Cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients from living donors with and without valganciclovir prophylaxis and with immunosuppression based on anti-thymocyte globulin or basiliximab.

BACKGROUND: In our population, anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) of 1 mg/Kg/day for 4 days is used; which permits not using valgancyclovir (VGC) prophylaxis in some renal transplant recipients (RTR) with moderate risk (R+), to reduce costs. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk of developing cytomegalovirus (CMV), with or without prophylaxis, when exposed to low doses of ATG or basiliximab (BSL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort included 265 RTR with follow-up of 12 months. Prophylaxis was used in R-/D+ and some R+. Tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone were used in all patients. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the risk of CMV in RTR with or without VGC. RESULTS: Cytomegalovirus was documented in 46 (17.3%) patients: 20 (43.5%) with CMV infection, and 26 (56.5%) with CMV disease. Anti-thymocyte globulin was used in 39 patients (85%): 32 R+, six D+/R-, and one D-/R-. ATG was used in 90% (27 of 30) of patients with CMV and without prophylaxis. The multivariate analysis showed an association of risk for CMV with the absence of prophylaxis (RR 2.29; 95% CI 1.08-4.86), ATG use (RR 3.7; 95% CI 1.50-9.13), TAC toxicity (RR 3.77; 95% CI 1.41-10.13), and lymphocytes at the sixth post-transplant month (RR 1.77; 95% CI 1.0-3.16). CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of ATG favored the development of CMV and a lower survival free of CMV compared with BSL. In scenarios where resources for employing VGC are limited, BSL could be an acceptable strategy.

Donor-specific antibodies development in renal living-donor receptors: Effect of a single cohort.

Minimization in immunosuppression could contribute to the appearance the donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) and graft failure. The objective was to compare the incidence of DSA in renal transplantation (RT) in recipients with immunosuppression with and without steroids. A prospective cohort from March 1st, 2013 to March 1st, 2014 and follow-up (1 year), ended in March 2015, was performed in living donor renal transplant (LDRT) recipients with immunosuppression and early steroid withdrawal (ESW) and compared with a control cohort (CC) of patients with steroid-sustained immunosuppression. All patients were negative cross-matched and for DSA pre-transplant. The regression model was used to associate the development of DSA antibodies and acute rejection (AR) in subjects with immunosuppressive regimens with and without steroids. Seventy-seven patients were included (30 ESW and 47 CC). The positivity of DSA class I (13% vs 2%; P < 0.05) and class II (17% vs 4%, P = 0.06) antibodies were higher in ESW versus CC. The ESW tended to predict DSA class II (RR 5.7; CI (0.93-34.5, P = 0.06). T-cell mediated rejection presented in 80% of patients with DSA class I (P = 0.07), and 86% with DSA II (P = 0.03), and was associated with DSA class II, (RR 7.23; CI (1.2-44), P = 0.03). ESW could favor the positivity of DSA. A most strictly monitoring the DSA is necessary for the early stages of the transplant to clarify the relationship between T-cell mediated rejection and DSA.

Polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 in aluminium hydroxide induces serum bactericidal and opsonic antibodies against Brucella canis in dogs.

Polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 is an immunogenic vaccine candidate that confers protection against Brucella canis in mice. In this preliminary study, the immunogenicity and safety of BLSOmp31 adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide gel (BLSOmp31-AH) were evaluated in Beagle dogs. In addition, the potential to elicit serum antibodies with complement-dependent bactericidal activity and/or to enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils were analyzed. Dogs were immunized three times with BLSOmp31-AH by subcutaneous route, followed by an annual booster. The vaccine elicited specific antibodies 3 weeks after the first immunization. Annual booster induced comparable antibody response as the primary series. Humoral immune response stimulated by BLSOmp31-AH did not interfere with routine agglutination test for canine brucellosis. Antibodies demonstrated a high complement-dependent bactericidal activity against B. canis. Moreover, opsonization by immune serum not only stimulated binding and uptake of the bacteria by neutrophils but effectively enhanced the destruction of B. canis. Specific IgG was detected in 3/4 immunized dogs in preputial secretions. The antibody profile corresponded to a marked Th2 response, since IgG1 prevailed over IgG2 and cellular immune response was not detected in vitro or in vivo. These results require further evaluation in larger field studies to establish the full prophylactic activity of BLSOmp31 against canine brucellosis.

