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2.
IBRO Neurosci Rep ; 14: 195-201, 2023 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36852216

ABSTRACT

Sugar solutions promote hedonic feeding and increase the risk of obesity and binge-type behavior. In rodents, ingestion of sugar solutions enhances dopamine release to mesolimbic regions, suggesting changes in hedonic intake and brain reward processes. Moreover, dopaminergic D2R/D3R receptors contribute to the hedonic intake of palatable solutions. Although the experimental evidence indicate that the dopaminergic D4 receptor (D4R) modulates feeding at homeostatic levels, it is currently unknown whether D4R also regulate the hedonic intake of sugar solutions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the central blockade of D4R on the consumption of a 20% sucrose solution, the drinking microstructure parameters, and levels of locomotor activity in sated rats. In the first experiment, male Wistar rats were daily exposed to a 20% sugar solution in the first hour of the light phase of the light:dark cycle. On day 10, rats received i.c.v injections of the D4R antagonist, L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/5 µl) and sucrose consumption and drinking microstructure parameters (latency to start drinking, bouts, drinking duration, bout size, inter-bout interval, time in activity and time in resting) were evaluated. In the second experiment, rats were trained to receive the 20% sucrose solution as described in experiment 1. On day 10, after the 1 h of sucrose access, the rats were placed in the open field for 5-min (habituation phase). Then, rats received i.c.v injections of L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/ 5 µl), and were placed again in the open-field test for 10-min (pharmacological phase). The number or crosses trough squares and number of rears were scored for both the habituation and pharmacological phase. Here we found that administration of L-745870 decreased the consumption of sucrose in a dose-depended manner. Moreover, L-745870-treated rats displayed microstructural changes, including greater number of bouts and reduced drinking duration, bout size and inter-bout intervals. Furthermore, the number of crosses and number of rears in the open field test remained unchanged for habituation and pharmacological phase. Finally, present findings suggest that D4R modulates the consumption of sugar solutions by alteration of hedonic responses, but the contribution of homeostatic systems is discussed. These results open perspectives for the potential use of the D4R antagonists for treating obesity or binge-eating behavior.

3.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;23(6): e203, nov.-dic. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377210

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los desafíos que conlleva la implementación de la política mundial de yodación de sal para el consumo humano. Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada entre el año 2000 y 2021 en PubMed, con los términos MeSH yodo, política pública, cloruro de sodio y los términos complementarios yodo/deficiencia, exceso. Se obtuvieron 141 artículos y se revisaron 50 aplicando como criterio de inclusión el abordaje de la implementación de la política de yodación. Resultados Se identificaron siete desafíos: sostenibilidad de la política, eliminar la brecha entre la explotación y la comercialización de la sal, prevenir la fortificación indiscriminada de los alimentos, promover la educación sobre la ingesta de sal yodada, controlar la ingesta excesiva de yodo, equilibrar la ingesta óptima de yodo con la reducción del consumo de cloruro de sodio y producir suficiente información oficial sobre la política. Conclusión La yodación universal de la sal es una política que requiere mayor sensibilidad a las situaciones locales de cada país para mitigar efectivamente el problema de salud pública de los desórdenes por deficiencia y exceso en la ingesta de yodo alrededor del mundo.


ABSTRACT Objective To identify the challenges involved in the implementation of the global policy on salt iodization for human consumption. Methods A review of the literature published between 2000 and 2021 in PubMed was carried out with the MeSH terms iodine, public policy, sodium chloride and supplementary terms iodine/deficiency, excess. 141 articles were obtained and 50 were reviewed, applying the iodization policy implementation approach as an inclusion criterion. Results Seven challenges were identified: sustainability of the policy, closing the gap between exploitation and commercialization of salt, preventing indiscriminate fortification of food, promoting education on iodized salt intake, controlling excessive iodine intake, balance optimal iodine intake with reduced sodium chloride intake and produce sufficient official policy information. Conclusion The universal iodization of salt is a policy that requires greater sensitivity to the local situations of each country to effectively mitigate the public health problem of disorders due to deficiency and excess intake of iodine around the world.

