ABSTRACT
In mouse development, long-term silencing by CpG island DNA methylation is specifically targeted to germline genes; however, the molecular mechanisms of this specificity remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor E2F6, a member of the polycomb repressive complex 1.6 (PRC1.6), is critical to target and initiate epigenetic silencing at germline genes in early embryogenesis. Genome-wide, E2F6 binds preferentially to CpG islands in embryonic cells. E2F6 cooperates with MGA to silence a subgroup of germline genes in mouse embryonic stem cells and in embryos, a function that critically depends on the E2F6 marked box domain. Inactivation of E2f6 leads to a failure to deposit CpG island DNA methylation at these genes during implantation. Furthermore, E2F6 is required to initiate epigenetic silencing in early embryonic cells but becomes dispensable for the maintenance in differentiated cells. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms of epigenetic targeting of germline genes and provide a paradigm for how transient repression signals by DNA-binding factors in early embryonic cells are translated into long-term epigenetic silencing during mouse development.
Subject(s)
CpG Islands/genetics , E2F6 Transcription Factor/genetics , E2F6 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Embryonic Development/genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic , Germ Cells/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Cell Differentiation , DNA Methylation , Gene Silencing , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/metabolism , RNA, Small InterferingABSTRACT
DNA methylation is extensively reprogrammed during mammalian embryogenesis and germ cell development. Protocols for genome-wide bisulfite sequencing enable the quantification of DNA methylation with high precision and single base-pair resolution; however they can be limited by the necessity for high amounts of DNA. Here we describe optimized reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) protocols for low amounts of DNA, which include steps to estimate the minimal number of PCR cycles needed for the final library preparation to minimize PCR biases. These protocols require no more than 5 ng DNA and can easily be applied to mammalian cells available in small quantities such as early embryos or primordial germ cells.
Subject(s)
DNA Methylation , DNA/genetics , Whole Genome Sequencing/methods , Animals , Gene Library , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sulfites/chemistryABSTRACT
Mouse embryos acquire global DNA methylation of their genome during implantation. However the exact roles of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in embryos have not been studied comprehensively. Here we systematically analyze the consequences of genetic inactivation of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b on the methylome and transcriptome of mouse embryos. We find a strict division of function between DNMT1, responsible for maintenance methylation, and DNMT3A/B, solely responsible for methylation acquisition in development. By analyzing severely hypomethylated embryos, we uncover multiple functions of DNA methylation that is used as a mechanism of repression for a panel of genes including not only imprinted and germline genes, but also lineage-committed genes and 2-cell genes. DNA methylation also suppresses multiple retrotransposons and illegitimate transcripts from cryptic promoters in transposons and gene bodies. Our work provides a thorough analysis of the roles of DNA methyltransferases and the importance of DNA methylation for transcriptome integrity in mammalian embryos.