Transurethral resection of bladder tumor-based bladder preservation therapy for refractory high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Current landscape and future directions.

Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of urinary system worldwide. Approximately 75% of patients with bladder cancer present with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which is effectively managed with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). For refractory high risk NMIBC, patients are typically treated by radical cystectomy (RC). TURBT deserves further evaluation. Growing evidence suggests that repeated TURBT-based bladder-sparing approaches may improve oncological outcomes and quality of life in highly selected patients. Novel imaging techniques and biomarkers may aid in patients selection and postoperative surveillance. With growing interest in adding immunotherapy to refractory bladder cancer, TURBT based approaches enable the bladder preservation therapy for high risk NMIBC. Here we summarize the current landscape, biomarkers for surveillance, and future directions for applying TURBT-based bladder preservation therapy.

Risk factors for renal allograft survival with China novel donation category: Donation after brain death followed by cardiac arrest.

INTRODUCTION: To meet the need for transplantable organs, a new donation program was initiated by the Chinese government. This novel policy created three categories for deceased organ donations: donation after circulatory death cardiac death (DCD), donation after brain death (DBD), and donation after brain death followed by circulatory death (DBCD) meaning complete cardiac arrest. In fact, the DBCD method is a combination of both DBD and DCD methods. A DBCD donor meets the criteria of for brain death, but the organ procurement begins after the withdrawal of life support and the subsequent cardiac arrest death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation in our center with the DBCD policy. Potential risk factors for affecting the renal allograft survival were also analyzed based on our data. METHOD: A retrospective study, involving 421 kidney transplants derived from 214 donors, was conducted between December 2011 and October 2019. In particular, 373 (88.6%) transplanted organs met the criteria for DBCD, and 48 (11.4%) for DCD. The log-rank test was used to compare the difference in survival. The Cox regression analysis was used for risk factor screening. RESULT: Analysis showed that the DBCD group was better than the DCD group in terms of overall (p = 0.031) as well as death-censored (p = 0.026) allograft survival using the log-rank test. A Cox regression analysis revealed that increasing donor age (p = 0.002, HR = 1.820/10 years incremental older), increasing recipient age (p = 0.028, HR = 1.521/10 years increment older), prolonged dialysis duration (p = 0.007, HR = 1.018), occurrence episodes of acute rejection (p = 0.016, HR = 2.697), delayed graft function (p = 0.012, HR = 2.962), mismatch ≥4 HLA loci (p = 0.038, HR = 3.606), and warm ischemia time > 15 min (p = 0.022, HR = 2.915), were all independent risk factors affecting the graft survival. CONCLUSION: The new DBCD policy of donation produced acceptable results similar or even better than the DCD practice. Based on our analysis, the graft survival of DBCD transplants may be better than DCD transplants. The main risk factors for allograft loss included an increasing donor age, recipient age, warm ischemia time > 15 min, prolonged dialysis duration, acute rejection, delayed graft function, and HLA mismatch ≥4 HLA loci.