La relación profesionales-pacientes en tiempos de reforma. Un análisis socio-histórico con perspectiva de género del periódico ABC en los años ochenta / The doctor-patient relationship in times of reform. A socio-historical and gender analysis of the abc newspaper in the 1980s

El artículo analiza la representación de la relación médico-paciente en artículos publicados en el periódico ABC y explora la producción de significados de género del encuentro terapéutico durante los años ochenta, una etapa de renovación y cambios estructurales en la asistencia sanitaria española. El análisis histórico del discurso periodístico en ABC reveló la proyección social de una relación médico-paciente como acto humanitario y de amor, según los testimonios de los médicos que contribuyeron al debate en este medio y que, con frecuencia, mostraron su resistencia ante la reforma sanitaria y la preocupación por los cambios estructurales, así como por la organización y calidad de la asistencia. La crítica a la desnaturalización y burocratización de la relación médico-paciente fue secundada, a partir de 1984, por pacientes y periodismo especializado. Sus opiniones contrarias a la Ley de Sanidad de 1986 se agudizaron ante el amparo que la norma daba a los derechos de los pacientes. Las líneas discursivas conservadoras del ABC reflejaron la resistencia simbólica ante la reforma sanitaria, la moralización de la salud-enfermedad, la hegemonía de la profesionalización médica masculina y la invisibilización y subalternidad de las mujeres sanitarias.(AU)

The article analyzes the representation of the doctor-patient relationship in articles published in ABC newspaper and explores the production of gender meanings of the therapeutic encounter during the eighties, a period of renewal and structural changes in Spanish health care. The historical analysis of ABC journalistic discourse revealed the social projection of a doctor-patient relationship as a humanitarian act of love, according to the testimonies of the doctors. They frequently showed their resistance to health reform and concern for the changes in structural reorganization and quality of care. From 1984, patients and some journalists also criticize the bureaucratization of the doctor-patient relationship. The protection that the 1986 Health Law gave to the patients’ rights increased published opinions against the Health Law. The conservative discursive lines of the ABC reflected the symbolic resistance to health reform, the moralization of health-disease, the hegemony of male medical professionalization and the invisibility and subalternity of female health workers.(AU)

Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Encuesta de Fecundidad 2018 en España / Gender analysis of the Spanish Fertility Survey 2018

Objetivo: Analizar el lenguaje y el contenido del cuestionario utilizado en la Encuesta de Fecundidad 2018 en España, desde una perspectiva de género. Método: Diseño cualitativo basado en el análisis de contenido del cuestionario empleado en la Encuesta de Fecundidad 2018, utilizando recomendaciones y guías metodológicas para estadísticas con perspectiva de género y la comparación con el cuestionarioGenerations and Gender Survey.Las categorías de análisis fueron: lenguaje, división sexual del trabajo y fecundidad. El procedimiento de análisis se basó en comprobar las variables incluidas en las guías a modo de lista de comprobación(checklist)e incorporando variables emergentes específicamente relacionadas con desigualdades y sesgos de género. Resultados: El cuestionario emplea algunos términos inclusivos, pero mantiene el uso del masculino como genérico, reproduce estereotipos de género y engloba binomios masculino-femenino en un concepto único. Identifica de manera limitada la división sexual del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados, la segregación horizontal y vertical en el ámbito laboral, y las diferencias por sexo entre acceso y control de los recursos. En relación con la fecundidad, reproduce desigualdades y sesgos de género que construyen una visión normalizada e idealizada sobre el hecho de tener descendencia, invisibilizan el impacto diferencial del embarazo y la crianza para la salud de las mujeres y priorizan la dimensión biológica de la maternidad y la paternidad. Conclusiones: La Encuesta de Fecundidad requiere mejorar su sensibilidad de género, recoger la diversidad de factores biológicos, socioeconómicos y estructurales condicionantes de la fecundidad, y profundizar en los elementos diferenciales generadores de desigualdades y sesgos de género. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the language and content of the questionnaire used in the Fertility Survey 2018, from a gender perspective. Method: Qualitative design based on a content analysis of the questionnaire used in the Fertility Survey 2018. Methodological recommendations and guides for gender-sensitive statistics were used, together with the comparison established with the Generations and Gender Survey. The categories of analysis were: language, sexual division of labor and fertility. The analysis procedure included the checklist and the incorporation of emerging variables specifically related to gender inequalities and biases. Results: The questionnaire uses with some inclusive language, but maintains the generic use of masculine gender, reproduces gender stereotypes and uses male-female binomials as a single concept. It offers a limited perspective on sexual division of domestic and care labor, horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace, gender differences between the access and control of resources. In relation to fertility, it reproduces gender inequalities and biases that build a normalized and idealized vision on having children, do not reflect the differential impact of pregnancy and parenting on women's health and prioritize the biological dimension of motherhood and fatherhood. Conclusions: The Spanish Fertility Survey needs to improve its gender sensitivity, reflect the heterogeneous biological, socio-economic and structural dimensions of fertility and explore deeper into the differential elements that generate inequalities and gender biases. (AU)

