Food waste to resource recovery: a way of green advocacy.

Due to the massive growth in population and urbanization, there has been a huge increase in the volume of food waste globally. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that around one-third of all food produced each year is wasted. Food waste leads to the emission of greenhouse gas and depletion of the soil fertility. Nevertheless, it has immense potential for the recovery of high-value energy, fuel, and other resources. This review summarizes the latest advances in resource recovery from food waste by using technologies that include food waste-mediated microbial fuel cell (MFC) for bioenergy production. In addition to this, utilization of food waste for the production of bioplastic, biogas, bioethanol, and fertilizer has been also discussed in detail. Competitive benefits and accompanying difficulties of these technologies have also been highlighted. Furthermore, future approaches for more efficient use of food waste for the recovery of valuable resources have been also offered from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Harvesting marine plastic pollutants-derived renewable energy: A comprehensive review on applied energy and sustainable approach.

The inevitable use of plastics in the existing standard of life makes its way to ecosystems, predominantly into the marine ecosystem. Recent research on energy recycling from marine discarded plastics through biological, chemical, and thermal processes is summarized, which degrade plastic debris and transform it into energy-efficient products. In a system-oriented approach, different boundaries like carbon efficiency, global warming potential, cumulative energy demand, and cost of the product have been evaluated. Even these technologies may successfully reduce the yearly volume of marine plastics by up to 89% while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30%. Conversely, recycling a ton of marine discarded plastics may save 915 cubic feet of landfill space, 6500 kWh of energy, and barrels of oil. Energy may be recovered up to 79% from waste plastics using various techniques. Up to 84% liquid fuel had been generated, with a maximum calorific power of 45 MJ/kg. It has been shown that in Asian countries, the power generation capacity of throw-away facemask wastes regularly varies from 2256 kWh/day to 18.52 million kWh/day. Hence, the conversion of marine plastics into biofuel, syngas, biochar, hydrocarbons, electricity, and value-added functional materials by various biotechnological and chemical processes like biodegradation, pyrolysis, gasification, methanolysis, and hydrolysis should be improvised as a source of alternative energy in the immediate future. Our review signifies the potential benefits of energy harvesting technologies from marine plastics pollutants to overcome the growing challenge of energy demands and provide a long-term solution to underdeveloped and developing countries as a sustainable source of energy. Endorsing current strategies to harvest energy from marine plastic wastes that enhance power generation technologies will help in building a more sustainable and greener environment that imparts a healthy and circular economy while shielding natural resources.

Development of a Cu/MoS2/Ni Self-Lubricating Composite Clad through Laser Additive Approach over a Ti6Al4V Substrate and Its Characterizations.

Solid lubricant coatings play a critical role in enhancing the tribological properties of engineering materials, particularly in aerospace and biomedical applications. Ti6Al4V is widely used in aerospace and defense industries due to its excellent mechanical properties and high strength-to-weight ratio. In this regard, a solid lubricant metal matrix composite (MMC) clad was successfully fabricated over Ti6Al4V. A full factorial (L16) was successfully implemented to investigate the interaction of process parameters for laser power and scanning speed with response outputs, such as the clad layer thickness and microhardness. The microstructural study of the clad confirmed the presence of dark and bright phases of the microstructure with cylindrical, elliptical, and lamellar structures. This showed the presence of molybdenum and sulfide phases (MoS2, TiS, CuS) and the presence of a nickel phase (TiNi, NiS, CuNi), confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy; these phases bestowed hardness as well as solid lubricating properties on the clad. The microhardness of the clad was found to be 2-3 times that of the substrate material. The wear behavior of the clad was studied in the load range of 5-15 N; the coefficient of friction (0.33 for clad and 0.5 for base), wear track depth profile, and wear mechanism revealed that the cladded sample has higher wear resistance as compared to the substrate material. The worn morphology showed that microcutting and microplowing are the major phenomena of wear occurrence. Further, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed to determine the binding energy of the compound formed at the clad zone, which can predict the most significant phase for the alteration of the mechanical behavior of the solid lubrication clad.