Evaluation of the efficacy of outer membrane protein 31 vaccine formulations for protection against Brucella canis in BALB/c mice.

Canine brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Brucella canis. Unlike conventional control programs for other species of the genus Brucella, currently there is no vaccine available against canine brucellosis, and preventive measures are simply diagnosis and isolation of infected dogs. New approaches are therefore needed to develop an effective and safe immunization strategy against this zoonotic pathogen. In this study, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with the following: (i) the recombinant Brucella Omp31 antigen formulated in different adjuvants (incomplete Freund adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide, Quil A, and Montanide IMS 3012 VGPR), (ii) plasmid pCIOmp31, or (iii) pCIOmp31 plasmid followed by boosting with recombinant Omp31 (rOmp31). The immune response and the protective efficacy against B. canis infection were characterized. The different strategies induced a strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) response. Furthermore, spleen cells from rOmp31-immunized mice produced gamma interferon and interleukin-4 (IL-4) after in vitro stimulation with rOmp31, indicating the induction of a mixed Th1-Th2 response. Recombinant Omp31 administered with different adjuvants as well as the prime-boost strategy conferred protection against B. canis. In conclusion, our results suggest that Omp31 could be a useful candidate for the development of a subcellular vaccine against B. canis infection.

The vaccine candidate BLSOmp31 protects mice against Brucella canis infection.

Canine brucellosis represents a major reproductive problem worldwide and it is considered a zoonotic disease. New approaches are therefore urgently needed to develop an effective and safe immunization strategy against Brucella canis. In the present study, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with the recombinant chimera rBLSOmp31 formulated in different adjuvants. The different strategies induced a vigorous immunoglobulin G (IgG) response, with high titers of IgG1 as well as IgG2. Besides, spleen cells from rBLSOmp31-immunized mice produced gamma interferon and IL-4, suggesting the induction of a mixed Th1-Th2. Vaccination with rBLSOmp31-IFA formulation provided the best protection levels comparable with that given by control vaccines. None of the immunization strategies induced serological interference in diagnosis. Hitherto, this is the first report that a recombinant vaccine confers protection against B. canis in mice.

Immune response and serum bactericidal activity against Brucella ovis elicited using a short immunization schedule with the polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 in rams.

Brucella ovis is the etiologic agent of ovine brucellosis. The control measures for this disease are periodical diagnosis by serological tests and/or bacteriological culture and culling of positive animals. Vaccination with Brucella melitensis Rev 1 is recommended when prevalence is high. This attenuated strain vaccine gives protection against B. ovis but it has important disadvantages associated with the development of antibodies interfering with serodiagnosis, virulence for humans and the prohibition of its use in countries considered free of B. melitensis. Consequently, there is a need for new safe and effective brucellosis vaccines to be developed. We have previously reported that the polymeric subcellular vaccine BLSOmp31 confers protection against experimental challenge with B. ovis when rams are immunized three times. In the present work we evaluated and characterized, along 56 weeks after the first immunization of adult rams, the evolution of the immune response elicited by BLSOmp31 using a short immunization schedule.

The effect of ubiquinone in diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic polyneuropathy aetiology is based on oxidative stress generation due to production of reactive oxygen species. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol and redistributed into lipoproteins, possibly to protect them from oxidation. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of oral ubiquinone in diabetic polyneuropathy, and the role of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nerve growth factor (NGF-ß). METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients were randomized to ubiquinone (400 mg) or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Main outcomes were clinical scores, nerve conduction studies, LPO, NGF-ß and safety. RESULTS: Twenty four patients on experimental group and twenty five on control group met the inclusion criteria (mean age 56 years, 22% male and 78% female, mean evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus 10.7 years). Significant improvement on experimental vs control group was found in neuropathy symptoms score (from 2.5 ± 0.7 to 1 ± 0.8, p<0.001), neuropathy impairment score (5.5 ± 4 to 3.1 ± 2.6, p<0.001), sural sensory nerve amplitude (13.0 ± 6.1 to 15.8 ± 5.1 µV, p=0.049), peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (39.7 ± 5.0 to 47.8 ± 4.9 m/s, p=0.047), and ulnar motor nerve conduction velocity (48.8 ± 6.8 to 54.5 ± 6.1m/s, p=0.046). There was a significant reduction of LPO in subjects treated with ubiquinone vs placebo (16.7 ± 8.6 and 23.2 ± 15.8 nmol/mL, respectively) with p<0.05, and NGF-ß did not change (control 66.5 ± 26.7 vs. experimental 66.8 ± 28.4 pg/mL, p=0.856). No drug-related adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks treatment with ubiquinone improves clinical outcomes and nerve conduction parameters of diabetic polyneuropathy; furthermore, it reduces oxidative stress without significant adverse events.