4.
Front Neurosci ; 12: 74, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29515353

ABSTRACT

Overeating is one of the most relevant clinical features in Binge Eating Disorder and in some obesity patients. According to several studies, alterations in the mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission produced by non-homeostatic feeding behavior may be associated with changes in the reward system similar to those produced by drugs of abuse. Although it is known that binge-eating is related with changes in dopaminergic transmission mediated by D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), it has not been determined whether these receptors may be a potential target for the treatment of eating pathology with binge-eating. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether sugar binging induced by intermittent access to a sucrose solution produced changes in the structure of feeding behavior and whether blocking D2 receptors prevented these changes. We used the intermittent access model to a 10% sucrose solution (2 h/day for 4 weeks) to induce sugar binging in Sprague Dawley female rats. Experimental subjects consumed in a 2-h period more than 50% of the caloric intake consumed by the subjects with ad-lib access to the sweetened solution without any increase in body weight or fat accumulation. Furthermore, we evaluated whether sugar binging was associated to the estrous cycle and we did not find differences in caloric intake (estrous vs. diestrus). Subsequently, we characterized the structure of feeding behavior (microstructural analysis) and the motivation for palatable food (breakpoints) of the subjects with sugar binging and found that feeding episodes had short latencies, high frequencies, as well as short durations and inter-episode intervals. The intermittent access model did not increase breakpoints, as occurred in subjects with ad-lib access to the sucrose. Finally, we evaluated the effects of D2 receptor blockade in the NAcS, and found that raclopride (18 nM) prevented the observed changes in the frequency and duration of episodes induced by intermittent access to the sucrose solution. Our results suggest that alterations in behavioral patterns associated with binge-eating behavior depend in part on the dopaminergic transmission in the NAcS and that the antagonism of D2 receptors may be a therapeutic tool for feeding pathology with binge-eating.

5.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;17(5): 1-1, set.-oct. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769288

ABSTRACT

Objective To assess the effect of a program of vigorous physical exercises on the serum concentration of free and total L-carnitine, in male inmates at a prison in Boyacá, Colombia. Methods Pre-post intervention population-based study. 44 male prisoners with overweight and/or obesity, from a jail in Boyacá, Colombia were randomly assigned into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention consisted in participating in a vigorous exercise program over twelve weeks. Anthropometric measures and levels of free and total L-carnitine were every four weeks. Results There were significant increases in serum levels of free and total L-carnitine in the intervention group compared to the control group. Concurrently, in this group there was a reduction in body mass index (BMI), while in the control group there were no changes. Conclusion In overweight and/or obese patients, the routine practice of vigorous exercise plus caloric restriction offers significant benefits in reducing body fat volumes through the mechanisms of energetic consumption of long chain fatty acids.(AU)


Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico intenso sobre las concentraciones séricas de L-Carnitina libre y total, en varones recluidos en una prisión de Boyacá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio de intervención antes - después, de base poblacional. 44 internos con sobrepeso y/o obesidad, de una prisión en Boyacá, Colombia, fueron aleatoriamente asignados a dos grupos: Uno de intervención y uno de control. La intervención consistió en un programa de práctica sistemática de ejercicio intenso, durante doce semanas continuas. Cada cuatro semanas se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y se determinaron los niveles séricos de L-Carnitina libre y total. Resultados Hubo un incremento significativo en los niveles séricos de L-Carnitina libre y Total en el grupo de intervención, comparado con lo registrado en el grupo control; simultáneamente, en el grupo de intervención se registró disminución en el índice de masa corporal (IMC), mientras que en el grupo control no se registraron cambios. Conclusión En presencia de sobrepeso y/o obesidad, la práctica rutinaria de ejercicios físicos intensos además de la restricción calórica, ofrece significativos beneficios en la reducción del volumen de grasa corporal por el mecanismo de consumo energético de los ácidos grasos de cadena larga.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Carnitine/administration & dosage , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Obesity/physiopathology , Prisoners , Exercise , Colombia
6.
Rev Edumecentro ; 7(3)2015.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-66431

