Correlation of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT response and PSA decline in first-line enzalutamide for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.

PURPOSE: to assess the utility of response monitoring to enzalutamide by using [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET in mCRPC patients treated with enzalutamide as first-line therapy. METHODS: patients underwent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET less than 8 weeks before and 3 months after starting enzalutamide. On the basis of EAU/EANM criteria, patients were categorized as PSMA responders (PET-R) or PSMA non-responders (PET-NR), whilst, based on PSA, they were classified as biochemical responders (PSA-R) or non-responders (PSA-NR). Survival analysis was performed using the Cox regression hazard model and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: 69 patients were considered fully evaluable. We observed 47.8% of concordance between [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET and PSA monitoring at 3 months after starting enzalutamide. For discordant cases, the PSA reduction has a weak impact on PFS and a significant impact on OS in PET-NR patients, whilst this change has no impact either for PFS and OS in PET-R ones. CONCLUSIONS: [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET could be a useful imaging tool for monitoring response to enzalutamide in mCRPC patients, being more informative than PSA in this setting, and possibly better guiding clinicians in therapeutic decisions.

Inherited Mutations in DNA Damage Repair Genes in Italian Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Results from the Meet-URO 10 Study.

Background: The prevalence of pathogenic germline mutations in DNA damage repair (gDDR) genes in the Italian population is unknown. Objective: In this prospective multicenter cohort study, we evaluated the prevalence of gDDR alterations in the Italian population affected by metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) and analyzed the impact on response to therapy, survival, and time to castration resistance. Design setting and participants: In an observational prospective trial, 300 consecutive Italian mPCa patients, enrolled in the Meet-Uro-10 trial from three academic Italian centers, were recruited between 2017 and 2019 and were screened for gDDR mutations in 107 genes. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary endpoint was to assess the prevalence of gDDR mutations in the Italian population of patients with mPCa. The secondary endpoints included the association of gDDR subgroups with metastatic onset, Gleason score, and time to castration resistance. Results and limitations: We identified 297 valuable patients. Forty-six patients had a pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant (15.5%, 95% confidence interval: 11.4-19.6): the more frequent was gBRCA2 found in nine cases (3%), followed by gATM in five cases (1.7%). In patients without mutations, longer median overall survival was observed with the sequence docetaxel-androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) than with the sequence ARSI-docetaxel (87.9 vs 42 mo, p = 0.0001). In a univariate analysis, the median time to castration resistance in gDDR mutated patients was 19.8 mo, versus 23.7 mo in no mutated patients (p = 0.024). There were no associations of gDDR subgroups with metastatic onset and Gleason score ≥8. In our cohort, variants of unknown significance in gDDR genes were found in 80 patients and might have a prognostic relevance. Conclusions: The study reported the prevalence of gDDR in the Italian population. The presence of gBRCA2 mutations correlates with a shorter time to the onset of castration resistance disease. Patient summary: The prevalence of gBRCA2 in the Italian population is 3%, which is similar to that in the Spanish population, identifying similarities between people of the Western Mediterranean area.

Impact of the time interval between primary or interval surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients.

Introduction: Primary debulking surgery (PDS), interval debulking surgery (IDS), and platinum-based chemotherapy are the current standard treatments for advanced ovarian cancer (OC). The time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (TTC) could influence patient outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III or IV) OC treated between 2014 and 2018 to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to TTC. All patients underwent a germline multigene panel for BRCA1/2 evaluation. Results: Among the 83 patients who underwent PDS, a TTC ≥ 60 days was associated with a shorter PFS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-3.93, p = 0.038), although this association lost statistical significance when adjusting for residual disease (HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.75-3.06, p = 0.244, for TTC and HR 2.73, 95% CI 1.50-4.96, p = 0.001, for residual disease). Among 52 IDS patients, we found no evidence of an association between TTC and clinical outcomes. Ascites, type of chemotherapy, or germline BRCA1/2 mutational status did not influence TTC and were not associated with clinical outcomes in PDS or IDS patients. Discussion: In conclusion, longer TTC seems to negatively affect prognosis in patients undergoing PDS, especially those with residual disease.

