ABSTRACT
Mycoplasma spp. and Bartonella spp. are Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by arthropod vectors that infect red blood cells of several mammal species. This study investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas and Bartonella spp. in 68 howler monkeys kept in captivity in São Paulo, a southeastern state in Brazil. In addition, possible hematological, biochemical and electrophoretic changes of serum proteins associated with the occurrence of hemoplasmas and Bartonella spp. in captive primates were also investigated. The cPCR results showed that all sampled howler monkeys were negative for Bartonella spp. based on the gltA gene. The cPCR results indicated that 18 (26.47%) non-human primates (NHP) were positive for hemoplasmas based on the 16S rRNA gene. Monocyte and lymphocyte counts were higher in hemoplasma-positive howlers (P < 0.05). Platelet counts decreased in nonhuman primates (NHP) positive for hemoplasmas (P < 0.05). The results from the blood serum proteinogram and biochemistry analyses were not significantly different between NHPs positive and negative for hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian Inference (BI) based on the 16S rRNA gene positioned the obtained sequences close to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma kahanei'. The analysis of sequence diversity of the 16S rRNA gene showed that 5 different genotypes are circulating in NHP in Brazil and in the world; besides, a clear separation between the sequences of hemoplasmas that infect NHP of the Sapajus and Alouatta genus in Brazil was found, probably corresponding to two different species. The pathogenic potential of this hemoplasma species in NHP should be further investigated.
Subject(s)
Bartonella Infections/veterinary , Bartonella/genetics , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary , Mycoplasma/genetics , Alouatta , Animals , Bartonella Infections/epidemiology , Bartonella Infections/microbiology , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Genetic Variation , Monkey Diseases/microbiology , Mycoplasma Infections/epidemiology , Mycoplasma Infections/microbiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações anatômicas decorrentes de um quadro de icterícia obstrutiva experimental induzida em suínos nos períodos pré e pós-operatório por meio de exame ultrassonográfico.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Seis suínos da raça Landrace, com 36 dias de idade, foram submetidos a obstrução biliar completa mediante ligadura do ducto colédoco por cirurgia videolaparoscópica.RESULTADOS: Não ocorreram dificuldades na execução dos procedimentos obstrutivos e a recuperação cirúrgica foi eficiente. Decorridos sete dias, os animais apresentaram icterícia, bilirrubinúria e acolia fecal. O exame ultrassonográfico comparativo permitiu visualizar hepatomegalia, colecistomegalia e aumento no calibre do ducto colédoco em todos os animais, assim como alterações decorrentes da colestase. A avaliação morfométrica revelou aumento significativo nos diâmetros da vesícula biliar e do lobo hepático lateral esquerdo.CONCLUSÃO: Os suínos representam um modelo experimental adequado de icterícia obstrutiva, e o exame ultrassonográfico demonstrou-se sensível e relevante no diagnóstico das alterações decorrentes de obstrução biliar extra-hepática nesses animais.
OBJECTIVE: To compare, by means of ultrasonography, pre- and postoperative anatomical changes arising from experimentally induced obstructive jaundice in porcine models.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six 36-day-old Landrace pigs underwent laparoscopically induced complete biliary obstruction by common bile duct ligation.RESULTS: No difficulty was faced during the procedures and the surgical recovery was uneventful. After seven days, the animals showed jaundice, bilirubinuria and acholic stools. Comparative ultrasonography allowed visualization of hepatomegaly, cholecystomegaly and increased caliber of the common bile duct in all the animals, as well as changes resulting from cholestasis. The morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in diameter of the gallbladders and left lateral liver lobes.CONCLUSION: Pigs represent appropriate experimental models for investigation of obstructive jaundice, and ultrasonography has shown to be sensitive, playing a relevant role in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in such animals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cholestasis , Common Bile Duct , Liver/pathology , Jaundice, Obstructive/surgery , Swine , Biliary Tract/injuries , Laparoscopy , PhotomicrographyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To induce a total extra-hepatic obstructive jaundice in swines, by ligation of the common bile duct by laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Eight swines of the Landrace race, 36-day-old, originated from the same matrix, distributed in two groups. Group A: was used titanium metal clip to the common bile duct ligation in three animals; group B: were ligated with 2-0 cotton thread in five animals. RESULTS: The ligation of the biliary ducts was performed successfully in all animals, with easy identification of the common bile duct by laparoscopy. There weren't difficulties in the procedures, mainly due to the increased surgical field provided by the excellent quality of light and image of the appliance. The clinical signs of jaundice were evident in the animals in seven days. In group A, two animals showed bile duct perforation near the clip, probably due to ischemic necrosis, progressing to peritonitis and death. In group B, five animals showed obstructive jaundice without any amendment. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, we therefore recommend the use of unabsorbed wires to experimental biliary obstruction, in order to avoid complications, such as ischemia and necrosis, followed by perforation of the wall of the bile ducts.
Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Jaundice, Obstructive/etiology , Laparoscopy/methods , Animals , Constriction , Ligation/methods , Random Allocation , Reproducibility of Results , Surgical Instruments , Sus scrofa , SwineABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To induce a total extra-hepatic obstructive jaundice in swines, by ligation of the common bile duct by laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Eight swines of the Landrace race, 36-day-old, originated from the same matrix, distributed in two groups. Group A: was used titanium metal clip to the common bile duct ligation in three animals; group B: were ligated with 2-0 cotton thread in five animals. RESULTS: The ligation of the biliary ducts was performed successfully in all animals, with easy identification of the common bile duct by laparoscopy. There weren't difficulties in the procedures, mainly due to the increased surgical field provided by the excellent quality of light and image of the appliance. The clinical signs of jaundice were evident in the animals in seven days. In group A, two animals showed bile duct perforation near the clip, probably due to ischemic necrosis, progressing to peritonitis and death. In group B, five animals showed obstructive jaundice without any amendment. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, we therefore recommend the use of unabsorbed wires to experimental biliary obstruction, in order to avoid complications, such as ischemia and necrosis, followed by perforation of the wall of the bile ducts.
OBJETIVO: Induzir um quadro de icterícia obstrutiva extrahepática total em suínos, através da ligadura no ducto colédoco por meio de cirurgia videolaparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Oito suínos da raça Landrace, com 36 dias de idade, originários da mesma matriz, foram distribuídos em dois grupos. Grupo A: utilizou-se clipe metálico de titânio para ligadura do ducto colédoco em três animais; grupo B: foi feita a ligadura com fio de algodão 2-0 em cinco animais. RESULTADOS: A ligadura da via biliar principal foi realizada com sucesso em todos os animais, com fácil identificação do colédoco por videolaparoscopia. Não houve dificuldades nos procedimentos, principalmente devido ao aumento do campo cirúrgico proporcionado pela qualidade de luz e imagem do aparelho. Os sinais clínicos indicativos de icterícia foram evidentes nos animais em sete dias. No grupo A, dois animais apresentaram perfuração coledociana junto ao clipe por provável isquemia e necrose, evoluindo com coleperitônio e óbito. No grupo B, os cinco animais apresentaram quadro de icterícia obstrutiva sem qualquer alteração. CONCLUSÃO: Nas condições desse estudo, recomenda-se a utilização de fios inabsorvíveis para obstrução experimental das vias biliares, a fim de evitar complicações, como isquemia e necrose, seguida de perfuração da parede das vias biliares.