Chitosan Coating as a Strategy to Increase Postemergent Herbicidal Efficiency and Alter the Interaction of Nanoatrazine with Bidens pilosa Plants.

The atrazine nanodelivery system, composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL+ATZ) nanocapsules (NCs), has demonstrated efficient delivery of the active ingredient to target plants in previous studies, leading to greater herbicide effectiveness than conventional formulations. Established nanosystems can be enhanced or modified to generate new biological activity patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan coating of PCL+ATZ NCs on herbicidal activity and interaction mechanisms with Bidens pilosa plants. Chitosan-coated NCs (PCL/CS+ATZ) were synthesized and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency. Herbicidal efficiency was assessed in postemergence greenhouse trials, comparing the effects of PCL/CS+ATZ NCs (coated), PCL+ATZ NCs (uncoated), and conventional atrazine (ATZ) on photosystem II (PSII) activity and weed control. Using a hydroponic system, we evaluated the root absorption and shoot translocation of fluorescently labeled NCs. PCL/CS+ATZ presented a positive zeta potential (25 mV), a size of 200 nm, and an efficiency of atrazine encapsulation higher than 90%. The postemergent herbicidal activity assay showed an efficiency gain of PSII activity inhibition of up to 58% compared to ATZ and PCL+ATZ at 96 h postapplication. The evaluation of weed control 14 days after application ratified the positive effect of chitosan coating on herbicidal activity, as the application of PCL/CS+ATZ at 1000 g of a.i. ha-1 resulted in better control than ATZ at 2000 g of a.i. ha-1 and PCL+ATZ at 1000 g of a.i. ha-1. In the hydroponic experiment, chitosan-coated NCs labeled with a fluorescent probe accumulated in the root cortex, with a small quantity reaching the vascular cylinder and leaves up to 72 h after exposure. This behavior resulted in lower leaf atrazine levels and PSII inhibition than ATZ. In summary, chitosan coating of nanoatrazine improved the herbicidal activity against B. pilosa plants when applied to the leaves but negatively affected the root-to-shoot translocation of the herbicide. This study opens avenues for further investigations to improve and modify established nanosystems, paving the way for developing novel biological activity patterns.

Post-emergence herbicidal activity of nanoatrazine against Alternanthera tenella Colla plants compared to other weed species.

The encapsulation of atrazine into poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules has been shown to improve the efficiency of the herbicide and decrease its environmental impacts. In the current work, we evaluated the efficiency of nanoatrazine in the post-emergence control of Alternanthera tenella Colla plants and performed a meta-analysis to compare the results with studies already published with other weeds. The first experiment was carried out in the field, where we observed that nanoatrazine (at 200 g a. i. ha-1) induced higher inhibition of the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (up to 39%) than conventional atrazine at the same concentration. However, nanoencapsulation did not improve the visually-determined weed control by atrazine. To better understand the response of A. tenella plants to nanoatrazine, a second experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with four-leaf stage plants treated with nano and conventional atrazine at 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 g a. i. ha-1. Nanoatrazine showed higher efficiency (up to 33%) than commercial atrazine in inhibiting photosystem II activity at all doses until 48 h after application. Again, weed control and plant dry mass did not differ between formulations. From the meta-analysis, it was observed that A. tenella plants showed a response to nanoatrazine that differs from other target species, as the gain in efficiency resulting from the nanoencapsulation was restricted to the short-term analysis, and did not result in better weed control. These results reinforce that the efficiency of nanoatrazine is dependent on the studied species.

Interaction of Nanoatrazine and Target Organism: Evaluation of Fate and Photosystem II Inhibition in Hydroponically Grown Mustard (Brassica juncea) Plants.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles are an efficient carrier system for atrazine. However, there is a gap regarding the effects of nanoencapsulation on herbicide-plant interactions. Here, we evaluate the fate and photosystem II inhibition of nano and commercial atrazine in hydroponically grown mustard (Brassica juncea) plants whose roots were exposed to the formulations. In addition, to quantify the endogenous levels of atrazine in plant organs, we measured the inhibition of photosystem II activity by both formulations. Moreover, the fluorescently labeled nanoatrazine was tracked in plant tissues using confocal microscopy. The nanoencapsulation induced greater inhibition of photosystem II activity as well as higher accumulation of atrazine in roots and leaves. The nanoparticles were quickly absorbed by the roots, being detected in the vascular tissues and the leaves. Overall, these results provide insights into the mechanisms involved in the enhanced preemergent herbicidal activity of nanoatrazine against target plants.

