level in AA men. Older men with BMIs greater than 30 kg/m2 had an unexpected increase in 2-OHE1, suggesting a dysregulation of this estrogen metabolism pathway. Further studies of estrogen metabolites may provide insights into prostate cancer risk factors.

Impact of computer-aided detection in a regional screening mammography program.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to prospectively assess the effect of computer-aided detection (CAD) on screening outcomes in a regional mammography program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2000, 27,274 consecutive screenings were performed. Radiologists' performance before CAD (n = 7,872) and with CAD (n = 19,402) was determined by annual audits. All positive biopsy results were reviewed; histopathology was reviewed and confirmed. Outcomes (recall, biopsy, and cancer detection rates) with CAD (1999, 2000) were compared with historical control data (1998). RESULTS: With CAD, increases were seen in recall rate (8.1%, from 7.7% to 8.3%), biopsy rate (6.7%, from 1.4% to 1.5%), and cancer detection rate (16.1%, from 3.7 per 1,000 to 4.3 per 1,000). Detection rate of invasive cancers of 1.0 cm or less increased 164% (from 0.508 to 1.34 per 1,000 screens; p = 0.069). Detection rate of in situ cancers declined 6.7% (from 1.27 to 1.19 per 1,000; p = 0.849). In multivariable analysis of invasive cancers, early stage (stage I) was strongly associated with detection by CAD (odds ratio = 4.13, p = 0.025). Mean age at screening detection of cancer was 5.3 years younger in the CAD group than in the pre-CAD group (p = 0.060). CONCLUSION: Increased detection rate, younger age at diagnosis, and significantly earlier stage of invasive cancer detection are consistent with a positive screening impact of CAD. Audit results were positive but generally not statistically significant due to sample size limitations. Our findings support the hypothesis that screening with CAD significantly improves detection of the specific cancer morphologies that CAD algorithms were designed to detect.

The effect of social desirability and social approval on self-reports of physical activity.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine social desirability and social approval as sources of error in three self-reported physical activity assessments using objective measures of physical activity as reference measures. In 1997, women (n = 81) living in Worcester, Massachusetts, completed doubly labeled water measurements and wore an activity monitor for 14 days. They also completed seven interviewer-administered 24-hour physical activity recalls (PARs) and two different self-administered 7-day PARs. Measures of the personality traits "social desirability" and "social approval" were regressed on 1) the difference between physical activity energy expenditure estimated from doubly labeled water and each physical activity assessment instrument and 2) the difference between monitor-derived physical activity duration and each instrument. Social desirability was associated with overreporting of activity, resulting in overestimation of physical activity energy expenditure by 0.65 kcal/kg/day on the second 7-day PAR (95% confidence interval: 0.06, 1.25) and overestimation of activity durations by 4.15-11.30 minutes/day (both 7-day PARs). Social approval was weakly associated with underestimation of physical activity on the 24-hour PAR (-0.15 kcal/kg/day, 95% confidence interval: -0.30, 0.005). Body size was not associated with reporting bias in this study. The authors conclude that social desirability and social approval may influence self-reported physical activity on some survey instruments.

Racial disparities in female breast cancer in South Carolina: clinical evidence for a biological basis.

OBJECTIVE: Racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes are well documented: African-American (AA) women have markedly poorer survival than do European-American (EA) women. A growing literature suggests that AA women have, on average, tumors of more aggressive histopathology, even if discovered early. We investigated this in our South Carolina population. METHODS: Tumor registry data for 1687 AA and EA women with breast cancers newly diagnosed during 2000-2002 at the two Palmetto Health hospitals in Columbia, SC, were reviewed. RESULTS: Corresponding to our regional population, 31% of cancers were in AA women. In both racial groups, 19% were in situ. Among women with invasive cancers, AA women had significantly earlier age at diagnosis than did EA women. Fewer AA women had lobular carcinoma (p = 0.001) or Her-2 over-expressing disease (7 versus 19%, p = 0.001). Significantly more AA women had high-grade cancer, larger tumors, axillary metastases and ER negative/PR negative tumors. After controlling for T-stage, AA women were significantly more likely to have high-grade and/or ER negative disease. Detection of invasive cancers by screening mammogram was less frequent in AA women (40 versus 53%, p < 0.000), and in small ER negative cancers. CONCLUSIONS: At diagnosis, breast cancers in AA women tend to have the hallmarks of more aggressive and less treatable disease, even in small tumors, a pattern resembling that of breast cancers in younger EA women. Whatever the causes, these observations suggest breast cancer is biologically different in AA women. This may contribute substantially to the poorer outcomes in African-American women.

Breast cancer care: changing community standards.

A community hospital-based program was developed to improve breast cancer care in the community. A consensus was developed for what should be optimal care; a database was established to document the care being delivered in the community; and the data were analyzed to document changes in practice patterns over time. The major clinical benefits to patients included a significant improvement in needle biopsy rates, decreased utilization of second operative procedures, increased breast conservation surgery, conformity to guidelines for adjuvant chemotherapy administration, and a sizable increase in discovery of small breast cancers by screening mammography.

Can hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduce breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema? A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Arm lymphedema after surgery or radiation for breast cancer is common, causing pain and limitation of activities. Previous reports of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for breast edema led us to consider the use of HBO therapy for arm lymphedema. METHODS: Ten healthy postmenopausal women (age 58 +/- 5.7 years) with persistent (9.4 years +/- 9.1 years) arm lymphedema following breast cancer surgery and radiation (n = 10) plus chemotherapy (n = 7) received 20 HBO treatments (90 minutes at 2.0 ATA five times a week for 4 weeks). End points included changes in upper extremity volume, platelet counts, plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and lymph angiogenic-associated vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Lymphedema volume (LV) was defined as the volume of the unaffected arm subtracted from the volume of the affected arm. RESULTS: We observed a 38% average reduction in hand lymphedema (-7.4 ml, 11.6 SD, range -30-+8 ml, p = 0.076, 95% confidence interval -15.7-0.9 ml) at the end of HBO, which was independent of changes in body weight. For those who benefited (n = 8), the reduction was persistent from the end of treatment to a final measurement an average of 14.2 months after the last HBO treatment. However, total LV did not change significantly. VEGF-C increased from baseline (p = 0.004) before treatment 20, suggesting HBO had begun to stimulate this growth factor. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should explore the effects of a greater number of HBO treatments on lymphedema, with more patients.