Effect of Current Waveforms during Directed Energy Deposition of 4043 Aluminum Alloy on Microstructure, Hardness, and Wear of Alloy.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was employed to fabricate 4043 aluminum alloy walls. To investigate the effects of sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular waveforms of alternating current (AC) and their transients on the wall geometry, microstructure evolution, hardness, and wear properties were evaluated. The root mean square (RMS) current value was maximum for the rectangular and minimum for the triangular waveform. The section produced by the triangular waveform had the highest height-to-width ratio, indicating that this waveform can be a favorable choice for creating components using WAAM. The optical micrographs of the transverse cross-section of the printed sections revealed the grain structure produced with this waveform to be heterogeneous, having a columnar dendritic structure at the bottom and equiaxed at the top portion. The waveforms also had an impact on the hardness and wear characteristics of all the walls, which were attributed to their cooling rate.

Assessment of inter and intra-observer variation of Leonetti and Tigani CT bases classification of tibial pilon fractures.

INTRODUCTION: tibial pilon fracture constitutes 5-7% of all tibial fractures. The treatment of choice is an open reduction with anatomical articular reconstruction and stable fixation. A relievable fracture classification is needed for the preoperative planning the surgical management of these fractures. Hence, we assessed the inter- and intra-observer variation of Leonetti and Tigani CT bases classification of tibial pilon fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 37 patients aged between 18-65 years with an ankle fracture were included. All these patients underwent a CT scan for the ankle fracture, and the CT scan was further evaluated by 5 independent observers (Orthopaedic surgeon). A kappa value was determined for inter and intra-observer variation. RESULTS: Leonetti and Tigani's CT-based classification of the kappa values was 0.657 to 0.751, with a mean value of 0.700. The range of values for the intra-observer variation using Leonetti and Tigani CT-based classification on the kappa values was 0.658 to 0.875 with a mean value of 0.755. The P-value < 0.001 states that there was a significant agreement between the inter-observer and intra-observer classification. CONCLUSION: Leonetti and Tigani Classification have shown substantial inter- and intra-observer agreement, and the "4B" subclass of Leonetti and Tigani CT-based classification showed a predominance in the present study.

A Critical Review on the Recovery of Base and Critical Elements from Electronic Waste-Contaminated Streams Using Microbial Biotechnology.

Pollution by end-of-life electronics is a rapid ever-increasing threat and is a universal concern with production of million metric tons of these wastes per annum. Electronic wastes (E-waste) are rejected electric or electronic equipment which have no other applications. The aggrandized unproper land filling of E-waste may generate hazardous effects on living organisms and ecosystem. At present, millions of tons of E-waste await the advancement of more efficient and worthwhile recycling techniques. Recovery of base and critical elements from electronic scraps will not only reduce the mining of these elements from natural resources but also reduces the contamination caused by the hazardous chemicals (mostly organic micropollutants) released from these wastes when unproperly disposed of. Bioleaching is reported to be the most eco-friendly process for metal recycling from spent electronic goods. A detailed investigation of microbial biodiversity and a molecular understanding of the metabolic pathways of bioleaching microorganisms will play a vital function in extraction of valuable minerals from the end-of-life scraps. Bioleaching technique as an economic and green technology costs around 7 USD per kg for effective reusing of E-waste as compared to other physical and chemical techniques. This review provides a summary of worldwide scenario of electronic pollutants; generation, composition and hazardous components of electronic waste; recycling of valuable elements through bioleaching; mechanism of bioleaching; microorganisms involved in base and critical element recovery from E-waste; commercial bioleaching operations; and upcoming aspects of this eco-friendly technique.

Green synthesis of flower shape ZnO-GO nanocomposite through optimized discharge parameter and its efficiency in energy storage device.