[Gender analysis of the Spanish Fertility Survey 2018]. / Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Encuesta de Fecundidad 2018 en España.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the language and content of the questionnaire used in the Fertility Survey 2018, from a gender perspective. METHOD: Qualitative design based on a content analysis of the questionnaire used in the Fertility Survey 2018. Methodological recommendations and guides for gender-sensitive statistics were used, together with the comparison established with the Generations and Gender Survey. The categories of analysis were: language, sexual division of labor and fertility. The analysis procedure included the checklist and the incorporation of emerging variables specifically related to gender inequalities and biases. RESULTS: The questionnaire uses with some inclusive language, but maintains the generic use of masculine gender, reproduces gender stereotypes and uses male-female binomials as a single concept. It offers a limited perspective on sexual division of domestic and care labor, horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace, gender differences between the access and control of resources. In relation to fertility, it reproduces gender inequalities and biases that build a normalized and idealized vision on having children, do not reflect the differential impact of pregnancy and parenting on women's health and prioritize the biological dimension of motherhood and fatherhood. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish Fertility Survey needs to improve its gender sensitivity, reflect the heterogeneous biological, socio-economic and structural dimensions of fertility and explore deeper into the differential elements that generate inequalities and gender biases.

Experiencias emocionales en la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo / Women's emotional accounts of induced abortion

Objetivo: Explorar las vivencias emocionales de las mujeres en torno a la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (IVE) a través de la producción científica cualitativa existente. Método: Revisión sistemática cualitativa basada en la búsqueda bibliográfica de estudios publicados desde 2010 en PubMed, Science Direct y Scopus. Se incluyeron 19 artículos con diseño cualitativo que se revisaron usando análisis de contenido de tipo inductivo. Resultados: Se identificaron tres temas principales en torno a las experiencias emocionales: acceso a la IVE, impacto emocional durante la asistencia sanitaria y aspectos individuales, relacionales y socioculturales condicionantes de la vivencia. Los estudios mostraron la variabilidad de las experiencias emocionales, con los siguientes factores determinantes: acceso y tiempos de espera, características y funcionamiento del sistema sanitario, procedimiento de intervención, grado de presencia y participación de las pacientes en relación a aspectos técnicos y uso de tecnologías médicas, interacción con el personal sanitario y aspectos individuales, relacionales y socioculturales específicos. Las principales dificultades emocionales se relacionaron con el conflicto ético, la toma de decisiones, la relación con el entorno social y sanitario, y la experiencia del estigma. Como elementos facilitadores se refirieron la autonomía en la toma de decisiones y el apoyo emocional; como barreras, las manifestaciones del rechazo social y los mensajes negativos del entorno político, sanitario y sociofamiliar. Conclusiones: Las experiencias emocionales en la IVE dependen de factores individuales, relacionales y asistenciales, vertebrados por desigualdades y sesgos de género. En el ámbito asistencial, el potencial de mejora reside en una atención sanitaria integral e individualizada, adaptada a las necesidades de las pacientes. (AU)

Objective: To explore women's emotional accounts of induced abortion, analyzing qualitative scientific publications.Method: Qualitative systematic review of 19 studies published in PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus from 2010 onwards. The articles based on qualitative research design were revised using inductive content analysis. Results: The analysis identified three main themes regarding women's emotional experiences: access to abortion, emotional impact during medical assistance, and individual, relational and sociocultural determinants. The studies showed the variability in women's emotional accounts, mainly determined by the following factors: Access and waiting times, health system, type of intervention, degree of awareness and participation regarding the use of technical and medical technologies, interaction with health professionals, and specificity of individual, relational and sociocultural context. The main emotional difficulties were related to the ethical conflict, the decision-making, the relation with the social and health system and stigma. As main facilitating aspects, women highlighted autonomy in decision-making and emotional support, while barriers referred to social rejection and negative messages perceived from the political, social and health system. Conclusions: The emotional accounts around induced abortion depend on individual and relational factors, as well as on health assistance, all mediated by gender inequalities and bias. Improvements in health assistance refer to an integral and individualized attention, adapted to women's needs. (AU)

Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en profesionales sanitarios de primera línea en el ámbito occidental. Una revisión sistemática / Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Western frontline healthcare professionals. A systematic review

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el impacto psicológico entre el personal sanitario de primera línea en la asistencia a pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 y compararlo con el resto de profesionales sanitarios, a través de una revisión sistemática de la producción científica en el ámbito occidental. La revisión se realizó en las bases PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science y se seleccionaron 12 artículos. Los estudios cuantitativos realizados en Europa y EE. UU. refirieron niveles moderados y altos de estrés, ansiedad, depresión, alteración del sueño y burnout, con estrategias de afrontamiento diversas y síntomas más frecuentes e intensos entre mujeres y enfermería, sin resultados concluyentes por edad. En la primera línea de asistencia, el impacto fue mayor que en el resto de profesionales sanitarios y que en el ámbito asiático. Se requiere profundizar en las experiencias emocionales y necesidades profesionales de apoyo emocional, para diseñar intervenciones eficaces de protección y ayuda. (AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact among healthcare workers who stand in the frontline of the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and to compare it with the rest of healthcare professionals, by means of a systematic review of Western publications. The systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and 12 descriptive studies were reviewed. The European and American quantitative studies reported moderate and high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and burnout, with diverse coping strategies and more frequent and intense symptoms among women and nurses, without conclusive results by age. In the first line of assistance the psychological impact was greater than in the rest of the health professionals and in the Asian area. It is necessary to go deeper into the emotional experiences and professional needs for emotional support in order to design effective interventions for protection and help. (AU)

Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Western frontline healthcare professionals. A systematic review.

