ABSTRACT
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem. The immunological response is mainly dependent on T cell cytokine responses and might influence disease presentation, susceptibility and development. The understanding of the host immune response role in the control and in the pathology of leishmaniasis is relevant and has implications on diagnosis, follow-up and vaccine development. In this study, the differences in the immune response and T cell profile of patients before treatment was investigated through flow cytometry and real time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after different antigenic stimulations. Among the main findings are the significant presence of TNF and IFN-γ gene expression after 24â¯h of in vitro stimulation, and 48â¯h later the presence of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells producing IL-10 and IL-4. This may be due to the differences in cytokine release over time and the presence of cells other than lymphocytes influencing the mRNA transcript detection. Evaluation of the immune response of individuals with leishmaniasis or other diseases should associate different technologies and times points for a clear and more reliable assessment of the immune response. This would help in the design of vaccine strategies/immunotherapies.
Subject(s)
Flow Cytometry/methods , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/blood , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Brazil , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Cell Culture Techniques , Cytokines/metabolism , Humans , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-10/metabolism , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Leishmania braziliensis/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Middle Aged , Protozoan Proteins/immunology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of neonatal malnutrition followed by nutritional replacement on the signaling mechanisms developed by the inflammasome complex by analyzing the expression of the targeted TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, caspase-1 and release of IL-1ß and IL-18 by alveolar macrophages infected in vitro with Candida albicans. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 24), 90-120 days, were suckled by mothers whose diet during lactation contained 17 % protein in the nourish group and 8 % protein in the malnourished group. After weaning, both groups were fed a normal protein diet. Macrophages were obtained after tracheostomy, through the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The quantification of the expression levels of targets (TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and caspase-1) was performed by real-time RT-PCR. Production of cytokines was performed by ELISA. RESULTS: The malnourished animals during lactation showed reduced body weight from the fifth day of life, remaining until adulthood. Further, the model applied malnutrition induced a lower expression of TLR4 and caspase-1. The quantification of the TLR2 and NLRP3, as well as the release of IL-1ß and IL-18, was not different between groups of animals nourished and malnourished. The system challenged with Candida albicans showed high expression levels of all targets in the study. CONCLUSIONS: The tests demonstrate nutritional restriction during critical periods of development, although nutritional supplementation may compromise defense patterns in adulthood in a timely manner, preserving distinct signaling mechanism, so that the individual does not become widely vulnerable to infections by opportunistic pathogens.
Subject(s)
Candidiasis/metabolism , Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Opportunistic Infections/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology , Candida albicans/immunology , Candidiasis/immunology , Candidiasis/microbiology , Candidiasis/pathology , Caspase 1/genetics , Caspase 1/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Down-Regulation , Female , Immunity, Innate , Inflammasomes/immunology , Lactation , Macrophage Activation/immunology , Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology , Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology , Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology , Male , Opportunistic Infections/immunology , Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Rats, Wistar , Thinness/etiology , Thinness/immunology , Thinness/microbiology , Thinness/pathology , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolismABSTRACT
Studies suggest the influence of immune response on the successful treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and indicate the existence of protective immunity in self-healed patients. Thus, the aim of this work was to quantify interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-) 10, IL-17, IL-22 and nitric oxide (NO) in culture supernatants of PBMC from patients with active disease (AD), after treatment (AT), and from self-healed (SH) and healthy subjects (CT), in response to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis insoluble antigen (AgIns). All groups of patients produced IFN-γ, indicating a predominant proinflammatory profile. AD and AT patients presented TNF-α levels, with a slight increase after therapy, whereas it was weakly quantified in SH. Interestingly, NO secretion was significant in these individuals, whereas IL-17 appeared in low levels and seems to be regulated by NO. Although IL-22 was detected in AD, its role is still questionable. The presence of IL-10 in all groups of patients suggests that the cytokine plays distinct roles in the disease. These results indicate that specific cellular immunity takes part against Leishmania, but with some similarities between the different clinical states herein described; these mediators seem to be necessary for the cure to occur.
