Metabolomic approach for phytochemical assessment of Murraya koenigii fruits during different maturity stages.

A detailed metabolomic study was performed on various maturation stages of Murraya koenigii fruit pulps, seed, and leaf. Among the fruit pulps, stage 6 had the highest TPC (13.27 mg/g of GAE) and TFC content (6.16 mg/g RE). The extracts also showed promising free radical scavenging activity, especially in the seed (IC50DPPH 427 µg/mL). Metabolomics study revealed the identification of 133 metabolites in fruit pulps, seeds and leaves using the METLIN database. In silico PASS software analysis predicted the antimutagenic property of myricetin and bismurrayaquinone A. Pathway analysis revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway as one of the major pathways present in the fruit pulps. This detailed metabolic report of M. koenigii fruit maturation report brings a new insight into phytochemicals and their distribution in seed, pulps and leaves along with nutritive values and can be considered for nutritive and therapeutic purposes.

Assessment of nutritional properties and phenolic characterization of freshly harvested Dendrocalamus hamiltoni shoots and processed bamboo candy.

The free and bound phenolic constituents in Dendrocalamus hamiltonii shoots were evaluated and compared to processed bamboo candy. Preliminary proximate analysis revealed a percent reduction in moisture and protein with a less significant change in fibre content. The fresh free phenolic extract (FFPE) exhibited a total phenolics of 131.22 mg GAE/g and recovered 48.29 mg GAE/g phenolic content in bound fraction (FBPE). Results demonstrated higher loss of free phenolics after processing compared to bound fraction (CBPE). Although similar results were observed in total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was reduced after candy processing, with fresh shoots having the lowest percent inhibition (IC50) against DPPH· and ABTS· radicals. Although both free and bound fractions of candy demonstrated effective antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis revealed that FFPE contained more chlorogenic acid (0.14 mg/10 g) and cinnamic acid (0.75 mg/10 g) than CFPE. Quercetin was undetected in all free fractions but was found in bound form.

Recent developments in citrus bioflavonoid encapsulation to reinforce controlled antioxidant delivery and generate therapeutic uses: Review.

Citrus fruits contain numerous antioxidative biomolecules including phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanones, polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), and their derivatives. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies thoroughly investigated the antioxidant and therapeutic potential of bioflavonoids extracted from different citrus varieties and fruit fractions. Major bioflavonoids such as hesperidin, naringin, naringenin, and PMFs, had restricted their incorporation into food and health products due to their poor solubility, chemical stability and bioavailability. Considering these limitations, modern encapsulation methodologies such as hydrogelation, liposomal interactions, emulsifications, and nanoparticles have been designed to shield bioflavonoids with improved target distribution for therapeutic enhancements. The size, durability, and binding efficiency of bioflavonoid-loaded encapsulates were acquired by the optimized chemical and instrumental parameters such as solubility, gelation, dispersion, extrusion, and drying. Bioflavonoid-enriched encapsulates have been also proven to be effective against cancer, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and various other illnesses. However, in the future, newer natural binding agents with higher binding capacity might accelerate the encapsulating potential, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability of citrus bioflavonoids. Overall, these modern encapsulation systems are currently leading to a new era of diet-based medicine, as demand for citrus fruit-based nutritional supplements and edibles grows.

Comparative metabolomics of Himalayan crab apple (Malus baccata) with commercially utilized apple (Malus domestica) using UHPLC-QTOF-IMS coupled with multivariate analysis.

A comprehensive UHPLC-QTOF-IMS based metabolomics investigation in skin and pulp of Malus domestica and Malus baccata was performed. M. domestica fruit parts had higher phenolic contents (25.75-43.05 mg GAE/g) as compared to M. baccata (18.10-28.37 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (1.34-9.59 mg RE/g) followed by promising antioxidant activity (MD_Skin DPPH 119.41 µg/mL and MB_Skin DPPH 148.24 µg/mL). Targeted metabolomics quantified higher chlorogenic acid in MD_pulp (929.54 mg/100 g) and phloridzin in MD_skin (722.54 mg/100 g). Amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, vitamins, nucleosides, quinones, fatty acids, and derivatives are among the 248 distinctive metabolites identified using non-targeted metabolomics. Multivariate data analysis, VIP projection and pathway interaction studies demonstrated the metabolic changes and differential distribution in both fruits. Using KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the biosynthesis of flavone and flavonols is the most prevalent in both fruits. The current study found that M. baccata has a comparable metabolite distribution and should be considered for health-beneficial products.

A comparative metabolomic investigation in fruit sections of Citrus medica L. and Citrus maxima L. detecting potential bioactive metabolites using UHPLC-QTOF-IMS.

The current study focused on targeted and non-targeted metabolomics of Citrus fruit parts (exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seeds) to gain a comprehensive metabolomic insight. Sections of the Citrus fruit were preliminarily examined for proximate compositions (moisture, ash, fibre, fat, and protein). Whereas ultrasonication-assisted solvent extraction revealed a higher phenolic and flavonoid content at 80% (v/v) ethanolic medium, with the highest amount in the exocarp. Using targeted metabolomics, hesperidin (3307.25 mg/100 g), naringin (4803.73 mg/100 g) were detected in C. medica and C. maxima at greater levels, respectively. Further quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids (gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid), and polymethoxyflavones (nobiletin, and tangeretin) and detected in the order of exocarp > mesocarp > endocarp > seeds. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, metabolite discriminations among Citrus fruit sections were illustrated by Venn-diagram, heatmap, PCA, o-PLSDA, correlation matrices, and S-plot. UHPLC-QTOF-IMS revealed 48 metabolites including phenolics, vitamins, and amino acids. Furthermore, the METLIN database leads to the identification of 202 unknown metabolites. The metabolite biosynthesis and corresponding metabolite presence in Citrus fruit sections were confirmed using pathway enrichment and mass fragmentation analysis. Finally, potential biological activities were determined using in silico PASS software approach, and free radical scavenging potential was confirmed using in vitro assays for future preventive and therapeutic applications of the identified metabolites.

Characterization of phenolics, amino acids, fatty acids and antioxidant activity in pulp and seeds of high altitude Himalayan crab apple fruits (Malus baccata).

Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have achieved immense significance owing to the increasing evidence which signifying their activity for antioxidant and prevention of chronic diseases. The amount of phloretin (88.39 µg mg-1) and phloridzin (83.03 µg mg-1) were found to be higher among other phenolics determined using UPLC. DPPH, ABTS+, metal chelating and ·OH radical assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Malus baccata pulp portion showed higher antioxidant activity than seed portion. HPLC analysis for free amino acids showed that serine (9.06 µg mg-1), alanine (8.03 µg mg-1), tyrosine (10.33 µg mg-1), and cysteine (76.86 µg mg-1) were only detected in pulp portion while seed comprised of histidine (3.96 µg mg-1) only. Seed portion was also determined for their fatty acid composition including palmitic acid (0.89%), ethyl palmitate (0.56%), methyl petroselinate (0.90%) and linolein (3.93%) using GC-MS analysis. HPAEC technique detected fructose and sucrose in a fair amount of 21 and 17.3 mg g-1 in pulp, while 9.4 and 4.24 mg g-1 in seed portion, respectively. The present study suggested that M. baccata fruit is a rich source of phenolic and other chemical components which can be used in food products and nutraceutical formulations.