Impact of Somatic DNA Repair Mutations on the Clinical Outcomes of Bone Metastases from Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Up to 80% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients develop bone metastases during the natural history of disease and about 25% harbor mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. This retrospective observational study evaluated the prevalence of DDR alterations in CRPC patients and their effect on the clinical outcomes associated with bone metastases. The mutational status of CRPC patients was analyzed per FoundationOne® analysis in tissue biopsy or, when it was not possible, in liquid biopsy performed at the onset of metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). The impact of DDR gene mutations on bone-related efficacy endpoints was evaluated at the time of mCRPC diagnoses. In total, 121 mCRPC patients with bone metastases were included: 38 patients had mutations in at least one DDR gene, the remaining 83 ones had a non-mutated DDR status. DDR mutated status was associated with bone metastases volume (p = 0.006), but did not affect SRE (skeletal-related events) incidence and time to SRE onset. Liquid and tissue biopsies were both available for 61 patients with no statistically significant difference in terms of incidence and type of molecular DDR alterations. Mutated DDR status was associated with higher bone metastasic volume, although a not detrimental effect on the other bone-related efficacy endpoints was observed.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy: Potential treatment options against Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a heterogeneous neoplasm family affecting gonads and rarely occurring in extragonadal areas. Most of patients have a good prognosis, often even in the presence of metastatic disease; however, in almost 15% of cases, tumor relapse and platinum resistance are the main challenges. Thus, novel treatment strategies with both improved antineoplastic activity and minor treatment-related adverse events compared with platinum are really expected. In this context, the development and the high activity demonstrated by immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors and, subsequently, the interesting results obtained from the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-) T cell therapy in hematological tumors, have stimulated research in this direction also in GCTs. In this article, we will analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune action in the development of GCTs, and we will report the data from the studies that tested the new immunotherapeutic approaches in these neoplasms.

Inflammatory Biomarkers for Outcome Prediction in Patients With Metastatic Testicular Cancer.

Germ cell tumors are the most common malignant tumors in male young adults. Platinum-based chemotherapy has dramatically improved the outcome of metastatic germ cell tumor patients and overall cure rates now exceed 80%. The choice of medical treatment can be guided by the prognosis estimation which is an important step during the decision-making process. IGCCCG classification plays a pivotal role in the management of advanced disease. However, histological and clinical parameters are the available factors that condition the prognosis, but they do not reflect the tumor's molecular and pathological features and do not predict who will respond to chemotherapy. After first-line chemotherapy 20%-30% of patients relapse and for these patients, the issue of prognostic factors is far more complex. Validated biomarkers and a molecular selection of patients that reflect the pathogenesis are highly needed. The association between cancer-related systemic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and cancer progression has been demonstrated. In the last years, several studies have shown the prognostic utility of immune-inflammation indexes in different tumor types. This review analyzed the prognostic impact of inflammatory markers retrieved from routine blood draws in GCT patients.

Bone metastases from urothelial carcinoma. The dark side of the moon.

Bone metastases are common in genitourinary cancers, but they are underreported and not well researched. Synchronous bone metastases occur in 1.39-5.5% of bladder cancer patients, while 30-40% of cases are metachronous. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a key role in regulating proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells in bone microenvironment of bone metastases from metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Bone metastases represent a poor prognostic factor due to high morbidity and mortality correlated to skeletal-related events (SREs). The incidence rate of SREs in bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteral cancer varies from 39 to 68%. Radiotherapy is the most frequent treatment for SREs. The early use of bone targeted therapies (BTT), zoledronic acid and denosumab, improves SREs incidence and morbidity and it seems to improve overall survival (OS). To date, several new agents (immunotherapy and targeted drugs) demonstrated efficacy in mUC. However, subgroup analysis for bone metastases is often not available, due to difficulties in analysing bone samples, non-RECIST lesions and delay in systemic treatment due to SREs that limit the enrolment of bone mUC patients in clinical trials. Larger solid tumor studies that included UC patients are the main source of data for the management of mUC patients with bone metastases. For these patients, multidisciplinary approach should be preferred, involving orthopaedics, radiotherapists and rehabilitation to improve outcome and quality of life. New prospective trials should characterize clinical and molecular features of patients with bone metastases and the impact of new drugs on this poor prognostic metastatic site.