El comportamiento del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa e interleucina 6 en lesiones de vías biliares postcolecistectomía / Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels among patients suffering a bile duct injury during cholecystectomy

Background: During cholecystectomy, the bile duct may be injured. When this complication occurs, Kupffer cells are activated and produce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL6) to phagocyte toxic products Aim: To measure serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 among patients that suffered a bile duct injury after a cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured prior to the bile-enteric derivation and after one year of follow up, in 31 patients that had a complete bile duct obstruction after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in 5 healthy controls. Results: At baseline TNF-α levels in healthy subjects and patients with bile duct injury were 0 and 43.9 ± 2.9 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.01). At one year of follow up, TNF-á became undetectable among patients. At baseline, the values for IL-6 among healthy controls and patients were 3.0 ± 2.0 and 72.0 ± 94.7 pg/mL respectively, (p < 0,004). After one year of follow up, IL-6 levels decreased to 6.4 ± 0.3 pg/mL among patients. Conclusions: TNF-α and IL-6 levels were elevated before bile-enteric derivation among patients with bile duct injury and became normal one year later.

[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels among patients suffering a bile duct injury during cholecystectomy]. / El comportamiento del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa e interleucina 6 en lesiones de vías biliares postcolecistectomía.

BACKGROUND: During cholecystectomy, the bile duct may be injured. When this complication occurs, Kupffer cells are activated and produce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL6) to phagocyte toxic products AIM: To measure serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 among patients that suffered a bile duct injury after a cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured prior to the bile-enteric derivation and after one year of follow up, in 31 patients that had a complete bile duct obstruction after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in 5 healthy controls. RESULTS: At baseline TNF-α levels in healthy subjects and patients with bile duct injury were 0 and 43.9 ± 2.9 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.01). At one year of follow up, TNF-á became undetectable among patients. At baseline, the values for IL-6 among healthy controls and patients were 3.0 ± 2.0 and 72.0 ± 94.7 pg/mL respectively, (p < 0,004). After one year of follow up, IL-6 levels decreased to 6.4 ± 0.3 pg/mL among patients. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-α and IL-6 levels were elevated before bile-enteric derivation among patients with bile duct injury and became normal one year later.

[Histological evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in patients with post surgical bile duct injury]. / Evaluación histológica de la fibrosis hepática en pacientes con lesión posquirúrgica de vías biliares.

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy can produce fibrous and collagen deposit tissue. Our objective was to evaluate the liver fibrosis measured in histological tissue in patients with bile duct injury after cholecystectomy. METHODS: Three normal liver biopsies and 21 from patients with bile duct injuries were studied. Group I: with three normal liver biopsies. Group II: with external abdominal fistula alone in six patients. Group III with complete bile duct obstruction in 15 patients. The surgical biliary enteric reconstructions were performed 8 weeks after bile duct injury in all cases. The fibrosis and collagen deposits were studied by Masson's trichrome and Sirius red stains and they were measured by a digital program. RESULTS: Group I showed 2 % of fibrosis tissue and 1% of collagen deposit and was considered as normal. Group II showed unexpected 1 fold more liver fibrosis and 9 fold more collagen deposit in extracellular matrix macromolecule (p < 0.05, Anova) against group I. Patients in group III, had fibrous tissue increase 43 folds more and 14 collagen folds more (p < 0.0001, Bonferroni's post hoc) versus group I. CONCLUSIONS: The patients in groups II and III showed liver fibrosis, being this more important in group III.