The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact among healthcare workers who stand in the frontline of the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and to compare it with the rest of healthcare professionals, by means of a systematic review of Western publications. The systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and 12 descriptive studies were reviewed. The European and American quantitative studies reported moderate and high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and burnout, with diverse coping strategies and more frequent and intense symptoms among women and nurses, without conclusive results by age. In the first line of assistance the psychological impact was greater than in the rest of the health professionals and in the Asian area. It is necessary to go deeper into the emotional experiences and professional needs for emotional support in order to design effective interventions for protection and help.

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el impacto psicológico entre el personal sanitario de primera línea en la asistencia a pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 y compararlo con el resto de profesionales sanitarios, a través de una revisión sistemática de la producción científica en el ámbito occidental. La revisión se realizó en las bases PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science y se seleccionaron 12 artículos. Los estudios cuantitativos realizados en Europa y EE. UU. refirieron niveles moderados y altos de estrés, ansiedad, depresión, alteración del sueño y burnout, con estrategias de afrontamiento diversas y síntomas más frecuentes e intensos entre mujeres y enfermería, sin resultados concluyentes por edad. En la primera línea de asistencia, el impacto fue mayor que en el resto de profesionales sanitarios y que en el ámbito asiático. Se requiere profundizar en las experiencias emocionales y necesidades profesionales de apoyo emocional, para diseñar intervenciones eficaces de protección y ayuda.

Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Western frontline healthcare professionals. A systematic review. / Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en profesionales sanitarios de primera línea en el ámbito occidental. Una revisión sistemática.

The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact among healthcare workers who stand in the frontline of the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and to compare it with the rest of healthcare professionals, by means of a systematic review of Western publications. The systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and 12 descriptive studies were reviewed. The European and American quantitative studies reported moderate and high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and burnout, with diverse coping strategies and more frequent and intense symptoms among women and nurses, without conclusive results by age. In the first line of assistance the psychological impact was greater than in the rest of the health professionals and in the Asian area. It is necessary to go deeper into the emotional experiences and professional needs for emotional support in order to design effective interventions for protection and help.

[Women's emotional accounts of induced abortion]. / Experiencias emocionales en la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo.

OBJECTIVE: To explore women's emotional accounts of induced abortion, analyzing qualitative scientific publications. METHOD: Qualitative systematic review of 19 studies published in PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus from 2010 onwards. The articles based on qualitative research design were revised using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: The analysis identified three main themes regarding women's emotional experiences: access to abortion, emotional impact during medical assistance, and individual, relational and sociocultural determinants. The studies showed the variability in women's emotional accounts, mainly determined by the following factors: Access and waiting times, health system, type of intervention, degree of awareness and participation regarding the use of technical and medical technologies, interaction with health professionals, and specificity of individual, relational and sociocultural context. The main emotional difficulties were related to the ethical conflict, the decision-making, the relation with the social and health system and stigma. As main facilitating aspects, women highlighted autonomy in decision-making and emotional support, while barriers referred to social rejection and negative messages perceived from the political, social and health system. CONCLUSIONS: The emotional accounts around induced abortion depend on individual and relational factors, as well as on health assistance, all mediated by gender inequalities and bias. Improvements in health assistance refer to an integral and individualized attention, adapted to women's needs.

Rutas emocionales en las experiencias profesionales de los equipos de coordinación de trasplantes / Emotional paths of professional experiences in transplant coordinators

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Conocer las experiencias en la práctica profesional de equipos de coordinación de trasplantes y explorar sus vivencias emocionales, estrategias de afrontamiento, necesidades y demandas en relación con la entrevista de donación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Diseño exploratorio, transversal, multicéntrico, con metodología cualitativa, basado en la teoría fundamentada y análisis de contenido de cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas y entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizado con 22 profesionales pertenecientes a equipos de coordinación de trasplantes del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía. Las categorías empleadas en el análisis fueron: trabajo de coordinación: percepciones, funciones, impacto y consecuencias; aspectos positivos/gratificantes y negativos/difíciles de la coordinación de trasplantes; la entrevista de donación; estrategias de afrontamiento; necesidades, demandas y propuestas. RESULTADOS: Los equipos de coordinación de trasplantes tienen una visión polarizada sobre su trabajo, que describen como reto y oportunidad, evidenciando, por una parte, su satisfacción y compromiso profesional y, por otra parte, las dificultades y exigencias que representan factores de estrés con impacto en sus percepciones, estilos de vida, identidad profesional o salud física y psíquica. Los aspectos más gratificantes se relacionan con la excelencia profesional, trasplantes exitosos y la relación con pacientes y familiares. La entrevista de donación es el momento de mayor estrés, ante el cual se generan diferentes rutas emocionales, condicionadas por la experiencia en la coordinación, la respuesta familiar y su interpretación y la autoevaluación profesional. Las principales demandas profesionales se orientan hacia estrategias formativas, terapia grupal y apoyo institucional. CONCLUSIONES: Ante la complejidad e intensidad emocional del trabajo de coordinación, se requieren intervenciones de capacitación para mejorar la salud y gestión emocional de sus profesionales