Potential Application of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy in Renal Cell Tumors.

Currently, renal cell carcinoma is characterized by encouraging benefits from immunotherapy that have led to significant results in treatment outcome. The approval of nivolumab primarily as second-line monotherapy and, more recently, the approval of new combination therapies as first-line treatment have confirmed the importance of immunotherapy in this type of tumor. In this context, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T represents a further step forward in the field of immunotherapy. Initially tested on hematological malignancies, this new therapeutic approach is also becoming a topic of great interest for solid tumors. Although the treatment has several advantages over previous T-cell receptor-dependent immunotherapy, it is facing some obstacles in solid tumors such as a hostile tumor microenvironment and on-tumor/off-tumor toxicities. Several strategies are under investigation to overcome these problems, but the approval of CAR-T cell therapy is still some way off. In renal cancer, the significant advantages obtained from immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a good starting point, but the potential nephrological toxicity of CAR-T cell therapy represents an important risk. In this review, we provide the rationale and preliminary results of CAR-T cell therapy in renal cell malignancies.

Prognostic Role of Systemic Inflammatory Indexes in Germ Cell Tumors Treated With High-Dose Chemotherapy.

High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) has curative potential in relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors (GCT). Due to the complexity of this population and the toxicity of HDCT, we evaluated the association between blood-based systemic inflammatory indexes and the outcome of GCT patients undergoing salvage treatment with HDCT in order to define additional prognostic factors able to orient clinical decision. Baseline characteristics, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) of 62 patients undergoing HDCT for GCT were retrospectively collected. The aim is to evaluate the correlation between each inflammatory marker (NLR, PLR, and SII) and response to HDCT, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Using the receiver operating curve to identify the best cutoff values, it was found that patients with GCT with NLR ≥3.3 and SII ≥844,000 had shorter PFS and inferior OS. In the multivariable analysis including inflammatory markers, the International Prognostic Factor Study Group (IPFSG) risk group, age, and previous line of treatment, NLR ≥3.3 and SII ≥844,000 were identified to be independently associated with shorter PFS and OS. Moreover, NLR, PLR, and SII significantly correlate with overall response to HDCT. Associating IPFSG prognostic score to inflammatory markers at baseline of HDCT may improve prognostic information and could help physicians to make more personalized treatment decisions.

Immune Modulation in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Androgen Receptor (AR)-Targeted Therapy.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a cornerstone of treatment for prostate cancer and, in recent years, androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies (abiraterone and enzalutamide) have both been used for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In our study, we sought to investigate the association between ADT and immune disorders, considering a potential role of androgens in the immune modulation. We retrospectively evaluated CRPC patients treated with abiraterone/enzalutamide between July 2011 and December 2018. We assessed the risk of developing immune alterations and their impact on outcome. We included 844 CRPC patients receiving AR-directed therapies, of whom 36 (4.3%) had autoimmune diseases and 47 (5.6%) second tumors as comorbidities. Median age was 70 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 63-75)]. We showed higher significant incidence of autoimmune diseases during their hormone sensitive status (p = 0.021) and the presence of autoimmune comorbidities before starting treatment with abiraterone/enzalutamide was significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS) (10.1 vs. 13.7 months, HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.03-2.27, p = 0.038). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of autoimmune disorders was an independent predictor of OS (HR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.05-2.60, p = 0.031). In conclusion, CRPC patients with autoimmune alterations before starting AR-directed therapies may have worse prognosis. Further prospective studies are warranted to assess the role of immune modulation in the management of prostate cancer patients.

