Residues determination, risk assessment, and dissipation behavior of myclobutanil formulation on apple.

This study aimed to investigate the dissipation pattern, risk assessment, and waiting period of myclobutanil on apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) under temperate conditions in Kashmir, India. The study involved the application of myclobutanil 10 WP at a single recommended dosage (125 g a.i. ha-1) and double dosage (250 g a.i. ha-1) on Red Velox apple trees, 2 months before harvest. GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used to analyze myclobutanil residues in fruit samples. The study revealed that myclobutanil, at both recommended and double recommended doses, dissipated rapidly and became nondetectable after 55 and 60 days, respectively. The waiting period for myclobutanil application was determined to be 12.41 days for the single dose and 25.58 days for the double dose, respectively. These waiting periods were based on the maximum residue limit of 0.6 ppm as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, and European Commission. The study concludes that myclobutanil 10 WP is safe for consumers at both recommended and double recommended doses when applied 2 months before harvest. Risk assessment, considering the average daily apple consumption in India and theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs), indicates negligible health hazards even at double the recommended dosage. The calculated TMRC values at Day 0 were significantly below the maximum permissible intake. For average and maximum myclobutanil residues at single and double doses, the TMRC values were found to be 0.0069 and 0.0070 mg day-1 person-1 and 0.0105 and 0.0106 mg day-1 person-1, respectively. These results indicate that myclobutanil, when used according to recommended dosages and waiting periods, poses minimal health risks to consumers. The study emphasizes the importance of prudent fungicide use to minimize fungicide residues on fruits, thereby ensuring their safety for consumption.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Benzotriazole-Based ß-Amino Alcohols and Their Corresponding 1,3-Oxazolidines.

In the present study, a series of benzotriazole-based ß-amino alcohols were efficiently synthesized in excellent yields via aminolysis of benzotriazolated epoxides under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions. Further these ß-amino alcohols were successfully utilized to synthesize the corresponding benzotriazole-based oxazolidine heterocyclic derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy for structure elucidation. The compounds were subjected to a microtiter plate-based antimicrobial assay. The antimicrobial activity results reveal that the compounds 4a, 4e, and 5f were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 32, 8, and 64 µM, respectively. Also, the compounds 4a, 4e, 4k, 4i, 4m, 4n, 4o, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, and 5h showed effective activity against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) with MICs of 64, 16, 16, 16, 64, 16, 64, 64, 32, 64, 8, and 16 µM, respectively. A biological investigation was conducted, including molecular docking of two compounds with several receptors to identify and confirm the best ligand-protein interactions. Hence, this study found a significant strategy to diversify the chemical molecules. The synthesized compounds play a potential role as an antibacterial intensifier against some pathogenic bacteria for the development of antibacterial substances.