Numerous solution-based methods are used to prepare zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite (ZnO-GO NCs) such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and precipitation. These methods require lots of reagents and involve many stages. In this study, a novel one-step solution-based discharge method is used to prepare ZnO-GO NCs through an electrochemical discharge process (ECDP) without the use of any catalyst or toxic chemical reagent. This study focused on analyzing the effects of input parameters on the production rate of ZnO-GO NCs. The experiment was performed by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Materials removal rate (MRR) is considered as output response. The results reveal that voltage is the most significant factor, followed by temperature and duty cycle for obtaining higher MRR. The optimum parameters obtained from the Minitab software for higher MRR are 40 V, 30%, and 45 °C. Further, the morphology of the nanoparticles (NCs) produced at optimum parameters is analyzed which shows flower shape NCs with multilayer graphene oxide, confirmed by the FESEM and TEM images. The XRD peak at 11.27° and Raman spectroscopy peak of G and D bands reveal GO formation. The prepared ZnO-GO NCs tested as supercapacitor activity in the KOH solution. At the optimum parameter, the specific capacitance is observed to be 523.4 F/g at 2A/g current density. The NCs electrode shows good cyclic stability, with 86% retention of specific capacitance after 5000 cycles. This study shows a promising future of converting the e-waste product into valuable nanomaterials such as GO and ZnO from used dry cell batteries.

Detection of Environmental Microfiber Pollutants through Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques: Recent Advances of Environmental Monitoring and Future Prospects.

A robust environmental monitoring system is highly essential for the instant detection of environmental microfiber pollutants for the sustainable management of the environment and human health. The extent of microfiber pollution is growing exponentially across the globe in both terrestrial and marine environments. An immediate and accurate environmental monitoring system is crucial to investigate the composition and distribution of these micropollutants. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy are vibrational spectroscopic techniques that have the novel ability to detect microfibers within a minute concentration from diverse environmental samples. The major micropollutants which have been analyzed are polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 6, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate. After a detailed and critical study of the various aspects of spectroscopic analysis, the review is concluded with a comprehensive discussion of the significance of these robust methods and their application in future aspects for further preventing microfiber pollution in the marine environment. This study highlights the utilities and significance of vibrational spectroscopic detection techniques for the immediate and accurate identification of synthetic microfibers. This review also evaluated the implementation of spectroscopic methods as a precise tool for the characterization and monitoring of microfiber pollutants in the environment.

Fiber Laser Welded Cobalt Super Alloy L605: Optimization of Weldability Characteristics.

The present study describes the laser welding of Co-based superalloy L605 (52Co-20Cr-10Ni-15W) equivalent to Haynes-25 or Stellite-25. The influence of laser welding process input parameters such as laser beam power and welding speed on mechanical and metallurgical properties of weld joints were investigated. Epitaxial grain growth and dendritic structures were visible in the weld zone. The phase analysis results indicate the formation of hard phases like CrFeNi, CoC, FeNi, and CFe in the weld zone. These hard phases are responsible for the increase in microhardness up to 321 HV0.1 in the weld zone, which is very close to the microhardness of the parent material. From the tensile strength tests, the ductile failure of welded specimens was confirmed due to the presence of dimples, inter-granular cleavage, and micro voids in the fracture zone. The maximum tensile residual stress along the weld line is 450 MPa, whereas the maximum compressive residual stress across the weld line is 500 MPa. On successful application of Response Surface methodology (RSM), laser power of 1448.5 W and welding speed of 600 mm/min i.e., line energy or heat input equal to 144 J/mm, were found to be optimum values for getting sound weld joint properties. The EBSD analysis reveals the elongated grain growth in the weld pool and very narrow grain growth in the heat-affected zone.

Microbial remediation of plastic pollutants generated from discarded and abandoned marine fishing nets.

A wide range of plastic debris dumped into the ocean has recently gained concern of the marine ecosystems. Discarded and abandoned fishing nets, also known as ghost nets, are lost in the marine water and has no commercial significance. Additionally these fishing gear left out in the aquatic environment pose a severe risk to marine environment. Fishing nets, made up of synthetic plastic materials, are a major source of marine pollutants and act as a vector for transporting other toxic chemical pollutants. Approximately 10% of total marine plastic pollutants come from commercial fishing nets, and each year up to 1 million tons of fishing gear are discarded into the marine ecosystem. It can be estimated that by 2050 the amount will be doubled, adding 15-20 million metric tons of discarded lost fishing gears into ocean. The gradual and increased deposition of plastic pollutants in aquatic habitat also affects the whole food chain. Recently, microbial degradation of marine plastics has focussed the eyes of researchers and a lot of investigations on potential microbial degraders are under process. Microorganisms have developed the ability to grow under plastic stress condition and adapt to alter metabolic pathways by which they can directly feed upon marine plastic pollutants as sole carbon source. The present review compiles information on marine plastic pollution from discarded and abandoned fishing nets, their effect on aquatic ecosystems, marine animals and food chain and discusses microbial remediation strategies to control this pollution, especially and their implications in the marine ecosystems.