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To look at transplant coordinators professional narratives and explore their emotional experiences, coping strategies, needs and demands in relation to the donation interview. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory, transversal, multicenter design, using grounded theory, qualitative approach and content analysis of open-ended questionnaire and semistructured interviews with 22 transplant coordinators from the Andalusian Public Health System. Categories of analysis: Transplant coordination: perceptions, functions, impact and consequences; Positive/gratifying aspects and negative/ difficult aspects; Donation interview; Coping strategies; Needs, demands and suggestions. RESULTS: Transplant coordinators maintain a polarized perspective on their work, which they describe as a challenge and an opportunity. They highlight both their satisfaction and professional commitment as their work difficulties and requirements, which represent stress factors with an impact on professionals' perceptions, life styles, identity or physical and psychical life. Most gratifying work aspects refer to professional excellence, successful transplants and relationship with patients and their families. The donation interview is considered to be the most stressful moment, in response to which coordinators develop different emotional paths, conditioned by their experience, families' response to donation and its interpretation by the health team and professional (self) evaluation. Main professional demands are training strategies, group therapies and institutional support. CONCLUSIONS: The complexity and emotional intensiveness of transplant coordination require special interventions aiming to enable professionals towards an improvement of their emotional heath and management

Heroína, pero no Superwoman. Evaluación de una formación entre iguales para mujeres con cáncer de mama / Heroine, but no Superwoman. Evaluation of a peer-training activity for women with breast cancer

OBJETIVO: Evaluar una actividad formativa entre iguales para pacientes con cáncer de mama desde la perspectiva de género; conocer los resultados y profundizar en las experiencias de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios participantes. MÉTODO: Diseño multicéntrico mixto (Andalucía, 2017) con un cuestionario de evaluación pretest/postest con 102 pacientes formadas, midiendo hábitos de vida, limitaciones, uso y comunicación con los servicios sanitarios, y autocuidados; y con un análisis de contenido de entrevistas individuales y grupales (con 21 pacientes formadoras y 5 profesionales), centradas en experiencias, necesidades y propuestas de mejora. RESULTADOS: Las pacientes describen una buena salud general, con mejoras en dieta (7 a 7,7 de prestest a postest), limitaciones (se redujeron de 1,93 a 1,64 puntos) y autoeficacia (aumentó de 6,46 a 7,42 puntos), con diferencias significativas por edad, estado civil y nivel de estudios (mayor mejoría entre los perfiles más vulnerables). Las participantes reflejaron los beneficios de la formación en los aspectos personal, relacional, psicoemocional y sociocultural, y expresaron cambios en sus modelos identitarios y de vivencias de roles de género tras la formación. Los ámbitos de mejora fueron las cuestiones organizativas, de evaluación y continuidad de la estrategia formativa. CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia formativa es una experiencia con resultados positivos en la salud física, relacional y emocional de las participantes, y desde la perspectiva de género se constituye como una oportunidad, individual y compartida, para (re)negociar o deconstruir roles de género, en torno a la experiencia del cáncer de mama

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a peer-training intervention for women with breast cancer, from a gender perspective: to discover the results of the intervention and examine in-depth the personal experiences of patients and health professionals participating in the training activity. METHOD: Mixed method multicentre design completed in 2017 in Andalusia (Spain), with a pre and post evaluation questionnaire with 102 patients, measuring life style, limitations, use of health services, communication with professionals and self-management; and content analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 21 patient-trainers and 5 health professionals, looking at experiences, needs and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS: The patients described a good general health status, with improvements of: diet quality (7 in pre-test to 7.7 in post-test), limitations for daily life (from 1.93 to 1.64 points), self-efficacy (from 6.46 to 7.42 points). Age, civil status and level of education generated statistically significant differences, with more improvement in more vulnerable social profiles. Participants revealed the benefits of the peer-training at a personal, relational, psycho-emotional and socio-cultural level and expressed how the training changed their experiences around identity-construction and gender roles. The improvement dimensions related to organization, evaluation and continuity. CONCLUSIONS: The peer-training intervention is a positive experience for women's physical, relational and emotional health and, from a gender perspective, it represents an opportunity, at both individual and group level, to negotiate and deconstruct gender roles when living with breast cancer

Impacto diferencial, necesidades heterogéneas. La formación entre iguales para mejorar la salud y los hábitos de vida de los pacientes crónicos / Differential impact and heterogeneous needs. A peer-led training program for improving chronic patients' health status and health behaviors