Growth inhibition of sourgrass as a function of period of darkness after diquat application

Photosystem-inhibiting herbicides, such as diquat, act by inducing oxidative stress. However, oxidative damage impairs translocation, resulting in regrowth of the plants. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of diquat in controlling the growth of sourgrass exposed to different periods of darkness after application of the herbicide, as well as to evaluate the photosynthetic activity and the production of reactive oxygen species. Two experiments (field and greenhouse) were conducted by applying diquat (200 g a.i. ha-1) on sourgrass plants at the 3 to 4 tiller stage. The treated plants were subjected to different periods of darkness after diquat application (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h), in addition to the control treatment without any application. Growth inhibition and mass evaluations of the sourgrass plants were performed in both experiments, whereas photosynthetic activity and H2O2 accumulation in the leaves were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. The results showed an increase in the sourgrass growth inhibition with an increase in the period of darkness after application. There was a need for a minimum of 6 h of darkness after diquat application to fully inhibit growth (100%) of the sourgrass, whereas plants that remained in the sun since application exhibited less than 50% inhibition. The increase in the period of darkness after diquat application resulted in a reduction in photosynthetic activity and, consequently, lower accumulation of H2O2. Thus, the maintenance of sourgrass in the dark for at least 6 h enables total control of the growth of the plants, preventing regrowth.

ACCase inhibitor fractionation and glyphosate addition improve perennial sourgrass control / O fracionamento de inibidores da ACCase e a adição de glyphosate melhoram o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado

Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass is difficult to control, particularly when perennial, and strategies that improve the control efficiency against this grass and preserve the useful life of graminicides are warranted. Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the following questions: (i) Does fractionating the doses of ACCase inhibitors improve the control of perennial sourgrass? (ii) Does alternating the chemical groups cyclohexanediones (DIMs) and aryloxyphenoxypropanoates (FOPs) improve the control of perennial sourgrass, and does the order of their application affect sourgrass control efficiency? (iii) Does the addition of glyphosate to ACCase inhibitors improve to the control of perennial sourgrass resistant to 5-enol-pyruvyl-shiquime-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors? Two field experiments (I and II) were performed in 2018 and repeated in 2019. In experiment I, the treatments included a single or fractional application clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1), clethodim (216 g a.i. ha-1), and quizalofop-P-tefuryl (108 g a.i. ha-1), applied in the order of clethodim followed by quizalofop-P-tefuryl and vice versa, as well as a control treatment. In experiment II, the treatments included a single or fractional application of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1) and clethodim (108 g a.i. ha-1), isolated or associated with glyphosate, as well as a control treatment. In both experiments, the interval between the fractional applications was 7 days. Percentage of control, number of tillers per plant, and height of sourgrass plants were determined. Compared with the unfractionated application, the fractionation of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl and clethodim increased control by respectively 20-24 and 25-30%. Fractionated clethodim has greater control, and less regrowth and height of the sourgrass plants. The order of application of the chemical groups FOPs and DIMs affected control efficiency, and better results were obtained with the application of quizalofop-P-tefuryl followed by clethodim. The addition of glyphosate potentiates the action of graminicides, particularly when fractionated, even on resistant sourgrass, with a 26% increase in efficiency and resulting in satisfactory control (>80%).(AU)

O capim-amargoso resistente ao glyphosate é difícil de controlar, principalmente quando perenizado, e estratégias que aumentem a eficiência de controle dessas plantas e preservem a vida útil dos graminicidas são necessárias. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo responder as seguintes perguntas: (i) O fracionamento de doses de inibidores da ACCase melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado? (ii) Alternar os grupos químicos ciclohexanodionas (DIMs) e ariloxifenoxipropanoatos (FOPs) melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado, e a ordem de sua aplicação afeta a eficiência do controle de capimamargoso? (iii) A adição de glyphosate a inibidores da ACCase melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado resistente aos inibidores da 5-enol-piruvil-shiquimato-3-fosfato-sintase? Foram realizados dois experimentos de campo (I e II) em 2018 e repetidos em 2019. No experimento I, os tratamentos incluíram aplicação única ou fracionada de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico (216 + 108 g i.a. ha-1), clethodim (216 g i.a. ha-1), e quizalofop-P-tefuril (108 g i.a. ha-1), aplicação de clethodim seguida de quizalofop-P-tefuril e viceversa, além de um tratamento controle. No experimento II, os tratamentos incluíram à aplicação única ou fracionada de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico (216 + 108 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), isolados ou associados ao glyphosate, além de um tratamento controle. Em ambos os experimentos o intervalo entre as aplicações fracionadas foi de 7 dias. Determinou-se à porcentagem de controle, o número de perfilhos por planta, e à altura das plantas de capim-amargoso. Em comparação com a aplicação não fracionada, o fracionamento de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico e clethodim aumentou o controle em 20- 24 and 25-30%, respectivamente. O clethodim fracionado apresentou maior controle, e menor rebrote e altura das plantas de capim-amargoso. A ordem de aplicação dos grupos químicos FOPs e DIMs afetou a eficiência do controle, e melhores resultados foram obtidos com a aplicação de quizalofop-P-tefuril seguido de clethodim. A adição de glyphosate potencializa a ação dos graminicidas, principalmente quando fracionados, mesmo sobre capim-amargoso resistente, com acréscimo de 26% na eficiência e resultando em controle satisfatório (>80%).(AU)

