Expert consensus statement on therapeutic drug monitoring and individualization of linezolid.

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibacterial drug, and its therapeutic drug monitoring and individualized treatment have been challenged since its approval. With the in-depth clinical research of linezolid, we have changed our attitude toward its therapeutic drug monitoring and our view of individualized treatment. On the basis of summarizing the existing clinical studies, and based on the practical experience of each expert in their respective professional fields, we have formed this expert consensus. Our team of specialists is a multidisciplinary team that includes pharmacotherapists, clinical pharmacology specialists, critical care medicine specialists, respiratory specialists, infectious disease specialists, emergency medicine specialists and more. We are committed to the safe and effective use of linezolid in patients in need, and the promotion of its therapeutic drug monitoring.

A bibliometric analysis of infectious diseases in patients with liver transplantation in the last decade.

BACKGROUND: A bibliometric analysis was performed to reveal the current status of investigations in infectious diseases in patients with liver transplantation (LT) and to prioritize future research needs. METHODS: The present study comprehensively retrieved publications relevant to infectious diseases in LT recipients published between 2010 and 2020. The search was conducted on the Web of Science (WoS) database. A bibliometric analysis was conducted through machine learning and visualization tools, including VOSviewer, Bibliographic Item Co-Occurrence Matrix Builder, and Graphical Clustering Toolkit. Research hotspots and trends in the field were assessed, while the contributions and collaborations of countries, institutions, and authors were documented. RESULTS: A total of 691 publications were analyzed. Research output sharply increased in 2015, with a fast drop afterward. "Liver transplantation" was the most frequent keyword, with strong links to "hepatitis C virus" and "infection". Study areas included risk factors of infectious diseases in LT recipients, pathogens causing post-transplantation infections, antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis for peritransplant infection complications, living donor LT, and pediatric LT. The efficacy and safety of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among liver transplant recipients has attracted recent research interest. Didier Samuel was the most productive author, while Xavier Forns was the top-cited author. Shanghai Jiao Tong University was the most productive contributor, and Gilead Sciences was the most cited organization. Moreover, the USA was the greatest contributor. Gastroenterology was the most cited journal, while Liver Transplantation was the most prolific journal. CONCLUSIONS: This bibliometric analysis will better understand the research status of infectious complications in LT recipients and forecast future research trends. Priority should be given to identifying risk factors for peritransplantation infections and effective treatments against infectious complications in the coming years.

Reversal activity of nanostructured lipid carriers loading cytotoxic drug in multi-drug resistant cancer cells.

To overcome multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells, paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared by solvent diffusion method using monostearin as solid lipid and oleic acid as liquid lipid matrix. The cytotoxicities and reversal activity of drug-loaded NLC were tested against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells and their multi-drug resistant (MCF-7/ADR and SKOV3-TR30) cells. The chemical conjugant of folic acid and stearic acid (FA-SA) was further synthesized to prepare folated NLC. Comparing with taxol and doxorubicin solution, the NLC loading PTX exhibited high cytotoxicities in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells, while the NLC loading DOX only indicated high cytotoxicity in MCF-7/ADR cells. The reversal powers of the NLC loading PTX and DOX were 34.3 and 6.4 folds, respectively. The NLC loading PTX and DOX showed the same trends of enhanced cytotoxicity against SKOV3 and SKOV3-TR30 cells. The reversal powers were 31.3 and 2.2 folds for the NLC loading PTX and DOX, respectively. The modification of NLC with FA-SA could further enhance the cytotoxicities of drug in drug sensitive and drug resistant cells.

PEGylated chitosan-based polymer micelle as an intracellular delivery carrier for anti-tumor targeting therapy.

Stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) micelles presented a potential candidate for intracellular drug delivery carrier due to its special spatial structure. In this article, CSO-SA was further modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The physicochemical properties of PEGylated CSO-SA (PEG-CSO-SA) micelles were characterized. After PEGylation, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of PEG-CSO-SA had no significant change; the micelle size increased; and the zeta potential decreased. The cellular uptake of CSO-SA micelles before and after PEGylation in macrophage RAW264.7, immortalized rat liver cells BRL-3A and human liver tumor cells HepG2 was studied. About 58.4+/-0.63% of CSO-SA micelles were uptaked by RAW264.7 in 24h, however, only 17.7+/-0.94% of PEG-CSO-SA micelles were internalized into RAW264.7 after the CSO-SA was modified with PEG in five molar times. Meanwhile, there were no changes in the uptake after PEGylation of CSO-SA in BRL-3A and HepG2. Using mitomycin C as a model drug, the in vitro anti-tumor activities of the drug loaded in the micelles were investigated. The 50% cellular growth inhibition (IC(50)) of the drug decreased from 1.97+/-0.2 to 0.13+/-0.02mug/mL after mitomycin C was loaded into CSO-SA micelles, and the IC(50) value of the drug had no obvious change when the CSO-SA was modified by PEG.