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de la formación entre iguales de la Escuela de Pacientes sobre la salud autopercibida y los hábitos de vida de las personas con enfermedades crónicas. DISEÑO: Descriptivo, transversal de evaluación cuantitativa pretest/postest. EMPLAZAMIENTO: Andalucía. PARTICIPANTES: Novecientos sesenta y cuatro pacientes con diabetes, fibromialgia e insuficiencia cardíaca participantes en la Escuela de Pacientes entre 2013 y 2015. INTERVENCIONES: Sesión de formación para formadores en autocuidados para personas con enfermedades crónicas. Mediciones principales: Se usó un cuestionario que midió salud autopercibida, limitaciones, dieta y actividad física. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo, bivariante, de correlaciones y de ganancias netas. RESULTADOS: Tras realizar la formación se observó una mejoría de la salud, con menos limitaciones y mejor dieta y ejercicio físico, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sexo, enfermedad, nivel de estudios y estado civil. Se plantean propuestas de mejora de la estrategia formativa, con atención a las necesidades específicas de los colectivos más vulnerables: mujeres y personas con menor nivel educativo. CONCLUSIONES: El impacto de la formación fue positivo y diferencial en función de los perfiles de participantes. Se recomienda profundizar en los resultados, a través de metodología cualitativa, realizar mediciones postest posteriores y adaptar la estrategia formativa a la heterogeneidad de las necesidades de la población formada

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of the peer-led training for chronic patients on their health status and behaviors. DESIGN: Descriptive, transversal pretest and posttest quantitative approach. PLACEMENT: Andalusia. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred sixty-four patients with Diabetes, fibromyalgia and heart failure, trained at the School of Patients between 2013 and 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Peer-training intervention for self-efficacy for chronic patients. Main measurement: Self-reported health status, activity limitation, diet and physical activity. Statistical analysis included descriptive and bivariate statistics, correlation coefficient and net gains for paired variables. RESULTS: Health status improved after the training, with less limitations and better diet and physical activity, with significant differences by sex, chronic illness, education level and marriage status. Improvement areas where identified for the training strategy, with special attention on the needs of more vulnerable groups (women, people with less education level). CONCLUSIONS: The peer training had a positive impact, with differences depending on social profiles. 1-year and 2-years posttest measurements are needed and a qualitative study is required in order to better evaluate the peer-led strategy and to adapt it to participants' needs and expectations

[Differential impact and heterogeneous needs. A peer-led training program for improving chronic patients' health status and health behaviors]. / Impacto diferencial, necesidades heterogéneas. La formación entre iguales para mejorar la salud y los hábitos de vida de los pacientes crónicos.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of the peer-led training for chronic patients on their health status and behaviors. DESIGN: Descriptive, transversal pretest and posttest quantitative approach. PLACEMENT: Andalusia. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred sixty-four patients with Diabetes, fibromyalgia and heart failure, trained at the School of Patients between 2013 and 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Peer-training intervention for self-efficacy for chronic patients. MAIN MEASUREMENT: Self-reported health status, activity limitation, diet and physical activity. Statistical analysis included descriptive and bivariate statistics, correlation coefficient and net gains for paired variables. RESULTS: Health status improved after the training, with less limitations and better diet and physical activity, with significant differences by sex, chronic illness, education level and marriage status. Improvement areas where identified for the training strategy, with special attention on the needs of more vulnerable groups (women, people with less education level). CONCLUSIONS: The peer training had a positive impact, with differences depending on social profiles. 1-year and 2-years posttest measurements are needed and a qualitative study is required in order to better evaluate the peer-led strategy and to adapt it to participants' needs and expectations.

[Heroine, but no Superwoman. Evaluation of a peer-training activity for women with breast cancer]. / Heroína, pero no Superwoman. Evaluación de una formación entre iguales para mujeres con cáncer de mama.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a peer-training intervention for women with breast cancer, from a gender perspective: to discover the results of the intervention and examine in-depth the personal experiences of patients and health professionals participating in the training activity. METHOD: Mixed method multicentre design completed in 2017 in Andalusia (Spain), with a pre and post evaluation questionnaire with 102 patients, measuring life style, limitations, use of health services, communication with professionals and self-management; and content analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 21 patient-trainers and 5 health professionals, looking at experiences, needs and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS: The patients described a good general health status, with improvements of: diet quality (7 in pre-test to 7.7 in post-test), limitations for daily life (from 1.93 to 1.64 points), self-efficacy (from 6.46 to 7.42 points). Age, civil status and level of education generated statistically significant differences, with more improvement in more vulnerable social profiles. Participants revealed the benefits of the peer-training at a personal, relational, psycho-emotional and socio-cultural level and expressed how the training changed their experiences around identity-construction and gender roles. The improvement dimensions related to organization, evaluation and continuity. CONCLUSIONS: The peer-training intervention is a positive experience for women's physical, relational and emotional health and, from a gender perspective, it represents an opportunity, at both individual and group level, to negotiate and deconstruct gender roles when living with breast cancer.