Foliar absorption and field herbicidal studies of atrazine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles loaded with atrazine show weed control efficacy even with lower application doses of the active ingredient. Changes in the mode of action of the herbicide through the nanoformulation are key to understanding the efficiency of post-emergence activity of nanoatrazine. Here, we report the leaf absorption and translocation of nanoatrazine and atrazine employing radiometric techniques and compare their herbicidal effects in greenhouse and field conditions. Compared to the commercial formulation, nanoatrazine showed greater and faster absorption rates in mustard leaves (40% increment in the absorbed herbicide 24 h after application), inducing higher inhibition of photosystem II activity. Assays with fusicoccin-treated leaves indicated that the stomatal uptake of nanoparticles might be involved in the improved activity of nanoatrazine. Nanoencapsulation potentiated the post-emergent herbicidal activity of atrazine and the gain provided by nanoencapsulation was higher in the field compared to greenhouse conditions. Regardless of the dose, nanoatrazine provided two-fold higher weed control in the field compared to commercial atrazine. Thus, the design of this carrier system enables improvements in the performance of the herbicide in the field with less risk of environmental losses of the active ingredients due to faster absorption.

Weed control and soybean agronomic performance in response to application of sulfentrazone + diuron in pre-emergence / Controle de plantas daninhas e desempenho agronômico de soja em resposta à aplicação de sulfentrazone + diuron em pré-emergência

The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool in weedmanagement. Sulfentrazone + diuron mixture was recently launched ontothe market. The objectiveof this work was to evaluate the weed control and the agronomic performance of soybean in response to application of sulfentrazone + diurondoses in pre-emergence. The experiment was conducted in Londrina PR, in an oxisol. The treatments were doses ofsulfentrazone + diuron (62 + 123, 123 + 245, 184 + 368, 245 + 490, 306 + 613 e 368 + 735 g a.i.ha-1). In addition to these treatments, isolated applications of sulfentrazone (245 g a.i.ha-1) and diuron (490 g a.i.ha-1) were evaluated, as well as a weedyand aweed-freecontrol. For the weed control, the wild radish(Raphanus raphanistrum)and itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) emergencewere evaluated. In soybean, photosystem II (PSII)activity, stand, plant height, number of podsper plant, height of insertion of the first pod, number of nodes per plant, mass of a thousand grains and grain yield were evaluated. Results show that the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron resulted in less than 50% wild radish control, regardless of the dose evaluated. However, for itchgrass, the control was greater than 90% in doses from 123 g sulfentrazone + 245g diurona.i.ha-1. Regarding thesoybeancrop, in doses from 245 g sulfentrazone + 490 g diuron a.i. ha-1 there was a greater number of pods per plant and higher grain yield, of about3,000 kg ha-1. The application of herbicides led to a transient inhibition of PSIIactivity, which did not result in a reduction in crop grainyield, indicating plant recovery. Therefore, the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron is a good alternative for the weed management in pre-emergence of soybean, and should be positioned according to the history of fieldinfestation.(AU)

A utilização de herbicidas pré-emergentes é uma ferramenta importante no manejo de plantas daninhas. Recentemente foi lançada no mercado a mistura de sulfentrazone + diuron. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas e o desempenho agronômico da soja em resposta à aplicação de doses de sulfentrazone + diuron em pré-emergência. O experimento foi conduzido em Londrina PR, em latossolo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram doses de sulfentrazone + diuron (62 + 123, 123 + 245, 184 + 368, 245 + 490, 306 + 613 e 368 + 735 g i.a.ha-1).Além desses tratamentos, foram avaliadas as aplicações isoladas de sulfentrazone (245 g i.a.ha-1) e de diuron (490 g i.a.ha-1), além de uma testemunha infestada e outra capinada. Foram avaliados os controles de nabiça (Raphanus raphanistrum) e de capim-camalote(Rottboellia cochinchinensis). Na soja, foram avaliados a atividade do fotossistema II (FSII), a emergência, estatura de plantas, número de legumes por planta, altura de inserção do primeiro legume, número de nós por planta, massa de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. A mistura desulfentrazone + diuron apresentoucontrole de nabiçainferior a 50%, independentemente da dose avaliada. No entanto, para o capim-camalote, o controle foi satisfatório, sendo superior a 90% em doses a partir de 123g sulfentrazone+ 245 g diuroni.a.ha-1. Em relação àsoja, em doses a partir de 245g sulfentrazone+ 490 gdiuroni.a.ha-1houve maior número de legumes por planta e maior produtividade de grãos, de aproximadamente 3.000 kg ha-1. A aplicação dos herbicidas levou a uma inibição transitória da atividade doFSII, a qual não resultou em redução da produtividade da cultura, indicando a recuperação das plantas. Portanto, a mistura de sulfentrazone + diuron é uma boa alternativa para o manejo de plantas daninhas em pré-emergência da cultura da soja, devendo ser posicionadade acordo com o histórico de infestação da lavoura.(AU)