Electroless Ni-P-MoS2-Al2O3 Composite Coating with Hard and Self-Lubricating Properties.

The work aimed to produce Ni-P-MoS2-Al2O3 on Al-7075 alloys with multiple attributes through an electroless (EL) plating route. The effects of additives (MoS2 and Al2O3) in the EL bath on the surface morphology, topography, hardness, composition (phase and elemental), roughness, wettability, and coating thickness were evaluated. Results indicate a substantial enhancement in microhardness of the EL-coated surfaces by 70% (maximum hardness = ~316 HV) using powders, and 30% (244 HV) without powders. The maximum coating thickness and water contact angle obtained with powders were 6.16 µm and 100.46°, respectively. The coefficient of friction for the samples prepared using powders was 0.12, and for the base material it was 0.18. The compositional analysis through EDS and XRD suggested the incorporation of a hard and lubricious layer on the EL-coated surface owing to the presence of different phases of Al, Mo, P, Zn, O, and S. Therefore, the resulting coating surfaces impart hardness, self-lubrication, hydrophobicity, and wear resistance simultaneously.

Detection, characterization and possible biofragmentation of synthetic microfibers released from domestic laundering wastewater as an emerging source of marine pollution.

Synthetic microfibers are universally recognized as an emerging pollutant in all ecosystems. The present investigation focuses on the evaluation and quantification of synthetic microfiber released from domestic laundering wastewater from different regions of Bhubaneswar city of Odisha state of India. The estimated number of microfibers collected from 500 ml of sample varied from 200 to 500 in numbers with an average amount of biomass in the range of 0.4-4 g. The surface morphology of the samples was assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis which revealed that the fibers were having a length of approximately 10-30 mm and diameter of 10-20 µm. Carbonyl (CO) stretching band at 1711 cm-1 and Aldehyde (CH) Weak bond at 2917.38 cm-1 absorption were recorded from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. As microfibers released from synthetic apparels are major source of environmental microplastic pollution their precise detection could help in controlling this problem.

Comparison of Maraging Steel Surface Integrity in Hybrid and Conventional Micro-ECDM Processes.

Maraging steel is one of the exotic materials showing the potential for application in the field of the aerospace industry. However, machining these materials with high surface quality and material removal rate is problematic. The micro-electro chemical discharge (MECDM) process is capable of resolving this problem to some extent, however, due to the spark action, it fails to attain a high surface finish. In the current investigation, micro-hole drilling is performed on maraging steel with powder-mixed alumina (1% wt. of Al2O3) using the micro-electro chemical discharge machining (PMECDM) process. The effect of different input process factors, for example, voltage (V), duty cycle (D), the electrolyte concentration (C), are considered for investigating the machining performance, i.e., rate of material removal (MRR) and roughness of surface (SR) of the machined substrate. Further, a comparative analysis is established between micro-ECDM (MECDM) and mixed powder ECDM (PMECDM). The Box-Behnken design is used to conduct all the experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to optimize the results. The outcomes reveal that MRR in PMECDM is enhanced by 34%, and the average surface roughness is reduced by 21% over the MECDM process. The maximum MRR was observed to be 2.44 mg/min and the hole machined by the PMECDM results in a cleaner hole wall surface than the MECDM process due to the grinding action by the powder particles. The residual stress measurement indicates that the PMECDM (-128.3 ± 3.85 MPa) has the lowest equivalent stress as compared to the parent material (-341.04 ± 10.24 MPa) and MECDM (-200.7 ± 6.02 MPa) surfaces. The applied voltage is the most significant parameter, followed by the duty factor and electrolyte concentration for enhancing the MRR and surface finish. The addition of powder improves the surface integrity of the machined surface as compared to the surfaces produced by the MECDM processes.

