ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Officinal plants, minerals, animal derivatives, and miscellaneous have always been used to treat and improve appearance despite the different aesthetic canons of a specific historical and cultural context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to make a critical comparison between medieval and modern dermocosmetics analyzing the works of Trotula de Ruggiero, a female doctor of the 11th century teaching and working inside the illustrious "Medical School of Salerno," who devoted particular attention to the promotion of female care, beauty, and well-being. METHODS: We applied the historical-critical method analyzing the Latin text and the nglish translation of the standardized corpus of the main Trotula medieval manuscript De Ornatu Mulierum with a multidisciplinary scientific approach ranging from botany to pharmaceutical chemistry and technology, pharmacology and pathology. RESULTS: We identified the medicinal plants, derivatives of animal origin and minerals used in the recipes of Trotula, highlighting their biological properties in the light of current scientific knowledge. A critical comparison between medieval and modern dermocosmetics is reported also taking into consideration the chemical, pharmaceutical, and technological literature. CONCLUSION: Beyond the obvious changes in the paradigms of cosmetology and the different beauty canons of Middle Age with respect to modern times, our results emphasize the attention of Trotula to female care, beauty and well-being as well as the extraordinary combination of tradition and modernity in her work.
Subject(s)
Physicians, Women , Physicians , Female , Humans , History, Medieval , Schools, Medical/history , Physicians, Women/historyABSTRACT
The empirical evidence from different countries point out many of those who die from coronavirus would have died anyway in the relatively near future due to their existing frailties or co-morbidities. The acceleration of the mortality conceives the underlying insight according to deaths are "accelerated" ahead of schedule due to COVID-19. Starting from this idea, we forecast the future mortality acceleration, based on the deterioration due to the presence of the comorbidities at COVID-19 diagnosis. Accordingly, we explicitly determine the contribution of each comorbidity on the acceleration forecasting, showing the future trend of the excess of deaths due to the COVID-19. To this aim, our proposal consists in developing a revised Charlson Comorbidity Index in a stochastic environment. Based on a post-stratification scheme, we obtain an unbiased comorbidity index that varies by age, centered on the reference population.