Weed control and soybean agronomic performance in response to application of sulfentrazone + diuron in pre-emergence / Controle de plantas daninhas e desempenho agronômico de soja em resposta à aplicação de sulfentrazone + diuron em pré-emergência

The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool in weedmanagement. Sulfentrazone + diuron mixture was recently launched ontothe market. The objectiveof this work was to evaluate the weed control and the agronomic performance of soybean in response to application of sulfentrazone + diurondoses in pre-emergence. The experiment was conducted in Londrina PR, in an oxisol. The treatments were doses ofsulfentrazone + diuron (62 + 123, 123 + 245, 184 + 368, 245 + 490, 306 + 613 e 368 + 735 g a.i.ha-1). In addition to these treatments, isolated applications of sulfentrazone (245 g a.i.ha-1) and diuron (490 g a.i.ha-1) were evaluated, as well as a weedyand aweed-freecontrol. For the weed control, the wild radish(Raphanus raphanistrum)and itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) emergencewere evaluated. In soybean, photosystem II (PSII)activity, stand, plant height, number of podsper plant, height of insertion of the first pod, number of nodes per plant, mass of a thousand grains and grain yield were evaluated. Results show that the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron resulted in less than 50% wild radish control, regardless of the dose evaluated. However, for itchgrass, the control was greater than 90% in doses from 123 g sulfentrazone + 245g diurona.i.ha-1. Regarding thesoybeancrop, in doses from 245 g sulfentrazone + 490 g diuron a.i. ha-1 there was a greater number of pods per plant and higher grain yield, of about3,000 kg ha-1. The application of herbicides led to a transient inhibition of PSIIactivity, which did not result in a reduction in crop grainyield, indicating plant recovery. Therefore, the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron is a good alternative for the weed management in pre-emergence of soybean, and should be positioned according to the history of fieldinfestation.

A utilização de herbicidas pré-emergentes é uma ferramenta importante no manejo de plantas daninhas. Recentemente foi lançada no mercado a mistura de sulfentrazone + diuron. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas e o desempenho agronômico da soja em resposta à aplicação de doses de sulfentrazone + diuron em pré-emergência. O experimento foi conduzido em Londrina PR, em latossolo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram doses de sulfentrazone + diuron (62 + 123, 123 + 245, 184 + 368, 245 + 490, 306 + 613 e 368 + 735 g i.a.ha-1).Além desses tratamentos, foram avaliadas as aplicações isoladas de sulfentrazone (245 g i.a.ha-1) e de diuron (490 g i.a.ha-1), além de uma testemunha infestada e outra capinada. Foram avaliados os controles de nabiça (Raphanus raphanistrum) e de capim-camalote(Rottboellia cochinchinensis). Na soja, foram avaliados a atividade do fotossistema II (FSII), a emergência, estatura de plantas, número de legumes por planta, altura de inserção do primeiro legume, número de nós por planta, massa de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. A mistura desulfentrazone + diuron apresentoucontrole de nabiçainferior a 50%, independentemente da dose avaliada. No entanto, para o capim-camalote, o controle foi satisfatório, sendo superior a 90% em doses a partir de 123g sulfentrazone+ 245 g diuroni.a.ha-1. Em relação àsoja, em doses a partir de 245g sulfentrazone+ 490 gdiuroni.a.ha-1houve maior número de legumes por planta e maior produtividade de grãos, de aproximadamente 3.000 kg ha-1. A aplicação dos herbicidas levou a uma inibição transitória da atividade doFSII, a qual não resultou em redução da produtividade da cultura, indicando a recuperação das plantas. Portanto, a mistura de sulfentrazone + diuron é uma boa alternativa para o manejo de plantas daninhas em pré-emergência da cultura da soja, devendo ser posicionadade acordo com o histórico de infestação da lavoura.

First report of injuries associated with triclopyr herbicide drift in grapevines / Primeiro relato de danos associados à deriva do herbicida triclopir em videiras

In the southern region of Brazil, close proximity of vineyards to soybean areas is common, and glyphosate is used frequently to allow for the control of weeds. However, the continuous use of this chemical has accelerated the process of selection for resistant species such as horseweed (Conyza spp.), thus leading to the search for alternative herbicides such as triclopyr to control this weed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report detailing injuries associated with triclopyr drift in grapevines in Brazil, in the Northern region of Parana state, that can result in crop losses that were previously uncharacterized. In this report, the primary symptoms associated with the drift of triclopyr in grapevines are described. Additionally, the major implications of this process regarding vine development along the next crop seasons are explored, and the primary measures to prevent these injuries are discussed.(AU)