A Review on Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption on Synthetic Microfiber Surface in Aquatic Environments.

Synthetic microfibers (SMFs), tiny particles which gets fragmented from large fragments of large synthetic fibers having less than 10 µm in diameter, have gathered ubiquitously in each and every corner of the earth. After their release into the aquatic environment, they remain there without natural degradation. Furthermore, it can be anticipated that floating units are transported along the food chain leading to bioaccumulation. It has been estimated that approximately 10-20 Mt of large fabric products as garbage enter into aquatic system per annum. Recently, these synthetic fragments have been investigated as transporters of heavy metal ions (HMs) showing different types of interactions. Yet, the underlying mechanism of these types of interaction is not known, especially the factors stimulating this process and how badly they affect biotic communities. Through this article, a detailed survey was carried out on the sources of microfibers and HMs into the aquatic environment, adsorption of different types of HMs on the SMF surface, mechanics favors these HM-MF interactions, particularly highlighting the significant roles of interaction on microbial biofilm formation. Their collaborative effects which possess harmful effects on aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms was also discussed. Lastly, the future investigations should focus on rigorous research in this field. This article to the best of our knowledge briefly describes the current research developments and emphasizes the vital function of the microorganisms on MFs-HMs interactions with the encouragement for rigorous research in this field to reveal accurate mechanisms and decrease the hazards related with MF presence.

Understanding the Dynamics of Blast Resistance in Rice-Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions.

Rice is a global food grain crop for more than one-third of the human population and a source for food and nutritional security. Rice production is subjected to various stresses; blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the major biotic stresses that has the potential to destroy total crop under severe conditions. In the present review, we discuss the importance of rice and blast disease in the present and future global context, genomics and molecular biology of blast pathogen and rice, and the molecular interplay between rice-M. oryzae interaction governed by different gene interaction models. We also elaborated in detail on M. oryzae effector and Avr genes, and the role of noncoding RNAs in disease development. Further, rice blast resistance QTLs; resistance (R) genes; and alleles identified, cloned, and characterized are discussed. We also discuss the utilization of QTLs and R genes for blast resistance through conventional breeding and transgenic approaches. Finally, we review the demonstrated examples and potential applications of the latest genome-editing tools in understanding and managing blast disease in rice.

Evaluation of transgenic chickpea harboring codon-modified Vip3Aa against gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera H.).

The gram pod borer is a major pest of chickpea, accounting for average annual yield losses to the tune of 40-50%. VIP3Aa, a class of insecticidal protein with different receptor binding site in the insect's midgut compared to Bt-crystal protein, offers an alternative protection strategy against Lepidopteran insects. Here, we report evaluation of genetically engineered chickpea lines harboring codon modified Vip3Aa (cmVip3Aa) against the Lepidopteran insect pest, gram pod borer. The synthetic codon modified, cmVip3Aa gene of 2,370 bp was sub-cloned in modified plant expression vector and used for direct transformation of embryonic axis explants of chickpea (cv. DCP 92-3), with transformation efficiency of 4.30%. Presence and transmission of transgene across two generations were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses in the five selected transgenic chickpea lines. Real Time PCR analyses indicated variable levels of cmVip3Aa expression in the transgenic chickpea lines (average Cq values 15.01±0.86 to 19.32±0.10), which were absent in the non-transgenic counterpart. Detached leaf insect bioassay indicate larval mortality (up to 39.75%), reduced larval feeding (up to 82.91%) and reduced larval weight gain (up to 68.23%), compared to control lines. Evaluation of gene offers a platform to identify efficacious insecticidal gene that can be used for insect resistance management in chickpea.

Recent Advances in Sensor-Based Detection of Toxic Dyes for Bioremediation Application: a Review.