Prognostic and predictive factors in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Its high mortality rate has remained unchanged for years. Radiotherapy and surgery are considered standard treatments in early and locally advanced stages. Chemotherapy is the only option for metastatic patients. Two treatment regimens, i. e. the association of 5-fluorouracil- irinotecan-oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) and the association of nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine, have been shown to improve outcomes for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. However, there are not standardized predictive biomarkers able to identify patients who benefit most from treatments. CA19-9 is the most studied prognostic biomarker, its predictive role remains unclear. Other clinical, histological and molecular biomarkers are emerging in prognostic and predictive settings. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of prognostic and predictive markers used in clinical practice and to explore the most promising fields of research in terms of treatment selection and tailored therapy in pancreatic cancer.

Response to cabozantinib in renal cell carcinoma with cardiac metastases.

In metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients, cardiac metastases are a rare and often a post-mortem finding. Clinical manifestations of cardiac metastases have a late onset and include pericardial effusions, heart failure and embolic phenomena. Treatment of cardiac metastasis is not yet standardized, and few data are available about the efficacy of TKI on treatment of cardiac metastases in mRCC patients. In this report, we describe the case of a 66-year-old male who presented with mRCC with lung and cardiac metastases treated with cabozantinib, a multikinase inhibitor that was administered in second line after disease progression with sunitinib. To date, there are no data about the safety and efficacy of cabozantinib in mRCC with cardiac metastasis. In a real word analysis, cabozantinib demonstrated to be associated to a modest risk of developing left ventricular heart failure. It is unknown if this risk is higher in mRCC population with cardiac metastases. We report the first evidence of efficacy and safety of cabozantinib in cardiac mRCC patients, probably due to its specific inhibition of several molecular intracellular pathways. Additional molecular and clinical studies are needed before well tolerated and efficacy of cabozantinib treatment for these patients can be fully understood.

Targeted therapies for advanced bladder cancer: new strategies with FGFR inhibitors.

Inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) represent an outstanding treatment approach for selected patients with urothelial cancer (UC). These agents are changing the clinical approach to a subgroup of UC, the luminal-papillary subtype, characterized by FGFR mutations, fusions, or amplification. In this review, we provide an overview of the results of recent clinical trials on FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) currently in clinical development for the treatment of UC: erdafitinib, rogaratinib, infigratinib, and the monoclonal antibody vofatamab. The Food and Drug Administration recently granted accelerated approval to erdafitinib for patients with advanced UC with alterations of FGFR2 or FGFR3 after progression on platinum-based chemotherapy. We also look at future therapeutic options of combination regimens with immune-checkpoint inhibitors as strategies for improving the antitumor effects of this class of drug, and for preventing or delaying the development of resistance.

CAR-T cell therapy: a potential new strategy against prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death in men. In the present immunotherapy era, several immunotherapeutic agents have been evaluated in PCa with poor results, possibly due to its low mutational burden. The recent development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy redirected against cancer-specific antigens would seem to provide the means for bypassing immune tolerance mechanisms. CAR-T cell therapy has proven effective in eradicating hematologic malignancies and the challenge now is to obtain the same degree of in solid tumors, including PCa. In this study we review the principles that have guided the engineering of CAR-T cells and the specific prostatic antigens identified as possible targets for immunological and non-immunological therapies. We also provide a state-of-the-art overview of CAR-T cell therapy in PCa, defining the key obstacles to its development and underlining the mechanisms used to overcome these barriers. At present, although there are still many unanswered questions regarding CAR-T cell therapy, there is no doubt that it has the potential to become an important treatment option for urological malignancies.

Inflammatory Biomarkers as Predictors of Response to Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors.