Na região sul do Brasil é comum a proximidade de parreirais às lavouras de soja, sendo que no controle de plantas daninhas é frequentemente utilizado o herbicida glifosato. Porém, o seu uso acelerou o processo de seleção de espécies resistentes, como a buva (Conyza spp.), levando à procura por herbicidas alternativos, como o triclopir para o controle dessa planta daninha. Nesse trabalho é feito o primeiro relato de danos associados à deriva da aplicação de triclopir em áreas de produção de uvas no Brasil na região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná, causando prejuízos à cultura até então desconhecidos. Nessa comunicação, os principais sintomas associados à deriva desse herbicida em videiras são descritos, bem como discutidas as suas principais implicações no desenvolvimento das videiras nos próximos ciclos produtivos, e as medidas para que os danos sejam evitados.(AU)

Control of volunteer corn with rates of post-emergent ACCase inhibitors applied at different phenological stages / Controle de milho voluntário com doses de inibidores da ACCase pós-emergentes aplicados em diferentes estádios fenológicos

The occurrence of volunteer corn (Zea mays L.) has been common in Brazilian crops due to the adoption of a succession of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merrill) and corn resistant to glyphosate. The aim of this work was to evaluate the control of volunteer corn using different rates of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors herbicides at different phenological stages. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design. The experiment was organized in a factorial scheme (3x7x2) with three herbicides (clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl) applied at seven rates [0; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400 and 800 mL of commercial product (C.P.) ha-1], and at two corn phenological stages (V3 and V6). Visual control (%) assessments were carried out at 14, 21 and 28 days after application of treatments (DAT) and shoot dry mass (SDM) at 28 DAT. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and to complementary analysis by logistic regression adjustment. For al lherbicides, the control of volunteer corn was greater at V3 stage, requiring lower rates compared to V6. Complete visual control of volunteer corn plants at V3 was obtained with rates of 25 mL C.P. ha-1for all herbicides evaluated, corresponding to 6, 3 and 6 + 3 g a.i. ha-1of clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl, respectively. For V6 application, 400 mL C.P. ha-1of clethodim (equivalent to 96 g a.i. ha-1) and 100 mL C.P. ha-1of quizalofop-P-tefuryl (equivalent to 12 g a.i. ha-1) and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (equivalent to 24 + 12 g a.i. ha-1) were necessary to achieve 100% of plant mortality. Thus, the efficiency of clethodim was more dependent on the stage of application compared to others herbicides, requiring higher rates to achieve complete control of volunteer corn at V6.(AU)

A ocorrência de milho (Zea maysL.) voluntário tem sido comum nas lavouras brasileiras devido à adoção da sucessão de soja (Glycine max(L.) Merrill) e milho resistentes ao glyphosate. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de milho voluntário com diferentes doses de herbicidas inibidores da acetil-CoA carboxilase(ACCase) em diferentes estádios fenológicos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento foi organizado em esquema fatorial (3x7x2), sendo três herbicidas (clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl), aplicados em sete doses [0; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400 e 800 mL do produto comercial (P.C.) ha-1],em dois estádios fenológicos do milho (V3 e V6). Foram avaliados o controle aos 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT) e a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) aos 28 DAT. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise complementar por meio do ajuste de regressões logísticas. Para todos os herbicidas, o controle de milho voluntário foi maior em V3, demandando doses menores em comparação ao estádio V6. O controle total de plantas de milho voluntário em V3 foi obtido com doses de 25 mL P.C. ha-1para todos os herbicidas avaliados, correspondendo a 3, 6 e 3 + 6 g i.a. ha-1de clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl, respectivamente. Para a aplicação em V6, foram necessários 400 mL P.C. ha-1de clethodim (equivalente a 96 g i.a. ha-1) e 100 mL P.C. ha-1de quizalofop-P-tefuryl (equivalente a 12 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (equivalente a 24 + 12 g i.a. ha-1) para se atingir 100% de controle. Assim, a eficiência do clethodim foi mais dependente do estádio fenológico de aplicação em comparação aos demais herbicidas, requerendo doses maiores para atingir o controle total de milho voluntário em V6.(AU)

Control of volunteer corn with rates of post-emergent ACCase inhibitors applied at different phenological stages / Controle de milho voluntário com doses de inibidores da ACCase pós-emergentes aplicados em diferentes estádios fenológicos