ABSTRACT

Fundamento: las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación han facilitado el uso de plataformas y el desarrollo del e-learning en la enseñanza universitaria. Objetivo: confeccionar un curso de posgrado virtual sobre Metodología de la Investigación y Bioestadística para profesionales de la Estomatología.Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, curso 2012-2013. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo, para los referentes teóricos del tema y revisión de la bibliografía más actualizada, y la modelación para conformar el curso; empíricos: revisión de investigaciones o artículos científicos para conocer las deficiencias de aplicación de la Metodología de la Investigación Científica y la Bioestadística, y la encuesta: para diagnosticar necesidades de aprendizaje de los profesionales en su función investigativa. Resultados: se diagnosticaron dificultades en la redacción de resúmenes, situación problémica, objetivos y problema científico, formulación de la hipótesis, clasificación de la investigación, elaboración del marco teórico, determinación de la población y tipo de muestreo, operacionalización de las variables, definición de métodos y tratamiento de la información, calidad del procesamiento estadístico y uso de sus técnicas, por lo que se diseñó un curso de posgrado mediante la modalidad virtual. Conclusiones: el producto fue valorado por especialistas los cuales lo consideraron satisfactorio en cuanto a: secuencia lógica de los contenidos, calidad de la redacción, el vocabulario utilizado, novedad científica, necesidad del curso, pertinencia, y la preparación que permite en la labor investigativa(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Biometry , Learning , Information Management , Information Technologies and Communication Projects
7.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 17(5): 689-698, 2015 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28453047

ABSTRACT

Objective To assess the effect of a program of vigorous physical exercises on the serum concentration of free and total L-carnitine, in male inmates at a prison in Boyacá, Colombia. Methods Pre-post intervention population-based study. 44 male prisoners with overweight and/or obesity, from a jail in Boyacá, Colombia were randomly assigned into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention consisted in participating in a vigorous exercise program over twelve weeks. Anthropometric measures and levels of free and total L-carnitine were every four weeks. Results There were significant increases in serum levels of free and total L-carnitine in the intervention group compared to the control group. Concurrently, in this group there was a reduction in body mass index (BMI), while in the control group there were no changes. Conclusion In overweight and/or obese patients, the routine practice of vigorous exercise plus caloric restriction offers significant benefits in reducing body fat volumes through the mechanisms of energetic consumption of long chain fatty acids.

8.
Univ. salud ; 16(2): 167-176, jul.-dic. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-742714

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar prospectivamente y mediante comparación, durante la prueba de marcha de 6 minutos, el comportamiento de la saturación arterial de oxígeno (SPO2) y otras variables vitales, en dos grupos, uno de mineros del carbón (expuestos) y otro de trabajadores universitarios (controles). Materiales y métodos:Estudio prospectivo de cohortes. Se realizó la prueba (PM6M) en 72 trabajadores mineros y 46 trabajadores universitarios. Se midió minuto a minuto SPO2, frecuencia cardiaca y distancia recorrida. Resultados: Se encontró una significativa desaturación de oxígeno, ante un ejercicio moderado, en los trabajadores mineros, equivalente a una manifestación precoz de alteración funcional del intercambio alveolo-capilar. Conclusiones: La exposición respiratoria sostenida a polvo de carbón y sílice podría ocasionar alteración funcional del intercambio gaseoso alveolo capilar. La pulsioximetría en la prueba de marcha de 6 minutos se perfila como una herramienta útil y costo-efectiva en salud ocupacional para el seguimiento y control de la salud de los mineros del carbón.


Objective: To evaluate prospectively and through comparison the behavior of the arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2) and other vital variables in two groups, one of coal miners (exposed) and another formed by university workers (controls) during the test run of 6 minutes. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort study. The test (6MWT) was performed in 72 miners and 46 university workers. SpO2, heart rate and walked distance were estimated every minute. Results: A significant oxygen desaturation was found in the mineworkers when practicing a moderate exercise, which is equivalent to an early manifestation of functional impairment of the alveolar-capillary exchange. Conclusions: The sustained respiratory exposure to coal dust and silica may cause functional impairment of alveolar capillary gas exchange. The pulse oximetry in the 6 minutes walking test is emerging as a useful and cost-effective occupational health tool to monitor and health surveillance of coal miners.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pneumoconiosis , Respiratory Function Tests , Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous , Occupational Diseases
9.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 14 Suppl 2: 32-45, 2012 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23258280

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Describing the efficacy and achievements of the kangaroo mothers' programme (KMP) regarding preterm or low-birth-weight babies' health and development in Hospital San Rafael in Tunja from November 2007 to December 2009. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study; 374 infants born prematurely or having low-birth-weight were included to assess household socio-demographic factors, maternal and obstetric history, delivery characteristics and complications and follow-up until 40 weeks post-conception age. RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of teenage pregnancy (17.5 %) and in women older than 35 years (12.6 %), unwanted pregnancy (40.6 %), low quality and poor availability of food in families, complications such as preeclampsia, infection and premature rupture of membranes, 1,969 grams average birth weight, 2,742.9 grams average weight on discharge and 22 grams average weight gain per day. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that KMP methodology substantially improved the mothers' psychological aspects and health status and the newborns' prognosis and led to stabilising body temperature and weight gain rate while decreasing risks of complications and nosocomial infection. It also lowered health care costs and shortened hospital stay.