Emotional paths of professional experiences in transplant coordinators. / Rutas emocionales en las experiencias profesionales de los equipos de coordinación de trasplantes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To look at transplant coordinators' professional narratives and explore their emotional experiences, coping strategies, needs and demands in relation to the donation interview. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory, transversal, multicenter design, using grounded theory, qualitative approach and content analysis of open-ended questionnaire and semistructured interviews with 22 transplant coordinators from the Andalusian Public Health System. Categories of analysis: Transplant coordination: perceptions, functions, impact and consequences; Positive/gratifying aspects and negative/ difficult aspects; Donation interview; Coping strategies; Needs, demands and suggestions. RESULTS: Transplant coordinators maintain a polarized perspective on their work, which they describe as a challenge and an opportunity. They highlight both their satisfaction and professional commitment as their work difficulties and requirements, which represent stress factors with an impact on professionals' perceptions, life styles, identity or physical and psychical life. Most gratifying work aspects refer to professional excellence, successful transplants and relationship with patients and their families. The donation interview is considered to be the most stressful moment, in response to which coordinators develop different emotional paths, conditioned by their experience, families' response to donation and its interpretation by the health team and professional (self) evaluation. Main professional demands are training strategies, group therapies and institutional support. CONCLUSIONS: The complexity and emotional intensiveness of transplant coordination require special interventions aiming to enable professionals towards an improvement of their emotional heath and management.

Vivencias y emociones profesionales en el proceso de donación y trasplantes de órganos. Una revisión sistemática / Emotional experiences of health professionals in organ procurement and transplantation. A systematic review

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue explorar, analizar y sintetizar las experiencias emocionales de profesionales sanitarios de donación y trasplantes. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa en Medline, Science Direct y la Biblioteca Virtual del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía. Se seleccionaron 16 artículos originales, realizando una evaluación cualitativa y síntesis narrativa. Resultados: Se identificó el uso mayoritario de métodos cualitativos y 4 temáticas emergentes: trabajar en donaciones y trasplantes; la transición de roles profesionales; vivencias emocionales, y afrontamiento y mejora de la gestión emocional. Se reflejaron la complejidad y la pluralidad de las vivencias emocionales y la centralidad del enfoque relacional. Conclusiones: Las intensas experiencias emocionales en torno a la responsabilidad vivida, la asunción del trabajo como un gran reto y la búsqueda de recompensas como principal estrategia de afrontamiento aparecieron como factores explicativos de importantes contradicciones y tensiones de roles y funciones, con especial relevancia durante la entrevista de donación

Introduction: The objective was to explore, discuss and synthesize the emotional experiences of health professionals during the process of organ procurement and transplantation. Methods: A systematic review was made in Medline, Science Direct and the Virtual Library of the Andalusian Public Health System, selecting 16 original articles for inclusion in the review, with qualitative evaluation and narrative synthesis. Results: The results revealed the main use of qualitative methodology, and 4emergent themes were identified: working in organ procurement and transplantation; the transition of professional roles; emotional experiences; and, coping strategies and emotional management. This systematic review revealed the complex and diverse character of professionals’ emotional experiences as well as the importance of the interpersonal relationship. Conclusions: Intense emotional experiences related to the sense of responsibility, the work challenge and coping strategies based on reward searching explained important contradictions and tensions about professional roles and functions, especially during the donation interview

Emotional experiences of health professionals in organ procurement and transplantation. A systematic review. / Vivencias y emociones profesionales en el proceso de donación y trasplantes de órganos. Una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to explore, discuss and synthesize the emotional experiences of health professionals during the process of organ procurement and transplantation. METHODS: A systematic review was made in Medline, Science Direct and the Virtual Library of the Andalusian Public Health System, selecting 16 original articles for inclusion in the review, with qualitative evaluation and narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The results revealed the main use of qualitative methodology, and 4emergent themes were identified: working in organ procurement and transplantation; the transition of professional roles; emotional experiences; and, coping strategies and emotional management. This systematic review revealed the complex and diverse character of professionals' emotional experiences as well as the importance of the interpersonal relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Intense emotional experiences related to the sense of responsibility, the work challenge and coping strategies based on reward searching explained important contradictions and tensions about professional roles and functions, especially during the donation interview.

Chronicity and use of health services: peer education of the School of Patients. / Cronicidad y uso de servicios sanitarios: la formación entre iguales de la Escuela de Pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the training strategy of the Escuela de Pacientes (School of Patients) on the use of health services among people with chronic diseases. METHOD: Quantitative design study of pretest and posttest evaluation with a population of 3,350 chronic patients of the Escuela de Pacientes (Andalusia, 2013-2015). A questionnaire adapted from the Stanford University was used. It measured the self-perceived health, number of health visits, and level of trust and communication with health personnel. A descriptive and bivariate study, a correlation study and a pretest/posttest net gain analysis were performed. RESULTS: Participation of 964 patients (28.8% of the population), of which 18.8% were men, mean age 56 years. Training increased trust in Primary Care (PC) and Hospital Care (HC) professionals (0.44 and 0.65 points), medical visits decreased by 25%, and hospital admissions fell by 51% with statistically significant differences by sex and disease. The correlation index between trust in professionals and use of health services was -0.215. CONCLUSION: The training strategy had a positive impact on the use of health services and trust in health professionals, and were identified areas of improvement from which recommendations are established.