The occurrence of volunteer corn (Zea mays L.) has been common in Brazilian crops due to the adoption of a succession of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merrill) and corn resistant to glyphosate. The aim of this work was to evaluate the control of volunteer corn using different rates of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors herbicides at different phenological stages. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design. The experiment was organized in a factorial scheme (3x7x2) with three herbicides (clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl) applied at seven rates [0; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400 and 800 mL of commercial product (C.P.) ha-1], and at two corn phenological stages (V3 and V6). Visual control (%) assessments were carried out at 14, 21 and 28 days after application of treatments (DAT) and shoot dry mass (SDM) at 28 DAT. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and to complementary analysis by logistic regression adjustment. For al lherbicides, the control of volunteer corn was greater at V3 stage, requiring lower rates compared to V6. Complete visual control of volunteer corn plants at V3 was obtained with rates of 25 mL C.P. ha-1for all herbicides evaluated, corresponding to 6, 3 and 6 + 3 g a.i. ha-1of clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl, respectively. For V6 application, 400 mL C.P. ha-1of clethodim (equivalent to 96 g a.i. ha-1) and 100 mL C.P. ha-1of quizalofop-P-tefuryl (equivalent to 12 g a.i. ha-1) and clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (equivalent to 24 + 12 g a.i. ha-1) were necessary to achieve 100% of plant mortality. Thus, the efficiency of clethodim was more dependent on the stage of application compared to others herbicides, requiring higher rates to achieve complete control of volunteer corn at V6.

A ocorrência de milho (Zea maysL.) voluntário tem sido comum nas lavouras brasileiras devido à adoção da sucessão de soja (Glycine max(L.) Merrill) e milho resistentes ao glyphosate. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de milho voluntário com diferentes doses de herbicidas inibidores da acetil-CoA carboxilase(ACCase) em diferentes estádios fenológicos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento foi organizado em esquema fatorial (3x7x2), sendo três herbicidas (clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl), aplicados em sete doses [0; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400 e 800 mL do produto comercial (P.C.) ha-1],em dois estádios fenológicos do milho (V3 e V6). Foram avaliados o controle aos 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT) e a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) aos 28 DAT. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise complementar por meio do ajuste de regressões logísticas. Para todos os herbicidas, o controle de milho voluntário foi maior em V3, demandando doses menores em comparação ao estádio V6. O controle total de plantas de milho voluntário em V3 foi obtido com doses de 25 mL P.C. ha-1para todos os herbicidas avaliados, correspondendo a 3, 6 e 3 + 6 g i.a. ha-1de clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuryl e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl, respectivamente. Para a aplicação em V6, foram necessários 400 mL P.C. ha-1de clethodim (equivalente a 96 g i.a. ha-1) e 100 mL P.C. ha-1de quizalofop-P-tefuryl (equivalente a 12 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (equivalente a 24 + 12 g i.a. ha-1) para se atingir 100% de controle. Assim, a eficiência do clethodim foi mais dependente do estádio fenológico de aplicação em comparação aos demais herbicidas, requerendo doses maiores para atingir o controle total de milho voluntário em V6.

Sourgrass control in response to the association of 2, 4-d to ACCase inhibitor herbicides / Controle de grama azeda em resposta à associação de 2, 4-d a herbicidas inibidores de ACCase

ACCase inhibitor herbicides are widely used to control poaceae such as sourgrass (Digitaria insularis). However, these herbicides are selective for eudicots, which requires the use of broadleaf herbicides in areas with broadleaf and narrow leaf weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association ACCase inhibitors and 2,4-D for the control of sourgrass. Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions. The first experiment evaluated the effect of associating 2,4-D and graminicides to control of sourgrass, using dose-response curves for the herbicides clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuril and clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril. In the second experiment, due to the results of the first one, the necessary period between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides was evaluated in order to avoid antagonism in sourgrass. The results show that the herbicide clethodim, at the recommended dose, has its efficiency reduced in about 8% when applied in association with 2,4-D. As for the herbicide quizalofop-P-tefuril, this effect was higher, causing a reduction of 39% in control. However, the association of 2,4-D to the mixture of clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril did not result in antagonism. It takes nine and 12 days between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides clethodim and quizalofop-P-tefuril, respectively, for there to be no antagonism.

Os herbicidas inibidores da ACCase são amplamente utilizados no controle de poáceas, tal como o capim-amargoso. No entanto, esses herbicidas são seletivos para plantas eudicotiledôneas, o que demanda a utilização de herbicidas latifolicidas, tais como as auxinas sintéticas, em áreas que existam plantas daninhas de folhas largas e folhas estreitas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da associação de inibidores da ACCase e 2,4-D sobre o controle de capim-amargoso. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado o efeito da associação de 2,4-D aos graminicidas no controle de capim-amargoso, utilizando-se curvas de dose-resposta para os herbicidas clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuril e clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril. No segundo experimento, em decorrência dos resultados do primeiro, foi avaliado o período necessário entre a aplicação de 2,4-D e os graminicidas para que não ocorra antagonismo em capim-amargoso. Os resultados demonstram que para o herbicida clethodim, na dose recomendada, a redução de controle foi de cerca de 8% quando o 2,4-D foi aplicado em associação. Já para o herbicida quizalofop-P-tefuril, esse efeito foi superior, causando redução de 39% no controle. Porém, a associação do 2,4-D à mistura de clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril não resultou em antagonismo. São necessários nove e 12 dias entre a aplicação de 2,4-D e os graminicidas clethodim e quizalofop-P-tefuril, respectivamente, para que não ocorra antagonismo.