Subject(s)
Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method , Adolescent , Adult , Birth Weight , Breast Feeding/methods , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Colombia/epidemiology , Cost Savings , Family Characteristics , Female , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Maternity/organization & administration , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/economics , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/methods , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/statistics & numerical data , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Maternal Age , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Weight Gain , Young Adult
10.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 14 Suppl 2: 86-99, 2012 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23258284

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. RESULTS: An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.


Subject(s)
Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Age of Onset , Attitude , Child , Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dangerous Behavior , Drug Utilization/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Humans , Male , Marijuana Abuse/psychology , Peer Group , Prevalence , Recreation , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Schools/classification , Students/psychology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
11.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;14(supl.2): 32-45, jun. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-659940

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Describir la eficacia y logros del PMC sobre la salud y el desarrollo de los recién nacidos prematuros o con bajo peso al nacer en el Hospital San Rafael de Tunja durante el periodo comprendido entre Noviembre de 2007 y Octubre 31 de 2009 en sus diferentes componentes. Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo de una cohorte. Se incluyeron 374 recién nacidos prematuros o con bajo peso al nacer, para evaluar factores sociodemográficos del hogar, antecedentes maternos y obstétricos, características y complicaciones del parto y seguimiento hasta las 40 semanas de edad postconcepcional. Resultados Altas prevalencias de embarazo adolescente (17,5 %) y en mayores de 35 años (12,6 %); embarazo no deseado (40,6 %); baja calidad y disponibilidad de alimentos en la familia; complicaciones como toxemia gravídica, infecciones y ruptura prematura de membranas; peso promedio al nacer de 1 969 gramos; peso promedio al egreso 2 742,9 gramos; ganancia promedio de peso por día de 22 gramos. Conclusiones Se encuentra que la metodología del programa Madre Canguro mejora sustancialmente los aspectos psicológicos de la madre y el pronóstico de salud de los recién nacidos y permite la estabilización de la temperatura corporal, del ritmo de ganancia de peso, a la vez que disminuye los riesgos de complicaciones y de infección nosocomial. También disminuye los costos de atención y estancia hospitalaria.


Objective Describing the efficacy and achievements of the kangaroo mothers' programme (KMP) regarding preterm or low-birth-weight babies' health and development in Hospital San Rafael in Tunja from November 2007 to December 2009. Methods This was a retrospective observational cohort study; 374 infants born prematurely or having low-birth-weight were included to assess household socio-demographic factors, maternal and obstetric history, delivery characteristics and complications and follow-up until 40 weeks post-conception age. Results There was a high prevalence of teenage pregnancy (17.5 %) and in women older than 35 years (12.6 %), unwanted pregnancy (40.6 %), low quality and poor availability of food in families, complications such as preeclampsia, infection and premature rupture of membranes, 1,969 grams average birth weight, 2,742.9 grams average weight on discharge and 22 grams average weight gain per day. Conclusions It was found that KMP methodology substantially improved the mothers' psychological aspects and health status and the newborns' prognosis and led to stabilising body temperature and weight gain rate while decreasing risks of complications and nosocomial infection. It also lowered health care costs and shortened hospital stay.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method , Birth Weight , Breast Feeding/methods , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Colombia/epidemiology , Cost Savings , Family Characteristics , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Maternity/organization & administration , Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/economics , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/methods , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Maternal Age , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Weight Gain
12.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;14(supl.2): 86-99, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-659944

ABSTRACT

Objectives Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. Results An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. Conclusions The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.


Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de vida del consumo de sustancias ilegales y la accesibilidad a sustancias ilegales. Determinar factores de riesgo y factores protectores relacionados con el consumo. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal mediante el análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Se aplicó una encuesta a 1 515 estudiantes de los grados 8 al 11 en las escuelas de la ciudad, entre las edades de 12 a 18. Resultados Se encontró un aumento de la prevalencia de vida y una disminución en la edad de inicio al consumo. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: ambiente académico y las actitudes hacia las autoridades escolares, la vinculación a los grupos de deportes recreativos, no respeto a los mayores, pertenecer a pandillas y participar en actividades riesgosas y peligrosas. Conclusiones Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de una revisión crítica de la promoción actual y las estrategias de prevención destinadas a controlar el uso de sustancias psicoactivas entre los niños y adolescentes, de acuerdo a la nueva realidad de la tráfico y consumo interno en Colombia.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Age of Onset , Attitude , Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dangerous Behavior , Drug Utilization/legislation & jurisprudence , Marijuana Abuse/psychology , Peer Group , Prevalence , Recreation , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Schools/classification , Students/psychology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
13.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 18(1): 48-56, 2012 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22257780

ABSTRACT

To quantify age-specific excess-mortality rates and transmissibility patterns for the 1918-20 influenza pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia, we reviewed archival mortality records. We identified a severe pandemic wave during October 1918-January1919 associated with 40 excess deaths per 10,000 population. The age profile for excess deaths was W shaped; highest mortality rates were among infants (<5 y of age), followed by elderly persons (>60 y) and young adults (25-29 y). Mean reproduction number was estimated at 1.4-1.7, assuming 3- or 4-day generation intervals. Boyacá, unlike cities in Europe, the United States, or Mexico, experienced neither a herald pandemic wave of deaths early in 1918 nor a recrudescent wave in 1920. In agreement with reports from Mexico, our study found no death-sparing effect for elderly persons in Colombia. We found regional disparities in prior immunity and timing of introduction of the 1918 pandemic virus across populations.


Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Child , Colombia/epidemiology , History, 20th Century , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/mortality
14.
Rev Edumecentro ; 4(3)2012. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-51270

ABSTRACT

Tipo de estudio: descriptivo en estudiantes de primer año de la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara en el curso 2011-2012. Objetivo: determinar los factores motivacionales que influyeron en estos estudiantes para elegir la carrera. Universo: constituido por todos los estudiantes matriculados en la sede central. Muestra: se obtuvo mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple con el 50 por ciento de los alumnos. Métodos: teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos. Resultados: el 50.9 por ciento de los ingresados a la carrera fueron del municipio Santa Clara; de éstos, el 49 por ciento acceden por preuniversitario, el resto por concurso. Entre ellos, el 51.6 por ciento declaran haber recibido conferencias orientadoras y solamente un estudiante del propio municipio señala participación en círculo de interés, el resto de los municipios no refieren haber recibido alguna orientación. Los factores motivacionales identificados en los estudiantes fueron el reconocimiento social representado por 22 (41.5 por ciento) y la familia o amistades 21 (39.6). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los estudiantes ingresaron por vía preuniversitario, y predominaron los del municipio Santa Clara. Se identificaron como factores influyentes el reconocimiento social y la influencia afectiva, la escasez de orientación y formación vocacional, y en mayor medida, la casi nula participación en círculo de interés. Por lo que proponemos el análisis en las enseñanzas media superior y superior, de factores como los ya descritos para que se desarrollen acciones con el fin de lograr una mayor motivación en los estudiantes(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Motivation , Vocational Guidance , Students, Dental
15.
Rev Edumecentro ; 4(3)2012.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-51264

ABSTRACT

Investigación realizada en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, en la carrera de Estomatología durante el primer semestre de curso 2010-2011, con el objetivo de describir los principales resultados de la aplicación del método de proyectos en la disciplina Informática Médica. Fue aplicada por los integrantes del claustro docente, los cuales realizaron el proceso según las orientaciones del programa, solo se modificó el método de enseñanza sugerido. Concluida la etapa de aplicación fueron entrevistados estudiantes y profesores, la información obtenida fue sometida a la técnica de triangulación, posteriormente se sometió la propuesta a criterio de especialistas. La aplicación del método de proyectos en la disciplina Informática Médica vincula las diferentes formas de enseñanza y su dirección metodológica, garantizando la actividad cognoscitiva independiente y la búsqueda del conocimiento(AU)


Subject(s)
Medical Informatics , Projects
16.
PLoS One ; 6(1): e14631, 2011 Jan 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21304960

