Structural and chemical insights into the prebiotic property of hemicellulosic polysaccharide from Santalum album L.

Hemicellulose was extracted by alkali treatment of de-pectinated cell wall material of Santalum album L. (sandalwood) suspension culture cells. The physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of a purified major fraction of Hemicellulose-B, termed as HB-I, were investigated. GC analysis of hydrolyzed and derivatized HB-I showed the presence of arabinose (~64 %), galactose (~16 %) and glucose (~16 %) as major monosaccharide units along with minor amount of rhamnose. Methylation and NMR studies on the purified polysaccharide revealed the presence of 6-ß-d-Glcp, ß-d-Galp, 3,5-α-l-Araf, α-l-Araf, 5-α-l-Araf, 2,3-α-l-Araf and, α-l-Rhap residues, from which a proposed structure of repeating units was established. The growth of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. strains L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus was promoted while that of Escherichia coli was suppressed significantly in presence of HB-I. Our results highlight valorization of sandalwood biomass and explore the role of mixed α, ß-linked heteroglycan as a potential prebiotic molecule thus indicating the possibility of development of low-cost bioprocesses for production of functional food ingredients.

Structural elucidation of a heteropolysaccharide from the wild mushroom Marasmiellus palmivorus and its immune-assisted anticancer activity.

The biological activity of macrofungal polysaccharides (MFPS) depends on their structural features and is a topic of keen interest for researchers since long time. In this communication, we report a water soluble macrofungal heteropolysaccharide (MFPS1) with a molar weight of ˜145,000 g/mol, obtained through alkali extraction, of the wild mushroom, Marasmiellus palmivorus, with significant immunomodulatory properties. In cancer, after the induction of metastasis, the anticancer immune system becomes unresponsive. By studying cytokine secretion and immune phenotyping, it was observed that MFPS1 reactivated the anticancer immune surveillance system. MFPS1 executed T-cell maturation and activation via M1Φ; and also stimulated natural killer (NK) cell and B-cell population. The entire immune activation pathway corroborates its anticancer activity. The RP-HPLC analysis of hydrolyzed MFPS1 showed arabinose, glucose, galactose and mannose as monosaccharide units. The proposed structure of repeating unit was established from methylation analysis, 1D- and 2D NMR study, HR-MS and MALDI-TOF MS analysis.

A new arabinoxylan from green leaves of Litsea glutinosa (Lauraeae): structural and biological studies.

A water soluble new arabinoxylan, isolated through hot water extraction from the green leaves of Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) was found to contain xylose and arabinose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:3. On the basis of NMR ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMBC and DEPT-135), GLC and GLC-MS analyses, the backbone was established as (1→4)-α-D-xylopyranosyl residue, substituted at C-2 with one unit of two adjacently linked (1→3)-α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues and the other one was terminated by ß-L-arabinofuranosyl residue. The proposed repeating unit of the molecule was established as: [formula, see text] This molecule showed strong splenocyte, thymocyte, and macrophage activations. The optimum doses of the polysaccharide for splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation were observed at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively. An enhanced production of NO was observed at 100 µg/mL of the polysaccharide.

Pectic polysaccharide from immature onion stick (Allium cepa): structural and immunological investigation.

The structure of a water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (PS) isolated from immature onion stick (Allium cepa) was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). The results of the above experiments indicated that the PS contained d-galactose, 6-O-Me-D-galactose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1 and possesses a backbone of [→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1→] in which one methyl galacturonate was substituted at O-3 position by an acetyl group and the neighboring methyl galacturonate being substituted at O-2 with a side chain, α-D-Galp-(1→4)-6-O-Me-ß-D-Galp-(1→. The probable structure of repeating unit of the pectic polysaccharide was established as: [formula in text] The pectic polysaccharide showed in vitro splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.

Structural and immunological studies of hetero polysaccharide isolated from the alkaline extract of Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc.

An immunoenhancing water-soluble hetero polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of the molecule was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.

Isolation, purification and structural characterization of an acetylated heteroglycan from the unripe fruits of Manilkara zapota L.

A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the unripe fruits of Manilkara zapota L. was found to consist of 3-O-acyl-L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate in a molar proportion of nearly 1:1:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and NMR experiments. On the basis of the above experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide.

Chemical analysis and study of immunoenhancing and antioxidant property of a glucan isolated from an alkaline extract of a somatic hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica variety APK2.