[Association of hyperinsulinemia with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension]. / Relación entre hiperinsulinemia, disfunción diastólica e hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the main independent cardiovascular risk factor. However, there are additional factors that induce organic damage. AIM: To assess the association between hyperinsulinemia, ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients aged 30 to 65 years, with mild or moderate systemic hypertension, with overweight or mild obesity and normal glucose tolerance curve (GTC), were studied. Serum insulin was measured during GTC. The maximum levels of insulin and glucose were observed 60 minutes after the oral glucose load and they were expressed as rG/1. Patients were stratified in three groups according to their glucose and insulin fasting levels (I0) and post-glucose challenge levels (rG/I): Group 1 (normoinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I >2 (2.45+0.4). Group 2 (post-prandial hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I <2> 1 (1.34+0.3). Group 3 (persistently hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 >17 mU/mL and <1 (0.7+0.3). Left ventricular mass and its diastolic function were measured by Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: No differences in blood pressure or age were observed between groups. There was a negative correlation between ventricular mass and rG/1 (r =-0.282, p =0.015). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was significantly more deteriorated in group 3, as compared with group 1 (p <0.001 ANOVA). There was a significant correlation between g/GI and diastolic dysfunction (r =0.232 p =0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting, post challenge hyperinsulinemia and a rG/I <1 are associated with higher ventricular mass and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, independent of blood pressure and age.

Relación entre hiperinsulinemia, disfunción diastólica e hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica / Association of hyperinsulinemia with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension

Background: Hypertension is the main independent cardiovascular risk factor. However, there are additional factors that induce organic damage. Aim: To assess the association between hyperinsulinemia, ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic function. Patients and Methods: Seventy-four patients aged 30 to 65 years, with mild or moderate systemic hypertension, with overweight or mild obesity and normal glucose tolerance curve (GTC), were studied. Serum insulin was measured during GTC. The maximum levels of insulin and glucose were observed 60 minutes after the oral glucose load and they were expressed as rG/1. Patients were stratified in three groups according to their glucose and insulin fasting levels (I0) and post-glucose challenge levels (rG/I): Group 1 (normoinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I >2 (2.45+0.4). Group 2 (post-prandial hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I <2> 1 (1.34+0.3). Group 3 (persistently hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 >17 mU/mL and <1 (0.7+0.3). Left ventricular mass and its diastolic function were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Results: No differences in blood pressure or age were observed between groups. There was a negative correlation between ventricular mass and rG/1 (r =-0.282, p =0.015). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was significantly more deteriorated in group 3, as compared with group 1 (p <0.001 ANOVA). There was a significant correlation between g/GI and diastolic dysfunction (r =0.232 p =0.047). Conclusions: Fasting, post challenge hyperinsulinemia and a rG/I <1 are associated with higher ventricular mass and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, independent of blood pressure and age.

Uso eficiente del quirófano / Efficient use of the operating room

Antecedentes: conocer si la utilización de las salas de operaciones es eficiente, requiere de una evaluación continua de su equipamiento, capacidad del personal involucrado y el nivel de complejidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas. En los centros hospitalarios institucionales, estas evaluaciones son constantes para llevar un control interno, pero se consideran poco o nada en el Análisis anual de productividad de los quirófanos para la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: identificar el uso subóptimo de las salas de operaciones, y en su caso, proponer solución para un uso más eficiente. Tipo de estudio: prospectivo, observacional, transversal y comparativo. Material y método: se analizaron cuestionarios estructurados con los tiempos quirúrgicos de dos quirófanos en 60 días, en el Servicio de Ginecología y Cirugía General. Se compararon los tiempos reales vs. los tiempos ideales y los niveles de complejidad. Análisis estadístico: se utilizó la prueba Exacta de Fisher. El valor p < 0.05 fue significativo. Resultados: se efectuaron 125 procedimientos quirúrgicos. En el turno matutino (TM) 57.6 por ciento y 42.2 por ciento en el vespertino (TV). A nivel de complejidad III (66.4 por ciento). Fueron electivos 84.8. De la especialidad de Cirugía General 58.4 por ciento y Ginecología 41.6 por ciento. El retraso de ingreso a quirófano de 20.5 minutos del TM contra 4.3 minutos del TV (p < 0.05). El retraso quirúrgico en el TV de 30.32 minutos vs 14.59 en el TM. Hubo retraso en el tiempo posquirúrgico del TV (33.7 minutos p < 0.05). A mayor complejidad del procedimiento mayor retraso en el tiempo operatorio. Conclusiones: el uso eficiente del quirófano depende del cumplimiento de las funciones específicas en los tiempos programados del equipo quirúrgico, la supervisión sistemática, y el nivel de complejidad.