Corrigendum: Complexity changes in functional state dynamics suggest focal connectivity reductions.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.958706.].

Complexity changes in functional state dynamics suggest focal connectivity reductions.

The past two decades have seen an explosion in the methods and directions of neuroscience research. Along with many others, complexity research has rapidly gained traction as both an independent research field and a valuable subdiscipline in computational neuroscience. In the past decade alone, several studies have suggested that psychiatric disorders affect the spatiotemporal complexity of both global and region-specific brain activity (Liu et al., 2013; Adhikari et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018). However, many of these studies have not accounted for the distributed nature of cognition in either the global or regional complexity estimates, which may lead to erroneous interpretations of both global and region-specific entropy estimates. To alleviate this concern, we propose a novel method for estimating complexity. This method relies upon projecting dynamic functional connectivity into a low-dimensional space which captures the distributed nature of brain activity. Dimension-specific entropy may be estimated within this space, which in turn allows for a rapid estimate of global signal complexity. Testing this method on a recently acquired obsessive-compulsive disorder dataset reveals substantial increases in the complexity of both global and dimension-specific activity versus healthy controls, suggesting that obsessive-compulsive patients may experience increased disorder in cognition. To probe the potential causes of this alteration, we estimate subject-level effective connectivity via a Hopf oscillator-based model dynamic model, the results of which suggest that obsessive-compulsive patients may experience abnormally high connectivity across a broad network in the cortex. These findings are broadly in line with results from previous studies, suggesting that this method is both robust and sensitive to group-level complexity alterations.

Sanitation safety planning as a tool for achieving safely managed sanitation systems and safe use of wastewater

Increasing water stress and growing urbanization force a greater number of people to use wastewater asan alternative water supply, especially for irrigation. Although wastewater irrigation in agriculture has along history and substantial benefits, without adequate treatment and protective measures on farms andin markets, use of wastewater poses risks to human health and the environment. Against this background,the World Health Organization (WHO) published Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta andgreywater in agriculture and aquaculture, in 2006. The Sanitation safety planning: manual for safe use anddisposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta – a step-by-step risk-based management tool for sanitationsystems – was published by WHO in 2016 to put these guidelines into practice. Sanitation safety planning(SSP) can be applied to all sanitation systems, to ensure the systems are managed to meet health objectives.This paper summarizes the pilot-testing of the SSP manual in India, Peru, Portugal, Philippines, Ugandaand Viet Nam. Also reviewed are some of the key components of the manual and training, and an overviewof SSP training and dissemination efforts and opportunities for implementation in the WHO South-East AsiaRegion. Lessons learnt during the piloting phase show how reducing health risks can be surprisingly easy,even in a low-income setting, especially when combining many smaller measures. The SSP approach canmake an important contribution towards Sustainable Development Goal target 6.3, by reducing pollution,eliminating dumping and minimizing the release of hazardous chemicals and materials, thereby halving theproportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

Observations and lessons learnt from more than a decade of water safety planning in South-East Asia

In many countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region, drinking water is notused directly from the tap and faecal contamination of water sources is prevalent. As reflected in SustainableDevelopment Goal 6, access to safer drinking water is one of the most successful ways of preventingdisease. The WHO Water Safety Framework promotes the use of water safety plans (WSPs), which arestructured tools that help identify and mitigate potential risks throughout a water-supply system, from thewater source to the point of use. WSPs not only help prevent outbreaks of acute and chronic waterbornediseases but also improve water-supply management and performance. During the past 12 years, throughthe direct and indirect work of a water quality partnership supported by the Australian Government, more than5000 urban and rural WSPs have been implemented in the region. An impact assessment based on pre- andpost-WSP surveys suggests that WSPs have improved system operations and management, infrastructureand performance; leveraged donor funds; increased stakeholder communication and collaboration; increasedtesting of water quality; and increased monitoring of consumer satisfaction. These achievements, andtheir sustainability, are being achieved through national legislation and regulatory frameworks for watersupply, including quality standards for drinking water; national training tools and extensive training of sectorprofessionals and creation of WSP experts; model WSPs; WSP auditing systems; and the institution of longterm training and support. More than a decade of water safety planning using the WSP approach has shownthat supplying safe drinking water at the tap throughout the WHO South-East Asia Region is a realistic goal