Immunotherapy represents the new era of cancer treatment because of its promising results in various cancer types. In urological tumors, the use of the immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is increasingly spreading. Although not all patients and not all diseases respond equally well to immunotherapy, there is an increasing need to find predictive markers of response to ICIs. Patient- and tumor-related factors may be involved in primary and secondary resistance to immunotherapy: tumor-derived protein and cytokines, tumor mutational burden, and patient performance status and comorbidities can condition tumor response to ICIs. Recently, some of these factors have been evaluated as potential biomarkers of response, with conflicting results. To date, the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the presence of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) in tumor tissue are the only biomarkers capable of guiding the clinician's decision in urothelial cancer and prostate cancer, respectively. In this review, we performed a comprehensive search of the main publications on biomarkers that are predictive of response to ICIs in urological cancers. Our aim was to understand whether existing data have the potential to drive clinical decision-making in the near future.

Caregiver Emotional Burden in Testicular Cancer Patients: From Patient to Caregiver Support.

Testicular cancer is the most common tumor in young males aged 15-40 years. The overall cure rate for men with testicular cancer is >90%, so a huge number of these patients will become testicular cancer survivors. These people may feel some stress in the experience of diagnosis, treatment, and consequences that affects the quality of life, and during follow-up, especially when new issues and emotional distresses appear over time, such as late side-effects of treatments and emotional challenges including fear of tumor relapse, fertility and sexuality concerns, and social and workplace issues. The cancer experience has an impact not only on patients, but also on their relatives (e.g., spouses, parents, or siblings), who often have to assume a caregiving role for the duration of and following treatment for cancer. Moreover, the caregiver plays an important role in supporting a man with a testicular cancer, providing physical and emotional care. This review presents a summary of existing knowledge regarding the impact and the burden of testicular cancer on caregivers.

Correction: Everolimus (EVE) and exemestane (EXE) in patients with advanced breast cancer aged ≥ 65 years: new lessons for clinical practice from the EVA study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25874.].

Everolimus (EVE) and exemestane (EXE) in patients with advanced breast cancer aged ≥ 65 years: new lessons for clinical practice from the EVA study.

BACKGROUND: The present analysis focuses on real-world data of Everolimus-Exemestane in advanced HR+ve, HER2-ve elderly breast cancer patients (aged 65 years) included in the EVA study, with unique findings in those aged 70 years. METHODS: Data are collected from clinical records and analysed according to age cut-off (< 65 years; 65 - 69 years and {greater than or equal to} 70 years). Relationship of analyzed variables with response were tested by mean of a Mantel-Haenszel chi square test. Time to event analysis was described by Kaplan Meier approach and association with baseline characteristics was analysed by stratified log-rank test and proportional hazard model. RESULTS: From July 2013 to December 2015, the EVA study enrolled overall 404 pts. 154 patients out of 404 (38,1%) were aged {greater than or equal to} 65 years, of whom 87 were {greater than or equal to} 70 years. Median duration of EVE treatment was 28.5 weeks (95% CI 19.0 - 33.8) in patients aged 65-69 years and 24,4 weeks (95% CI 19,2 - 33,2) in those aged {greater than or equal to} 70 years. Fewer patients aged 65 years received the highest EVE Dose-Intensity (>7.5 mg/day) in comparison to younger patients (49,6% vs. 66,8%). Grade 3-4 toxicities occurred to 55 patients (35,7%), mainly stomatitis (10,9%), rash (5,8%) and non-infectious pneumonitis (NIP) (3,6%). Some toxicities, such as weight loss and anaemia were peculiarly observed in patients aged {greater than or equal to} 70 years. Five treatment-related deaths were collected (3,2%). CONCLUSIONS: EVE-EXE combination remains one of the potential treatments in HR+ patients also for elderly ones.

Correction 2: Everolimus (EVE) and exemestane (EXE) in patients with advanced breast cancer aged ≥ 65 years: new lessons for clinical practice from the EVA study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25874.].