Efficacy of pegylated Graphene oxide quantum dots as a nanoconjugate sustained release metformin delivery system in in vitro insulin resistance model.

Metformin, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), showed limitations such as varying absorption, rapid system clearance, required large amount, resistance, longstanding side effects. Use of Nano formulations for pharmaceuticals is emerging as a viable technique to reduce negative consequences of drug, while simultaneously attaining precise release and targeted distribution. This study developed a Polyethylene Glycol conjugated Graphene Oxide Quantum dots (GOQD-PEG) nanocomposite for the sustained release of metformin. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of metformin-loaded nanoconjugate in in vitro insulin resistance model. Results demonstrated drug loaded nanoconjugate successfully restored glucose uptake and reversed insulin resistance in in vitro conditions at reduced dosage compared to free metformin.

Unveiling the Impact of Maternal Hyperthermia in the Late First Trimester: A Case Report of Anterior Esthetic Rehabilitation Utilizing Heterodontic Biologic Posts.

The perinatal maternal environment is important for the normal development of the fetus. Epigenetic modifications that influence developmental control genes and signalling pathways for proper fetal development have been associated with maternal illnesses brought on by viruses, bacteria, or even parasitic protozoa. It is crucial to provide details on the onset, length, and timing of the mother's fever because these factors may influence the kind of certain abnormalities. Although fever is a primarily benign disease, it has been linked to negative health outcomes in children and has occasionally resulted in a substantial referral to critical care. This case report presents a 15-year-old female patient with repaired cleft palate and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) who approached for esthetic rehabilitation of lower anterior teeth. The teeth (31, 32, 43) were tender on percussion. Radiographic evaluation showed the presence of periapical radiolucency. The root canal procedure was performed under local anaesthesia, and the supernumerary maxillary teeth were extracted. After cleaning and disinfecting, these teeth were used as biologic posts with respect to 32 and 33. A follow-up examination was performed after 12 months. The results of this case indicate that using autologous heterodontic biologic posts can lead to a favourable outcome.

Biophysical translational paradigm of polymeric nanoparticle: Embarked advancement to brain tumor therapy.

Polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as promising contenders for addressing the intricate challenges encountered in brain tumor therapy due to their distinctive attributes, including adjustable size, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release kinetics. This review comprehensively delves into the latest developments in synthesizing, characterizing, and applying polymeric nanoparticles explicitly tailored for brain tumor therapy. Various synthesis methodologies, such as emulsion polymerization, nanoprecipitation, and template-assisted fabrication, are scrutinized within the context of brain tumor targeting, elucidating their advantages and limitations concerning traversing the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, strategies pertaining to surface modification and functionalization are expounded upon to augment the stability, biocompatibility, and targeting prowess of polymeric nanoparticles amidst the intricate milieu of the brain microenvironment. Characterization techniques encompassing dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods are scrutinized to evaluate the physicochemical attributes of polymeric nanoparticles engineered for brain tumor therapy. Moreover, a comprehensive exploration of the manifold applications of polymeric nanoparticles encompassing drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging, and combination therapies for brain tumours is undertaken. Special emphasis is placed on the encapsulation of diverse therapeutics within polymeric nanoparticles, thereby shielding them from degradation and enabling precise targeting within the brain. Additionally, recent advancements in stimuli-responsive and multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles are probed for their potential in personalized medicine and theranostics tailored for brain tumours. In essence, this review furnishes an all-encompassing overview of the recent strides made in tailoring polymeric nanoparticles for brain tumor therapy, illuminating their synthesis, characterization, and multifaceted application.

Coconut husk-lignin derived carbon dots incorporated carrageenan based functional film for intelligent food packaging.

Carbon dots (CDs) derived from sustainable natural feed-stocks like lignin have gained wide acceptance by virtue of their renewability and promising potential in intelligent sensing applications. The precursor lignin is isolated from agro-biomass waste, coconut husk through sodium hydroxide based extraction process. CDs are synthesised from amine functionalized lignin through solvothermal process and integrated into carrageenan biopolymer matrix (1, 2 and 3 wt%). The composite film with 2 wt% CDs (CARR2CD) showed optimum fluorescent emission intensity, excellent pH dependent fluorescent color change in the food pH range, reasonable tensile strength (46.50 ± 1.32 MPa) and 27 % increase in elongation at break. CDs imparted UV-light blocking properties (70 % UV-light) and enhanced hydrophobicity of the carrageenan matrix. CARR2CD film showed 84 % visible light transparency, 79 % reduction in oxygen transmittance rate (OTR), 81 % reduction in CO2 gas permeability and excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties (against E. coli and S. aureus). As a practical application, the developed responsive packaging material is used to track pH change associated with milk spoilage via noticeable color change in fluorescent emission of the composite film. Thus, the developed responsive composite film paves a way for use as green and sustainable transparent intelligent food packaging material.