Cronicidad y uso de servicios sanitarios: la formación entre iguales de la Escuela de Pacientes / Cronicidade e utilização de serviços de saúde: a formação entre iguais na Escola de Pacientes / Chronicity and use of health services: peer education of the School of Patients

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la estrategia formativa de la Escuela de Pacientes en el uso de servicios sanitarios entre las personas con enfermedades crónicas. Método: Diseño cuantitativo de evaluación pretest y postest con una población de 3350 pacientes crónicos de la Escuela de Pacientes (Andalucía, 2013-2015). Se empleó un cuestionario adaptado de la Universidad de Stanford, que midió: salud autopercibida, número de visitas médicas y nivel de confianza y comunicación con el personal sanitario. Se realizó estudio descriptivo y bivariante, estudio de correlación y análisis de ganancias netas pretest/postest. Resultados: Participaron 964 pacientes (28,8% de la población): el 18,8% hombres, edad media 56 años. La formación aumentó la confianza en el personal de Atención Primaria (AP) y Atención Hospitalaria (AH) (0,44 y 0,65 puntos), descendieron las visitas médicas en un 25% y los ingresos hospitalarios en un 51%, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo y enfermedad. El índice de correlación entre confianza con profesionales y uso de servicios sanitarios fue de −0,215. Conclusión: La estrategia formativa tuvo un impacto positivo en el uso de servicios sanitarios y confianza con personal sanitario, detectándose áreas de mejora a partir de las cuales se establecen recomendaciones.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da formação da Escola de Pacientes entre iguais sobre a utilização de serviços sanitários das pessoas com doenças crónicas. Método: Desenho quantitativo da avaliação pré-teste e pós-teste com uma população de 3.350 pacientes da Escola de Pacientes (Andaluzia, 2013-2015). Foi usado um questionário adaptado da Universidade de Stanford, que mediu: saúde autopercebida, visitas médicas, nível de confiança e comunicação com o pessoal sanitário. A análise estatística incluiu estudo estatístico descritivo e bivariado, estudo de correlação e análise de ganhos líquidos pré-teste/pós-teste. Resultados: Participaram 964 pacientes (28,8% da população do estudo), 18,8% homens, idade média de 56 anos. Depois da formação, a confiança no pessoal de Atenção Primária (AP) e Atenção Hospitalar (AH) aumentou (0,44 e 0,65 pontos, respectivamente), as visitas médicas decresceram em 25% e as entradas hospitalares em 51%, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas por sexo e doença. O índice de correlação entre confiança nos profissionais e utilização de serviços de saúde foi de −0,215. Conclusão: A estratégia formativa teve um impacto positivo na utilização dos serviços de saúde e na confiança no pessoal de saúde, detectando-se áreas de melhoria a partir das quais se estabelecem recomendações.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of the training strategy of the Escuela de Pacientes (School of Patients) on the use of health services among people with chronic diseases. Method: Quantitative design study of pretest and posttest evaluation with a population of 3,350 chronic patients of the Escuela de Pacientes (Andalusia, 2013-2015). A questionnaire adapted from the Stanford University was used. It measured the self-perceived health, number of health visits, and level of trust and communication with health personnel. A descriptive and bivariate study, a correlation study and a pretest/posttest net gain analysis were performed. Results: Participation of 964 patients (28.8% of the population), of which 18.8% were men, mean age 56 years. Training increased trust in Primary Care (PC) and Hospital Care (HC) professionals (0.44 and 0.65 points), medical visits decreased by 25%, and hospital admissions fell by 51% with statistically significant differences by sex and disease. The correlation index between trust in professionals and use of health services was −0.215. Conclusion: The training strategy had a positive impact on the use of health services and trust in health professionals, and were identified areas of improvement from which recommendations are established.

La formación entre iguales para pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2. Una evaluación cuantitativa y cualitativa en el País Vasco y Andalucía / Peer training for patients with diabetes mellitus 2. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation in the Basque Country and Andalusia

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la estrategia formativa entre iguales para pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de los programas «Paciente Activo» (País Vasco) y «Escuela de Pacientes» (Andalucía). DISEÑO: Diseño mixto cuantitativo/cualitativo de evaluación pre/post de los programas de formación llevado a cabo entre 2012 y 2014. Emplazamiento: País Vasco y Andalucía. PARTICIPANTES: Un total de 409 pacientes y pacientes-formadores, participantes en la formación entre iguales. Muestreo intencional de 44 pacientes para el estudio cualitativo. MÉTODO: Análisis estadístico bivariante y ganancias netas de las variables comunes de cuestionarios pre/post del País Vasco y Andalucía: salud autopercibida, actividades diarias, ejercicio físico, uso de servicios sanitarios y autocuidados. Análisis de contenido de 8 grupos focales con pacientes y pacientes-formadores, incluyendo: codificación, árbol de categorías y triangulación de resultados. RESULTADOS: La formación entre iguales incide positivamente en la realización de ejercicio físico, uso de recursos sanitarios y autoeficacia en los cuidados, con diferencias por género en algunas dimensiones. La formación se valora positivamente en cuanto que: favorece la relación de los/las pacientes con el personal sanitario, genera apoyo grupal y autoconfianza y facilita la gestión emocional. Las áreas de mejora identificadas son: acceso y continuidad de la formación, y aceptación y apoyo por parte del personal y las instituciones sanitarias. CONCLUSIONES: Los beneficios en salud y calidad de vida promovidos a través de la formación entre iguales requiere la colaboración de las instituciones y personal sanitario, que deben facilitar el acceso, la continuidad y la adecuación de los contenidos a las necesidades y expectativas de los/las pacientes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a peer training strategy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, developed in two training programmes in the Basque Country and Andalusia. DESIGN: Quantitative pre- and post-intervention and qualitative evaluation, developed between 2012 and 2014. Place: The Basque Country and Andalusia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 409 patients and trainer-patients, participating in self-management peer training programmes. Intentional sample of 44 patients for the qualitative study. METHOD: Bivariate analysis and net gains for common variables used in questionnaires in the Basque Country and Andalusia: self-reported health, daily activities, physical activity, use of health services, and self-management. Content analysis of 8 focus groups with patients and trainer-patients, including: coding, categorisation, and triangulation of results. RESULTS: Peer training has a positive impact on physical activity, the use of health services, and self-management, with some gender differences. The peer-training strategy is considered positive, as it strengthens the patient-health provider relationship, generates group support and self-confidence, and improves the emotional management. Patients identify two areas of potential improvement: access and continuity of training strategies, and more support and recognition from health providers and institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The positive impact on health and quality of life that this patient peer-training provides, requires the collaboration of health professionals and institutions, which should improve the access, continuity and adaptation to patient needs and expectations