ABSTRACT

The marine areas of South America (SA) include almost 30,000 km of coastline and encompass three different oceanic domains--the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic--ranging in latitude from 12∘N to 55∘S. The 10 countries that border these coasts have different research capabilities and taxonomic traditions that affect taxonomic knowledge. This paper analyzes the status of knowledge of marine biodiversity in five subregions along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America (SA): the Tropical East Pacific, the Humboldt Current,the Patagonian Shelf, the Brazilian Shelves, and the Tropical West Atlantic, and it provides a review of ecosystem threats and regional marine conservation strategies. South American marine biodiversity is least well known in the tropical subregions (with the exception of Costa Rica and Panama). Differences in total biodiversity were observed between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the same latitude. In the north of the continent, the Tropical East Pacific is richer in species than the Tropical West Atlantic, however, when standardized by coastal length, there is very little difference among them. In the south, the Humboldt Current system is much richer than the Patagonian Shelf. An analysis of endemism shows that 75% of the species are reported within only one of the SA regions, while about 22% of the species of SA are not reported elsewhere in the world. National and regional initiatives focusing on new exploration, especially to unknown areas and ecosystems, as well as collaboration among countries are fundamental to achieving the goal of completing inventories of species diversity and distribution.These inventories will allow accurate interpretation of the biogeography of its two oceanic coasts and latitudinal trends,and will also provide relevant information for science based policies.


Subject(s)
Aquatic Organisms , Biodiversity , Informatics/methods , Marine Biology/methods , South America
17.
Medicentro (Villa Clara) ; 14(4)dic. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-44864

ABSTRACT

Con el objetivo de evaluar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en la población hipertensa adulta de un área de salud del Policlínico Chiqui Gómez Lubián, se seleccionaron los 384 pacientes del Consultorio Médico de Familia 110-2 dispensarizados como hipertensos; en ellos se determinaron las variables restantes usadas en el diagnóstico del síndrome, según la propuesta del Grupo Latinoamericano de la Oficina Internacional de Información de Lípidos. La prevalencia encontrada de esta enfermedad fue de un 57,81 por ciento, con una mayor afectación en el sexo masculino. La media de glucemia encontrada fue de 6,96 mmol/l, los triglicéridos 3,01 mmol/l, el colesterol 7,96 mmol/l y el índice cintura-cadera 0,87. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron mediante el paquete SPSS. Estas variables mostraron valores significativamente superiores luego de los 60 años de edad en ambos sexos, pero con mayor afectación en la población masculina. De los resultados se infiere que este síndrome presenta una elevada prevalencia entre los hipertensos estudiados(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hypertension , Metabolic Syndrome
18.
Medicentro (Villa Clara) ; 14(4)dic. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-768530

ABSTRACT

Con el objetivo de evaluar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en la población hipertensa adulta de un área de salud del Policlínico Chiqui Gómez Lubián, se seleccionaron los 384 pacientes del Consultorio Médico de Familia 110-2 dispensarizados como hipertensos; en ellos se determinaron las variables restantes usadas en el diagnóstico del síndrome, según la propuesta del Grupo Latinoamericano de la Oficina Internacional de Información de Lípidos. La prevalencia encontrada de esta enfermedad fue de un 57,81 por ciento, con una mayor afectación en el sexo masculino. La media de glucemia encontrada fue de 6,96 mmol/l, los triglicéridos 3,01 mmol/l, el colesterol 7,96 mmol/l y el índice cintura-cadera 0,87. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron mediante el paquete SPSS. Estas variables mostraron valores significativamente superiores luego de los 60 años de edad en ambos sexos, pero con mayor afectación en la población masculina. De los resultados se infiere que este síndrome presenta una elevada prevalencia entre los hipertensos estudiados


This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adulthypertensive population in a health area from "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" Polyclinic, 384 patientsdispensarized as hypertensive were selected from the Medical Office 110-2; the rest of thevariables used in the diagnosis of the syndrome were determined according to the proposal of theLatin American Group of the International Office of Lipid's Information. The prevalence found in thisdisease was 57,81 %, with a higher incidence in masculine sex. The mean glucemia found was6,96 mmol/l, triglycerides 3,01 mmol/l, cholesterol 7,96 mmol/l and waist-hip index 0,87.Statisticalcalculations were performed by means of a SPSS statistical package. These variables showedvalues significantly superior in females and males over 60 years old, but with a higher increase inmasculine population. We infer from the obtained results that this syndrome has an elevatedprevalence among the hypertensive patients studied.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hypertension , Metabolic Syndrome
19.
Rev. mex. trastor. aliment ; 1(1): 36-47, Jan.-June 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-714476