Asymmetric fabrication and in vivo evaluation of the wound healing potency of electrospun biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds based on collagen crosslinked modified-chitosan and graphene oxide quantum dot nanocomposites.

Asymmetric scaffolds were developed through electrospinning by utilizing biocompatible materials for effective wound healing applications. First of all, the chitosan surface was modified with decanoyl chloride and crosslinked with collagen to synthesize collagen crosslinked modified-chitosan (CG-cross-CS-g-Dc). Then, the asymmetric scaffolds were fabricated through electrospinning, where the top layer was a monoaxial nanofiber of the PCL/graphene oxide quantum dot (GOQD) nanocomposite and the bottom layer was a coaxial nanofiber having PCL in the core and the CG-cross-CS-g-Dc/GOQD nanocomposite in the shell layer. The formation of monoaxial (∼130 ± 50 nm) and coaxial (∼320 ± 40 nm) nanofibers was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of GOQDs contributed to antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy. These scaffolds showed substantial antibacterial activity against the common wound pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The scaffolds exhibited excellent cytocompatibility (MTT assay) and anti-inflammatory behaviour as analysed via the cytokine assay and biochemical analysis. The in vivo wound healing potential of the nanofibrous scaffolds was assessed with full-thickness excisional wounds in a rat model. The scaffolds accelerated the re-epithelialization as well as the collagen deposition, thereby facilitating the wound healing process in a very short span of time (10 days). Both in vitro and in vivo analyses thus provide a compelling argument for the use of these scaffolds as therapeutic biomaterials and their suitability for application in rapid wound regeneration and repair.

Relationship between attachment style of 4-7-year-old children and their behavior during dental visit.

Background: The general health and quality of life are directly correlated with oral health. Oral health is one of the unique health concerns that apply to all children. Pediatric dentistry is built on effective communication with children, which is also a requirement for providing pediatric dental care. Many pediatric dentists find it difficult to anticipate children's behavior and how they will respond to therapeutic procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate children's attachment types in order to forecast their behavior during a dentist appointment. Materials and Methods: The participants were 120 children between the ages of 4 and 7 who were reported to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly. The youngsters were evaluated by a dental graduate student. While they waited in the waiting area, the parents were asked to complete the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire regarding their kids. In the second visit, dental work was scheduled for the kids who had met the requirements for inclusion in the first visit. Another pediatric dentistry postgraduate student evaluated the children's conduct during the dental procedure using a predefined questionnaire and the Frankl scale. The Chi-squared test, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression were used to examine the data. Results: According to the findings, 55.8% of the total children were cooperative, among which 59.1% were female and 52.0% were males. The average age of the kids was 6.2 ± 0.95. Moreover, 21.3% of kids had insecure attachment styles and 78.7% of kids had secure attachment types. The child-dentist communication and the insecure ambivalent attachment pattern were significantly correlated. As a result, our study demonstrated that children's safe attachment styles varied with age. Our results showed that there is an inverse relationship between children's collaboration and age, with cooperation rising as age increases. Conclusions: According to the findings of this study and considering its limitations, in young ages, the attachment style of the mother plays an important role in behavior of children. The significant correlations existed between the insecure ambivalent attachment style and child-dentist communication, as well as the secure attachment type and mother-child separation.

Hyaluronic acid-graphene oxide quantum dots nanoconjugate as dual purpose drug delivery and therapeutic agent in meta-inflammation.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predominantly considered a metabolic disease is now being considered an inflammatory disease as well due to the involvement of meta-inflammation. Obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation (ATI) is one of the earliest phenomena in the case of meta-inflammation, leading to the advent of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. The key events of ATI are orchestrated by macrophages, which aggravate the inflammatory state in the tissue upon activation, ultimately leading to systemic chronic low-grade inflammation and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) through the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. The CD44 receptor on macrophages is overexpressed in ATI, NASH, and IR. Therefore, we developed a CD44 targeted Hyaluronic Acid functionalized Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots (GOQD-HA) nanocomposite for tissue-specific delivery of metformin. Metformin-loaded GOQD-HA (GOQD-HA-Met) successfully downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and restored antioxidant status at lower doses than free metformin in both palmitic acid-induced RAW264.7 cells and diet induced obese mice. Our study revealed that the GOQD-HA nanocarrier enhanced the efficacy of Metformin primarily by acting as a therapeutic agent apart from being a drug delivery platform. The therapeutic properties of GOQD-HA stem from both HA and GOQD having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties respectively. This study unravels the function of GOQD-HA as a targeted drug delivery option for metformin in meta-inflammation where the nanocarrier itself acts as a therapeutic agent.