Evaluación de una estrategia formativa entre iguales en fibromialgia: Un análisis de género / Evaluation of a Training Strategy between Peers in the Field of Fibromyalgia: A Gender Analysis / Avaliação de uma estratégia formadora entre pessoas com fibromialgia: Uma análise de gênero

La fibromialgia es una enfermedad crónica altamente feminizada que requiere mayor autonomía y autoeficiencia en el manejo de los cuidados. Objetivo: evaluar, desde una perspectiva de género, la estrategia formativa de pacientes con fibromialgia de la Escuela de Pacientes, basada en la formación "entre iguales". Método: estudio cuantitativo, con diseño cuasiexperimental pretest- postest, con 600 participantes con fibromialgia. Se utilizó un cuestionario adaptado del Programa de Paciente Experto de la Universidad de Stanford que recoge las variables: salud autopercibida, estrés emocional, calidad y hábitos de vida, limitaciones, relación con el personal sanitario y autoeficiencia. Se empleó el análisis bivariado y multivariado y análisis del cambio entre pretest/postest. Resultados: los participantes en la formación (98 % mujeres) describieron un mal estado de salud, con altos niveles de cansancio, dolor y limitaciones, con diferencias significativas en función del perfil sociodemográfico. Tras la formación, mejoró el estrés emocional y los hábitos de vida, se redujeron las visitas médicas y aumentó el automanejo de la enfermedad. Conclusión: la formación entre iguales representó una estrategia educativa eficiente y un espacio óptimo para reforzar el compromiso y apoyo social, con resultados positivos para la salud emocional y autoconfianza de las mujeres con fibromialgia.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease found more commonly in women that requires a greater autonomy and self-sufficiency in care management. Objective: To evaluate, from a gender perspective, the strategy for training fibromyalgia patients from the School of Patients, based on training "between peers". Method: Quantitative study before and after testing, with 600 participants with fibromyalgia. A questionnaire adapted from the Expert Patients Programme at Standford University that includes the following variables: self-perceived health, emotional stress, quality and lifestyle, limitations, relationship with the health care personnel and self-efficacy. The bivariate and multivariate analysis was used, as well as the analysis of change between pre-test/post-test. Results: Participants in the training (98% women) described a poor health, with high levels of fatigue, pain and limitations, with significant differences according to the sociodemographic profile. After the training, emotional stress and lifestyle improved, the number of visits to the doctor dropped and disease self-management increased. Conclusion: Training between peers represented an effective education strategy and an optimal opportunity to reinforce social commitment and support, with positive results for the emotional health and self-confidence of women with fibromyalgia.

A fibromialgia é uma doença crônica altamente feminizada que requer maior autonomia e autoeficiência na gestão dos cuidados. Objetivo: avaliar, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, a estratégia formadora de pacientes com fibromialgia da Escola de Pacientes, baseada na formação "entre iguais". Método: estudo quantitativo pré-teste e pós-teste, realizado com 600 participantes na formação sobre fibromialgia. Utilizou-se um questionário adaptado do Programa de Paciente Especializado da Stanford University, que coleta as variáveis: saúde autopercebida, estresse emocional, qualidade e hábitos de vida, limitações, relação com o pessoal sanitário e autoeficiência. Empregou-se a análise bivariada e multivariada, e a análise da mudança entre pré-teste e pós-teste. Resultados: os participantes na formação (98% mulheres) descreveram um mau estado de saúde, com altos níveis de cansaço, dor e limitações, com diferenças significativas em função do perfil sociodemográfico. Após a formação, melhorou-se o estresse emocional e os hábitos de vida, reduzem-se as visitas médicas e aumentou-se a autogestão da doença. Conclusão: a formação entre iguais representou uma estratégia educativa eficiente e um espaço adequado para reforçar o compromisso e o apoio social, com resultados positivos para a saúde emocional e a autoconfiança das mulheres com fibromialgia.