ABSTRACT
A prodrug approach was developed to address the low oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble (<0.1µg/mL in pH 6.8 buffer) but highly permeable thumb pocket 1 HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor. Bioconversion rates of structurally diverse prodrug derivatives were evaluated in a panel of in vitro assays using microsomes, from either liver or intestinal tissues, simulated intestinal fluids, simulated gastric fluids or plasma. In vivo bioconversion of promising candidates was evaluated following oral administration to rats. The most successful strategy involved modification of the parent drug carboxylic acid moiety to glycolic amide esters which improved solubility in lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Crystalline prodrug analog 36 (mp 161°C) showed good solubility in individual SEDDS components (up to 80mg/mL) compared to parent 2 (<3mg/mL; mp 267°C) and cross-species bioconversions which correlated with in vitro stability in liver microsomes.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Emulsions/administration & dosage , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Prodrugs/administration & dosage , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Emulsions/chemistry , Emulsions/metabolism , Microsomes/drug effects , Microsomes/metabolism , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/chemistry , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/metabolism , Prodrugs/chemistry , Prodrugs/metabolism , Rats , Solubility , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
The present study describes the cross-species absorption, metabolism, distribution and pharmacokinetics of BI 201335, a potent HCV protease inhibitor currently in phase III clinical trials. BI 201335 showed a good Caco-II permeability (8.7 × 10(-6) cm/sec) and in vitro metabolic stability (predicted hepatic clearence (CL(hep)) <19% Q(h) in all species tested). Single dose PK revealed a clearance of 17, 3.0 and 2.6 mL/min/kg in rat, monkey and dog respectively, with a corresponding oral bioavailability of 29.1, 25.5 and 35.6%. Comparative plasma and liver PK profile in rodents showed a high liver Kp in the rat (42-fold), suggesting high target tissue distribution. Simple allometry based on animal PK predicted a human oral CL/F of 168 mL/min, within two-fold of the observed value (118 mL/min) at 240 mg in healthy volunteers. Allometry of volume of distribution generated a low exponent of 0.59, and a much lower predicted Vss/F (5-fold less than observed). Several different approaches of Vss/F prediction were evaluated and compared with the value observed in human. The averaged Vss/F from preclinical animals provides the best estimation of the observed human value (169 L vs. 175 L). Corresponding human "effective" t(1/2) values were also compared. The predicted human t(1/2) based on the CL from allometry with metabolic corrections and the averaged animal Vss represented the best estimation of the clinical data (12.1 vs. 17.2 hr). The present study demonstrated that the good preclinical ADMEPK profile of BI 201335 is consistent with that observed in the clinic. While preclinical data accurately predicted the human CL, the prediction of human Vss seems to be more challenging. The averaged Vss/F from all tested preclinical animals provided the best prediction of human Vss and the resulting "effective" t(1/2).
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Oligopeptides/pharmacokinetics , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Absorption , Aminoisobutyric Acids , Animals , Biological Availability , Caco-2 Cells , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Hepacivirus/enzymology , Humans , Leucine/analogs & derivatives , Macaca mulatta , Male , Microsomes, Liver , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Quinolines , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Thiazoles/chemistry , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
The present study describes a novel meshing procedure that provided successful low-risk papillomavirus propagation and reproducible wart induction in human foreskin xenografts. The initial HPV6 and/or 11 inocula were collected from clinically excised human wart tissues and confirmed to be free of HPV16, 18 and 31 by PCR analysis. Human foreskin grafts were collected from a circumcision clinic, and pre-inoculated with HPV virions by scarification. Meshing was carried out with a Zimmer Skin Grafter Mesher. Grafts were cut to appropriate size (1cm x 1cm or 5mm x 5mm) for cutaneous or subcutaneous grafting to NIH-nu-bg-xid mice under halothane anesthesia. Cutaneous xenografts were dressed with antibiotics and protective band-aids for 3 weeks. In the paralleled experiment using the same viral stock containing both HPV6 and 11, and matched grafts, no visible papillomas were observed in non-meshed cutaneous xenografts (n = 4 up to 6 months). In comparison, six of eight cutaneous xenografts treated with the meshing procedure formed visible papillomas within 4 months. This high frequency of distinct papilloma induction over the surface of meshed xenografts were reproduced in subsequent experiments with viral stocks containing both HPV11 and 6 (8 out of 10 grafts), or with a single-type HPV11 inoculum (80-100%). In contrast, an initial viral stock of single-type HPV6 provided lower frequency and more delayed papilloma induction. Serial passage of HPV6 in the meshed xenograft appeared to improve both the induction frequency and growth rate up to the 3rd generation. Histology, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed similarity of xenograft warts to those observed in the clinic. The highly reproducible papilloma induction rate and successful viral stock propagation associated with the meshing procedure provide a novel feature in the HPV xenograft model.