A water-soluble glucan isolated from an alkaline extract of fruit bodies of a somatic hybrid mushroom PCH9FB of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. APK2 strains showed antioxidant properties with immune activation of macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation, periodate oxidation and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structure of the repeating unit of the glucan was established as: [structure: see text].

A heteropolysaccharide from aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus cultivar: structural and biological studies.

A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Pleurotusostreatus cultivar was found to contain d-glucose and d-galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 7:1. Structural investigation was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This heteroglycan stimulates macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

Structural characterization and study of immunoenhancing and antioxidant property of a novel polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of a somatic hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica variety APK2.

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of somatic hybrid PCH9FB, obtained through intergeneric protoplast fusion between the strains Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, the polysaccharide was found to contain galactose, fucose, and glucose in a molar ratio of nearly 2:1:2. Methylation analysis and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) showed that the structure of the repeating unit present in the polysaccharide was This molecule showed macrophage, splenocyte, thymocyte activation as well as antioxidant property.

A (1-->6)-beta-glucan from a somatic hybrid of Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea: isolation, characterization, and study of immunoenhancing properties.

A water-soluble immunoenhancing polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of fruit bodies of somatic hybrid (Pflo Vv5 FB), obtained through protoplast fusion between Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea strains. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, the polysaccharide was found to contain glucose only. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation along with (1)H, DEPT-135, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, 1H,13C-HMQC, and HMBC experiments showed that the polysaccharide was a (1-->6)-beta-d-glucan, which was not a constituent of any of the parent mushrooms previously reported. This glucan stimulated the macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

Isolation and characterization of a heteropolysaccharide from the corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus.

A water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of the corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus was found to contain D-galactose, D-glucose, 4-O-acyl-D-methyl galacturonate, and l-arabinose in a molar ratio 2:1:1:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This molecule showed splenocyte activation.

Structural studies of an immunoenhancing water-soluble glucan isolated from hot water extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida, cultivar Assam Florida.

An immunoenhancing polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom Pleurotus florida, cultivar Assam Florida, was found to consist of only d-glucose as a monosaccharide constituent. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as This glucan stimulates macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

Structural characterization of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from hot water extract of the stems of Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthus gangeticus L.).

A water-soluble polysaccharide (PS-I), isolated from the aqueous extract of the stems of Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthus gangeticus L.), was found to consist of L-arabinose, methyl-D-galacturonate, D-galactose, and 3-O-Ac-L-rhamnose in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the PS-I is determined as: -->5)-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-3-O-Ac-beta-L-Rhap-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Gal-A6Me-(1-->

Structural studies of a heteropolysaccharide (PS-I) isolated from hot water extract of fruits of Psidium guajava (Guava).

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from hot aqueous extracts of fruits of Psidium guajava. The polysaccharide was found to contain 2-O-methyl-l-arabinose, 2-O-acetyl-D-galactose, and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [carbohydrate structure: see text].

Structural characterization of dietary fiber of green chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit by NMR spectroscopic analysis.

A water-soluble dietary fiber was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit. The polysaccharide was found to contain D-galactose and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of 2:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as -->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA6Me-( 1-->.

Structural investigation of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the green fruits of Capsicum annuum.

A water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the green fruits of Capsicum annuum was found to consist of 3-O-acyl-L-rhamnose, D-methyl galacturonate, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose in a molar proportion of nearly 1:2:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and NMR experiments. On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide.

NMR and MALDI-TOFMS analysis of a heteroglycan isolated from hot water extract of edible mushroom, Volvariella bombycina.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella bombycina, consists of d-glucose, d-mannose, and d-galactose in a molar ratio 2:1:1. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), and MALDI-TOFMS analysis, the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established as [table in text].

Structural investigation of a polysaccharide (Fr. I) isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella diplasia.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, (Fr. I) isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella diplasia, is composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio 3:1:1. Compositional analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, Smith degradation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: [Formula: see text].

Structural analysis of a polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, cultivar Black Japan.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju, cultivar Black Japan was found to consist of D-glucose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 3:1. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structure of the polysaccharide was established as [Formula: see text].

Chemical analysis of a new fucoglucan isolated from an edible mushroom, Termitomyces robustus.

A water-soluble fucoglucan, isolated from alkali-treated edible mushroom, Termitomyces robustus, consists of L-fucose and D-glucose in a molar proportion of 1:4. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out by using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and the final structure was determined using NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide: [Formula: see text].