Unveiling the Effects of Interval Resistance Training and Chlorella Vulgaris Supplementation on Meteorin-like Protein and Oxidative Stress in Obese Men.

Background: Dysregulation of adipocyte function occurs in obesity. Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a newly discovered modulator of inflammation, metabolism, and differentiation of human adipocytes. The dietary supplement Chlorella Vulgaris (CV) reduces hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress in clinical trials. Objectives: To explore the impact of 12 wks of interval resistance training (IRT) and CV supplementation on plasma levels of Metrnl and oxidative stress in males with obesity. Methods: Forty-four obese men (BMI: 32.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2, weight: 101.1 ± 2.2 kg, age: 23-35 years) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 11/group): control (CON), CV supplement (CV), IRT, and CV + IRT (CVIRT). The IRT was performed for 12 wks (3 sessions per week). The treatment consisted of a daily intake of CV (1800 mg capsule) or placebo capsules. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the interventions to analyze biomedical measurements. Results: The IRT and CVIRT groups had elevations in plasma Metrnl, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity levels (all P < 0.0001), and reductions in malondialdehyde (P < 0.0001). Supplementation with CV significantly reduced malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) and increased total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.0001) but failed to alter superoxide dismutase or Metrnl (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Although IRT and its combination with CV hold promise for improving Metrnl levels and oxidative status in obesity, combining IRT and CV do not yield greater benefits than IRT alone. Although standalone CV supplementation could favorably impact certain markers of oxidative stress, the effectiveness of CV supplementation appears to have a relatively limited effect across assessed biomarkers and requires further investigation.

Adipokine modulation in obesity: Evaluating the integrative impact of chlorella vulgaris supplementation and interval resistance training in obese males.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of 12-week chlorella vulgaris (CV) combined with interval resistance training (IRT) on plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin and neuregulin-4 (Nrg-4) in obese men. Methods: Obese men (n = 44, BMI of 32.1 ± 1.5 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to the following groups of 11 participants per group: Control Placebo group (CP), CV supplement group (CV), Interval Resistance Training group plus Placebo (IRT + P), and Interval Resistance Training plus CV supplement group (IRT + CV). IRT was performed three times a week for 12 weeks using three sets of 10 repetitions at 60 % 1RM, and integrating an active rest interval with 15 repetitions at 20 % 1RM. Participants consumed either CV (1800 mg daily) or a placebo. Pre- and post-intervention blood samples were obtained to assess adipokines which were measured by ELISA. Results: While CV or IRT separately did not alter plasma levels of leptin (p > 0.05), their combination reduced leptin levels (p = 0.007). IRT and IRT plus CV increased the plasma levels of adiponectin and Nrg-4 (p < 0.01). An intergroup comparison indicated significant elevations of adiponectin and Nrg-4 in the CV compared to the CP group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of IRT and CV modulates plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin and NRG4 more effectively than either IRT or CV separately in obese men.

Combined effects of high fat diet and exercise on autophagy in white adipose tissue of mice.

AIM: The effects of nutrition and exercise on autophagy are not well studied. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of high-fat diets (HFD) and exercise training (ET) on autophagy in white adipose tissue of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned into four groups of 7 mice per group: (1) Control, (2) high-fat diet-induced obesity (HFD-Ob), (3) exercise training (ET), and (4) high-fat diet with exercise training (HFD-ET). The HFD-Ob group was fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks, while the ET group continuously ran on a treadmill for five sessions per week for seven weeks, and the HFD-ET group had both HFD and exercise training. qReal-time-PCR and western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy markers in white adipose tissue. RESULTS: Mice from the HFD group showed higher levels in autophagy-related gene5 (ATG5, p = 0.04), ATG7 (p = 0.002), cathepsin B (CTSB, p = 0.0004), LC3-II (p = 0.03) than control. Mice in the ET group displayed higher levels of genes for ATG7 (p = 0.0003), microtubule-associated protein1-light chain 3 (LC3, p = 0.05), lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2, p = 0.04) and cathepsin L (CTSL, p = 0.03) than control. Mice from the HFD-ET group had higher levels of genes for ATG7 (p = 0.05) and CTSL (p = 0.043) and lower levels of genes for CTSB (p = 0.045) compared to the HFD group and lower levels of LAMP2 (p = 0.02) compared to the ET group. CONCLUSION: There were increases in autophagosome formation in the white adipose tissue from mice in the HFD and ET groups. A combination of HFD and ET enhances autophagosome formation and modulates lysosomal degradation in white adipose tissue.

The effect of high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes and endurance training on plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and lactate in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin, and the effect of endurance training on basal circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and lactate. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control (n=8); 2) trained (n=8); 3) diabetic (n=8) and 4) trained diabetic (n=8). At the age of 7 weeks, diabetes was induced by feeding the animals a high-fat diet and injecting them with a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). The animals at 10 weeks of age underwent an endurance training protocol on a treadmill for 7 weeks. Plasma lactate concentrations were measured by a lactate assay kit, and an enzyme immunoassay kit was used to measure CGRP. RESULTS: The diabetic rats showed significant increases in plasma CGRP (3.0±1 ng/mL vs. 0.5±0.3 ng/mL, p<0.001) and plasma lactate levels (3.6±0.5 mmol/L vs. 1.3±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.001). Further, significant decrease in basal plasma lactate (2.6±0.5 mmol/L vs. 3.6±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.025) but not plasma CGRP levels (2.5±1.2 ng/mL vs. 3.0±1.3 ng/mL) were found in the diabetic subjects after the endurance training. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that endurance training could modify the basal circulating levels of lactate but not CGRP, which were elevated in this model of type 2 diabetic rats, indicating the lack of correspondence between the endurance training-induced changes of lactate and CGRP in this model of diabetes.