Atrazine nanoencapsulation improves pre-emergence herbicidal activity against Bidens pilosa without enhancing long-term residual effect on Glycine max.

BACKGROUND: Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) nanocapsules (NC + ATZ) are an efficient carrier system for atrazine and were developed as an alternative to reduce the harmful environmental effects of this herbicide. Here, we analyzed the pre-emergence herbicidal activity of NC + ATZ against Bidens pilosa and evaluated its residual effect on soybean plants after different periods of soil treatment with the formulations. RESULTS: In contrast to non-nanoatrazine, NC + ATZ treatment led to very high mortality rates of B. pilosa seedlings even after a tenfold dilution, which suggests that atrazine nanoencapsulation improved its pre-emergence herbicidal activity. In a short-term assay (17 days), soil treatment with all atrazine-containing formulations resulted in intense toxicity to soybean plants. NC + ATZ at 200 g ha-1 had the same inhibitory effects on the physiological and growth parameters of soybean plants compared with non-nanoatrazine at 2000 g ha-1 , which suggests that atrazine nanoencapsulation increased the short-term residual effect of the herbicide. In a long-term assay (60 days), a gradual recovery of soybean plants from atrazine phytotoxicity was observed. When comparing the effects of nano- and non-nanoatrazine at the same concentrations, the growth and physiological parameters of soybean plants were mainly affected to the same extent. This indicates that encapsulation of atrazine into poly(ϵ-caprolactone) nanocapsules did not enhance the long-term residual effect of the herbicide on soybean. CONCLUSION: NC + ATZ could be applied for efficient weed control without additional phytotoxicity to susceptible crops compared with non-nanoatrazine, provided that a safe interval is respected from atrazine application to sowing. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genetic use restriction technologies and possible applications in the integrated pest management / Tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso e possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas

ABSTRACT: Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) were developed to preserve the intellectual property of genetically modified crops (GM) and ensure the return of investments made by industry to obtain technology delivered through seeds. The aims of this review are to discuss the GURTs and analyze their possible applications in integrated management of agricultural pests. There are two classes of GURTs: T-GURTs (trait-based GURTs), wherein the generated seed are viable, but the next generation does not express the trait of agronomic interest, and V-GURT (variety-based GURTs), in which plants produce non viable seeds. However, beyond the seed protection purpose, the GURTs could have also other application to solve agronomic problems. One of the most important is the use of GURTs as a tool to restrict gene flow of GM traits to relative weeds. In addition, it is proposed the use of this technology in integrated weed management by preventing the GMs seed germination, which produces volunteer plants that compete with the crop of interest. Also, these volunteer plants may serve as alternative hosts for insects and pathogens in between crop seasons. The GURTs could contribute to the control of undesirable agents in agricultural systems, reducing the use of pesticides and increasing crop yields.

RESUMO: As tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso (GURTs) foram idealizadas a fim de preservar a propriedade intelectual de culturas geneticamente modificadas (GMs) e garantir o retorno dos investimentos feitos pelas empresas para a obtenção de tecnologias transmitidas via sementes. Os objetivos dessa revisão são discutir as GURTs e analisar suas possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas agrícolas. Existem duas classes de GURTs: a T-GURT (trait-based GURT), na qual as sementes produzidas são viáveis, porém as plantas da geração seguinte não expressam o caractere de interesse agronômico, e a V-GURT (variety-based GURT), na qual as plantas produzem sementes inviáveis. Contudo, além do propósito da proteção das sementes, o uso de GURTs poderia também ter outras aplicações na resolução de problemas agronômicos. Um dos mais importantes é o uso das GURTs como ferramenta para impedir o fluxo de genes de culturas transgênicas para plantas daninhas coespecificas. Além disso, propõe-se o uso dessa tecnologia no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, por meio da prevenção da germinação de sementes GMs, que geram plantas voluntárias que competem com a cultura de interesse. Além disso, essas plantas voluntárias podem servir como hospedeiros alternativos para insetos e patógenos nos períodos de entressafra. Dessa forma, as GURTs poderiam contribuir no controle de agentes indesejáveis em sistemas agrícolas, reduzindo a utilização de agrotóxicos e aumentando a produtividade dos cultivos.