Nanotherapeutic potential of antibacterial folic acid-functionalized nanoceria for wound-healing applications.

Aim: The functionalization and characterization of antibacterial nanoceria with folic acid (FA) and elucidation of their in vivo wound-healing application. Materials & methods: Functionalization of nanoceria were done with FA using a chemical method and their antibacterial activity, cellular biocompatibility and in vivo wound-healing application were evaluated. Results: The functionalization of nanoceria with FA was done with 10-20 nm size and -20.1 mV zeta potential. The nanoformulation showed a bacteriostatic effect along with biocompatibility to different cell lines; 0.1% w/v spray of FA-nanoceria demonstrated excellent wound-healing capacity within 14 days in a Wister rat model. Conclusion: The antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the FA-nanoceria make it a promising therapeutic agent as a unique spray formulation in wound-healing applications.

The emergence of chronic wounds is a main reason for mortality in patients with diabetes and other severe pathological complications. Advances in the use of nanotechnology have resulted in beneficial technology for tailoring of pharmacokinetic properties of different drug-delivery vehicles for different biomedical applications. In this study, folic acid (FA) functionalized nanoceria (FA-nanoceria) were formulated and their potential efficacy in the wound-healing process was explored. The nanoformulation showed a remarkable bacteriostatic effect on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In vitro cell line studies showed satisfactory biocompatibility in three different types of cell lines. In addition, a 0.1% w/v spray of FA-nanoceria was applied to full-thickness wounds in an in vivo mice model where it demonstrated excellent wound-healing capacity within 14 days. The combined antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of both the FA and nanoceria makes FA-nanoceria a promising therapeutic agent as a unique spray formulation in wound-healing applications.

Development of an Efficient Immunosensing Platform by Exploring Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns (SWCNHs) and Nitrogen Doped Graphene Quantum Dot (N-GQD) Nanocomposite for Early Detection of Cancer Biomarker.

In this work, a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on nitrogen doped graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) and single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) was developed for the detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP), a cancer biomarker. Thus, to fabricate the platform of the immunosensor, nanocomposite architecture was developed by decorating N-GQD on the surface of the SWCNHs. The resulting hybrid architecture (N-GQD@SWCNHs) functioned as an exceptional base for the immobilization of antibody (Anti-AFP) through carbodiimide reaction with good stability and bioactivity. The immunosensor was prepared by evenly distributing the bioconjugates (N-GQD@SWCNHs/Anti-AFP) dispersion on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode, and subsequently blocking the remaining active sites by bovine serum albumin to prevent the nonspecific adsorption. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to investigate the assembly process of the immunosensor. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor exhibited a broad dynamic range in between 0.001 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 0.25 pg/mL. Furthermore, the sensor showed high selectivity, desirable stability, and reproducibility. Measurements of AFP in human serum gave outstanding recovery within 99.2% and 102.1%. Thus, this investigation and the amplification strategy exhibited a potential role of the developed nanocomposite based sensor for early clinical screening of cancer biomarkers.

Biodistribution and toxickinetic variances of chemical and green Copper oxide nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo.

In this study, chemical (S1) and green (S2) Copper Oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to determine their biodistribution and toxicokinetic variances in vitro and in vivo. Both NPs significantly released Copper ions (Cu) in lymphocytes and were primarily deposited in the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) such as the liver and spleen in mice. In particular, S2NPs seemed to be prominently stored in the spleen, whereas the S1NPs were widely stored in more organs including the liver, heart, lungs, kidney and intestine. The circulation in the blood and fecal excretions both showed higher S2NPs contents respectively. Measurements of cell viability, Hemolysis assay, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, biochemical estimation and apoptotic or necrotic study in lymphocytes after 24 h and measurements of body and organ weight, serum chemistry evaluation, cytokines level, protein expressions and histopathology of Balb/C mice after 15 days indicated significant toxicity difference between the S1NPs and S2NPs. Our observations proved that the NPs physiochemical properties influence toxicity and Biodistribution profiles in vitro and in vivo.