Extensive use of these harmful dyes has resulted in the surplus presence of these emerging pollutants in the environment, thus demanding an instant and sensitive detection method. Various synthetic dyes are illegitimately mixed into food and other consuming items for displaying bright colours that attracts consumers. The synthetic dyes cause a number of environmental health hazards and promote toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in humans. Despite these serious health glitches, synthetic dyes are widely used due to their much lower cost. As a result, a faster, more selective and extremely sensitive technology for detecting and quantifying hazardous dyes in trace amount is urgently needed. This topic is currently in its initial phases of development and needs continuous refinements, such as explaining various sensing methods and potential future uses linked with dye detection technologies. The present review encompasses a comprehensive literature survey on detection of dyes and latest progress in developing sensors for dye detection and summarizes different detection mechanisms, including biosensor-, optical- and electrochemical-based sensors. Detection methodologies are examined with a focus on biosensor-based recent advancements in dye detection and the growing demand for more appropriate systems in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) harbouring AtDREB1a are physiologically better adapted to water deficit.

BACKGROUND: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most widely grown pulse and drought (limiting water) is one of the major constraints leading to about 40-50% yield losses annually. Dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DREBs) are important plant transcription factors that regulate the expression of many stress-inducible genes and play a critical role in improving the abiotic stress tolerance. Transgenic chickpea lines harbouring transcription factor, Dehydration Responsive Element-Binding protein 1A from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDREB1a gene) driven by stress inducible promoter rd29a were developed, with the intent of enhancing drought tolerance in chickpea. Performance of the progenies of one transgenic event and control were assessed based on key physiological traits imparting drought tolerance such as plant water relation characteristics, chlorophyll retention, photosynthesis, membrane stability and water use efficiency under water stressed conditions. RESULTS: Four transgenic chickpea lines harbouring stress inducible AtDREB1a were generated with transformation efficiency of 0.1%. The integration, transmission and regulated expression were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Southern Blot hybridization and Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Transgenic chickpea lines exhibited higher relative water content, longer chlorophyll retention capacity and higher osmotic adjustment under severe drought stress (stress level 4), as compared to control. The enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic chickpea lines were also manifested by undeterred photosynthesis involving enhanced quantum yield of PSII, electron transport rate at saturated irradiance levels and maintaining higher relative water content in leaves under relatively severe soil water deficit. Further, lower values of carbon isotope discrimination in some transgenic chickpea lines indicated higher water use efficiency. Transgenic chickpea lines exhibiting better OA resulted in higher seed yield, with progressive increase in water stress, as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: Based on precise phenotyping, involving non-invasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, carbon isotope discrimination, osmotic adjustment, higher chlorophyll retention and membrane stability index, it can be concluded that AtDREB1a transgenic chickpea lines were better adapted to water deficit by modifying important physiological traits. The selected transgenic chickpea event would be a valuable resource that can be used in pre-breeding or directly in varietal development programs for enhanced drought tolerance under parched conditions.

ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OUTBREAK IN AN INDIAN ZOO.

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV HD) is an acute viral infection of growing Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Four apparently healthy subadult Asian elephants aged between 6 and 10 yr at Nandankanan Zoological Park (NKZP), India, died of EEHV HD during August-September 2019. All four elephants were rescued from different reserved forests of Odisha state at less than 1 yr of age and hand reared in the NKZP. Elephants exhibited the clinical signs of lethargy, head swelling, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal distension, scant urination and defecation, signs of colic, lameness, trunk discharge, cyanosis/ulceration of tongue, erratic behavior, and recumbence before death. Period of illness varied between 28 and 42 h. Thrombocytopenia was the common significant hematological observation. No significant biochemical alterations were recorded except for higher creatinine concentrations. Analysis of blood samples in RT-PCR assay using two different sets of primers and probes that targeted terminase gene and major DNA-binding protein gene followed by cPCR and sequencing was positive for EEHV-1A in all four animals. Postmortem examination of all four carcasses showed hemorrhages in internal organs, including the hard palate, heart, lungs, stomach, mesenteric lymph nodes, mesentery, colon serosa, spleen, liver, kidney, and meninges. Histopathology showed congestion and/or hemorrhages in heart, lung, brain, kidney, and liver. There was presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the sinusoidal epithelial cells. The outbreak of EEHV HD that resulted in the acute death of four juvenile captive Asian elephants within <30 d, the first of its kind documented in India, is increasing the fear of similar outbreaks in the future.