ABSTRACT

En este estudio transcultural se evaluó el rol de las influencias socioculturales sobre conductas alimentarias no saludables en dos países hispano-parlantes (España y México). El Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), el Test de Bulimia (BULIT) y el Cuestionario de Influencia del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) fueron administrados a 862 estudiantes (España, 254 mujeres y 184 varones; México, 243 mujeres y 181 varones). El análisis de los datos reveló no diferencias significativas en los efectos principales de la variable "País"; en los efectos principales de la variable "Género" se encontraron diferencias significativas en las sub-escalas malestar con la imagen corporal (p = . 001), influencia de los mensajes verbales (p = . 035) e influencia de los modelos sociales (p = . 008); y en los efectos principales de la variable "Sintomatología" en todas las sub-escalas (malestar con la imagen corporal, influencia de la publicidad, influencia de los mensajes verbales, influencia de los modelos sociales e influencia de las situaciones sociales). En las interacciones sólo se encontró diferencias en "País x Género" (influencia de la publicidad [p = .029]). Estos datos apoyan las diferencias reportadas entre mujeres y varones; así como subrayan que el efecto de las influencias socioculturales cambian a lo largo del tiempo.los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) identificar y describir algunos de los elementos culturales pertinentes al tratamiento de los TCA en la población latina y, 2) esbozar un modelo de intervención para los TCA que sea culturalmente sensible a la población latina de los Estados Unidos. El desarrollo de intervenciones culturalmente sensibles es un componente importante para reducir la disparidad en los servicios de salud brindados a la población latina residente en los Estados Unidos.


This current cross-cultural study was designed to examine the role of sociocultural influences on disordered eating behaviors in two Spanish-speaking countries (Spain and Mexico). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimia Test (BULIT) and the Questionnaire on Influence on Body Shape Model (CIMEC, in Spanish) were administered to 862 students (Spain, 254 females and 184 males; Mexico, 243 females and 181 males). The data analysis revealed that there were no significant main effects of "Country"; there was significant main effect of "Gender" in the distress due to body image (p = .001), influence of verbal messages (p = .035) and influence of social models subscales (p = .008); and in main effects of "Symptomatology" in all the subscales (distress due to body image, influence of advertising, influence of verbal messages, influence of social models and influence of social situations). In the interactions only was found differences in "Country x Gender" (influence of advertising [p = .029]). These findings support the differences reported between males and females; as well as to underline that the effect of the sociocultural influences appears to change across time as culture change.

20.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;11(4): 568-578, jul.-ago. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-538759

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Evaluar la asociación de la edad y el peso corporal con la interiorización del ideal de delgadez, la insatisfacción corporal y los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria entre mujeres adolescentes, jóvenes y adultas. Material y Métodos Participaron 145 mujeres de entre 12 y 46 años, quienes contestaron cuatro instrumentos de autoreporte para evaluar: síntomas de anorexia nerviosa, síntomas de bulimia nerviosa, interiorización del ideal corporal de delgadez e insatisfacción corporal; además fue registrado su peso y estatura para calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para analizar los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, específicamente correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados Una mayor edad se asoció con incremento en la interiorización de ideal de delgadez y en la insatisfacción corporal, pero no así en cuanto a los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, los cuales no mostraron correlación con la edad. La comparación entre los grupos no sólo confirmó que las mujeres adultas reportaron mayor insatisfacción e interiorización, sino que sus actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas fueron prácticamente equiparables a las presentes en las adolescentes. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio sustentan la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de las actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas en las mujeres adultas, debido a que es en esta etapa de la vida cuando la recurrencia en la realización de métodos extremos para el control del peso corporal, puede significar un mayor riesgo sobre el estado de salud.


Objective Assessing the association of age and weight with internalisation of the ideal of being thin, bodily dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms amongst three groups of females: teenage, young and adult women. Material and Methods 145 females participated, ranging in age from 12 to 46, who answered four self-reporting questionnaires aimed at measuring symptoms of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, the ideal of being thin and bodily dissatisfaction. The participants’ weight and height were also recorded for calculating their body mass index. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Being an older woman was associated with high internalisation of ideally being thin and bodily dissatisfaction; however, it was not correlated with eating disorder symptoms. Comparisons between groups showed that adult females were more dissatisfied with their bodies and their attitudes towards being thin; however, their attitudes and behaviour concerning abnormal eating were just as inappropriate as that amongst teenagers. Conclusions These findings show the need for research into attitudes towards eating amongst adult women because they use extreme methods for controlling weight which may result in higher health risks.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Body Image , Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Feeding Behavior , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
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