Development of an auto-phase separable and reusable graphene oxide-potato starch based cross-linked bio-composite adsorbent for removal of methylene blue dye.

In this work, we report the development of a cross-linked bio-composite consisting of graphene oxide, potato starch, cross-linker glutaraldehyde and its application to adsorption of the industrial dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution. The inexpensiveness, non-hazardous nature and easy bio-degradability are the major reasons for the selection of starch material as one of the components of the bio-composite. The bio-composite has been characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, particle size and zeta potential analysis. The FTIR analysis reveals the nature of the binding sites and surface morphology of the bio-composite can be understood through SEM. The auto-phase separability of the adsorbent i.e., the precipitation of the adsorbent without any mechanical means is another factor which makes this particular material very attractive as an adsorbent. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, rotation speed and salt concentration have been varied to find out the suitable dye adsorption conditions. Furthermore, the time dependence of adsorption process has been analyzed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms have been constructed to suggest convincing mechanistic pathway for this adsorption process. Finally, desorption studies have been successfully performed in 3 cycles, establishing the reusability of the material, which should allow the adsorbent to be economically promising for practical application in wastewater treatment.

Tailoring the Efficacy of Multifunctional Biopolymeric Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot-Based Nanomaterial as Nanocargo in Cancer Therapeutic Application.

Nanotechnology has acquired an immense recognition in cancer theranostics. Considerable progress has been made in the development of targeted drug delivery system for potent delivery of anticancer drugs to tumor-specific sites. Recently, multifunctional nanomaterials have been explored and used as nanovehicles to carry drug molecules with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this present work, graphene oxide quantum dot (GOQD) was conjugated with folic acid functionalized chitosan (FA-CH) to develop a nanocargo (FA-CH-GOQD) for drug delivery in cancer therapy. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was also employed to characterize the formation of GOQD. To validate the efficacy of FA-CH-GOQD as nanocarriers, doxorubicin (DOX) drug was chosen for encapsulation. The in vitro release pattern of DOX was examined in various pH ranges. The drug release rate in a tumor cell microenvironment at pH 5.5 was found higher than that under a physiological range of pH 6.5 and 7.4. An MTT assay was performed to understand the cytotoxic behavior of GOQD and FA-CH-GOQD/DOX. Cytomorphological micrographs of the A549 cell exhibited the various morphological arrangements subject to apoptosis of the cell. Cellular uptake studies manifested that FA-CH-GOQD could specifically transport DOX within a cancerous cell. Further anticancer efficacy of this nanomaterial was corroborated in a breast cancer cell line and demonstrated through 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining micrographs.

Nano-CeO2 decorated graphene based chitosan nanocomposites as enzymatic biosensing platform: fabrication and cellular biocompatibility assessment.

The present study summarizes the designing of a green transducer phase based on nano-cerium oxide (CeO2) decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) reinforced chitosan nanocomposites as an effective enzyme immobilizer and bio-sensing matrix for glucose analyte. Also, it scrutinizes the biocompatibility and cell viability of the synthesized nanohybrid with human fibroblastic macrophage cell line. CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully grown on graphene nanosheet in the presence of cationic surfactant followed by facile hydrothermal treatment. The eventual growth of synthesized CeO2 nanocrystals on the graphene layer was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman analysis. The biocompatibility of the synthesized nanohybrid was also evident from the MTT assay. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was employed on the green polymer nanocomposites modified FTO electrode to fabricate an enzymatic bioelectrode. The electroanalytical response of the GOx/nano-CeO2/RGO/CS/FTO bioelectrode towards electrooxidation of glucose analyte was investigated by electrochemical impedance (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) study. The resulting biosensor exhibited a good electrochemical response to glucose within the linear detection range of 0.05-6.5 mM with a low detection limit of 2 µM and a sensitivity of 7.198 µA mM(-1) cm(-2). The bioelectrode also showed good shelf life (~10 weeks) and negligible interfering ability under controlled environment. The obtained results indicate that nano-CeO2/RGO nanohybrid based chitosan nanocomposites achieve a biocompatible biosensing platform for effective enzyme immobilization due to the excellent synergistic effects between the CeO2 nanoparticles and graphene sheet.