Genetic use restriction technologies and possible applications in the integrated pest management / Tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso e possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas

Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) were developed to preserve the intellectual property of genetically modified crops (GM) and ensure the return of investments made by industry to obtain technology delivered through seeds. The aims of this review are to discuss the GURTs and analyze their possible applications in integrated management of agricultural pests. There are two classes of GURTs: T-GURTs (trait-based GURTs), wherein the generated seed are viable, but the next generation does not express the trait of agronomic interest, and V-GURT (variety-based GURTs), in which plants produce non viable seeds. However, beyond the seed protection purpose, the GURTs could have also other application to solve agronomic problems. One of the most important is the use of GURTs as a tool to restrict gene flow of GM traits to relative weeds. In addition, it is proposed the use of this technology in integrated weed management by preventing the GMs seed germination, which produces volunteer plants that compete with the crop of interest. Also, these volunteer plants may serve as alternative hosts for insects and pathogens in between crop seasons. The GURTs could contribute to the control of undesirable agents in agricultural systems, reducing the use of pesticides and increasing crop yields.(AU)

As tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso (GURTs) foram idealizadas a fim de preservar a propriedade intelectual de culturas geneticamente modificadas (GMs) e garantir o retorno dos investimentos feitos pelas empresas para a obtenção de tecnologias transmitidas via sementes. Os objetivos dessa revisão são discutir as GURTs e analisar suas possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas agrícolas. Existem duas classes de GURTs: a T-GURT (trait-based GURT), na qual as sementes produzidas são viáveis, porém as plantas da geração seguinte não expressam o caractere de interesse agronômico, e a V-GURT (variety-based GURT), na qual as plantas produzem sementes inviáveis. Contudo, além do propósito da proteção das sementes, o uso de GURTs poderia também ter outras aplicações na resolução de problemas agronômicos. Um dos mais importantes é o uso das GURTs como ferramenta para impedir o fluxo de genes de culturas transgênicas para plantas daninhas coespecificas. Além disso, propõe-se o uso dessa tecnologia no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, por meio da prevenção da germinação de sementes GMs, que geram plantas voluntárias que competem com a cultura de interesse. Além disso, essas plantas voluntárias podem servir como hospedeiros alternativos para insetos e patógenos nos períodos de entressafra. Dessa forma, as GURTs poderiam contribuir no controle de agentes indesejáveis em sistemas agrícolas, reduzindo a utilização de agrotóxicos e aumentando a produtividade dos cultivos.(AU)

Volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) na cultura da soja / Diferent spray volumes and insecticides in the control of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybean crop

Em pulverizações com bicos hidráulicos, o volume de calda é um dos aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso do controle químico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), na cultura da soja. Testaram-se os volumes de calda de 50, 100 e 150l ha-1 e os inseticidas endossulfam (437,5g i.a. ha-1) e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina apresentou maior efeito residual e controle de P. guildinii em relação à endossulfam. Esses inseticidas respondem da mesma forma, aumentando a eficiência de controle da praga com o aumento do volume de calda.

The spray volume is one of the most important aspects interfering on the success of pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray volume on the efficiency of the insecticides in the control of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybean crop. Were evaluated the volumes of 50, 100 and 150l ha-1 and the insecticides endosulfan (437.5g a.i. ha-1) and tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin (21.15 + 15.90g a.i. ha-1). Tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin had better residual and control of P. guildinii than endosulfan. Both insecticides showed the same behavior, increasing P. guildinii control with spray volume increasing.

Volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) na cultura da soja

The spray volume is one of the most important aspects interfering on the success of pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray volume on the efficiency of the insecticides in the control of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybean crop. Were evaluated the volumes of 50, 100 and 150l ha-1 and the insecticides endosulfan (437.5g a.i. ha-1) and tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin (21.15 + 15.90g a.i. ha-1). Tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin had better residual and control of P. guildinii than endosulfan. Both insecticides showed the same behavior, increasing P. guildinii control with spray volume increasing.

Em pulverizações com bicos hidráulicos, o volume de calda é um dos aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso do controle químico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), na cultura da soja. Testaram-se os volumes de calda de 50, 100 e 150l ha-1 e os inseticidas endossulfam (437,5g i.a. ha-1) e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina apresentou maior efeito residual e controle de P. guildinii em relação à endossulfam. Esses inseticidas respondem da mesma forma, aumentando a eficiência de controle da praga com o aumento do volume de calda.

Volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) na cultura da soja

The spray volume is one of the most important aspects interfering on the success of pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray volume on the efficiency of the insecticides in the control of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybean crop. Were evaluated the volumes of 50, 100 and 150l ha-1 and the insecticides endosulfan (437.5g a.i. ha-1) and tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin (21.15 + 15.90g a.i. ha-1). Tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin had better residual and control of P. guildinii than endosulfan. Both insecticides showed the same behavior, increasing P. guildinii control with spray volume increasing.

Em pulverizações com bicos hidráulicos, o volume de calda é um dos aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso do controle químico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), na cultura da soja. Testaram-se os volumes de calda de 50, 100 e 150l ha-1 e os inseticidas endossulfam (437,5g i.a. ha-1) e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina apresentou maior efeito residual e controle de P. guildinii em relação à endossulfam. Esses inseticidas respondem da mesma forma, aumentando a eficiência de controle da praga com o aumento do volume de calda.