Distribution of Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previously we demonstrated that 90% of infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia occur in the border zone regions of cerebral blood flow (CBF). We tested the hypothesis that adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) have silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) in the border zone regions, with a secondary hypothesis that older age and traditional stroke risk factors would be associated with infarct occurrence in regions outside the border zones. METHODS: Adults with SCD 18-50 years of age were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at 2 centers and completed a 3T brain MRI. Participants with a history of overt stroke were excluded. Infarct masks were manually delineated on T2-fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MRI and registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute 152 brain atlas to generate an infarct heatmap. Border zone regions between anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ACA, MCA, and PCA) were quantified using the Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas, and logistic regression was applied to identify relationships between infarct distribution, demographics, and stroke risk factors. RESULTS: Of 113 participants with SCD (median age 26.1 years, interquartile range [IQR] 21.6-31.4 years, 51% male), 56 (49.6%) had SCIs. Participants had a median of 5.5 infarcts (IQR 3.2-13.8). Analysis of infarct distribution showed that 350 of 644 infarcts (54.3%) were in 4 border zones of CBF and 294 (45.6%) were in non-border zone territories. More than 90% of infarcts were in 3 regions: the non-border zone ACA and MCA territories and the ACA-MCA border zone. Logistic regression showed that older participants have an increased chance of infarcts in the MCA territory (odds ratio [OR] 1.08; 95% CI 1.03-1.13; p = 0.001) and a decreased chance of infarcts in the ACA-MCA border zone (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.90-0.97; p < 0.001). The presence of at least 1 stroke risk factor did not predict SCI location in any model. DISCUSSION: When compared with children with SCD, in adults with SCD, older age is associated with expanded zones of tissue infarction that stretch beyond the traditional border zones of CBF, with more than 45% of infarcts in non-border zone regions.

Effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on sickle cell disease-related organ complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sickle cell disease (SCD)-related organ complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SCD. We sought to assess whether hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) stabilizes, attenuates, or exacerbates organ decline. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials investigating organ function before and after HSCT in patients with SCD. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE up to September 21, 2023. Continuous data were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and pooled in a weighted inverse-variance random-effects model; binomial data were expressed as risk ratio (RR) using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects meta-analyses. Of 823 screened studies, 34 were included in this review. Of these, 17 (774 patients, 23.6% adults, 86.3% HLA-identical sibling donor, 56.7% myeloablative conditioning regimen) were included in the meta-analyses. Pulmonary function remained stable. Mean tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity decreased but did not reach statistical significance. In children, estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased (SMD -0.80, p = .01), and the presence of proteinuria increased (RR 2.00, p = <.01), while splenic uptake and phagocytic function improved (RR 0.31, p = <.01; RR 0.23, p = <.01). Cerebral blood flow improved (SMD -1.39, p = <.01), and a low incidence of stroke after transplantation in high-risk patients was found. Retinopathy and avascular osteonecrosis were investigated in only one study, showing no significant changes. While HSCT can improve some SCD-related organ dysfunctions, transplantation-related toxicity may have an adverse effect on others. Future research should focus on identifying individuals with SCD who might benefit most from HSCT and which forms of organ damage are more likely to exacerbate post-transplantation.

An International Learning Collaborative Phase 2 Trial for Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplant in Sickle Cell Disease.

In the setting of a learning collaborative, we conducted an international multicenter phase 2 clinical trial testing the hypothesis that non-myeloablative related haploidentical BMT with thiotepa and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) will result in 2-year event-free survival (no graft failure or death) of at least 80%. A total of 70 participants (median age 19.1 (IQR 14.1 - 25.0) were evaluable based on the conditioning protocol. Graft failure occurred in 11.4% (8/70) and only in participants <18 years (p=0.001); all had autologous reconstitution. After a median follow-up of 2.4 years (IQR 1.5-3.9), the 2-year Kaplan-Meier-based probability of event-free survival was 82.6% (95% CI 71.4%-89.7%). The 2-year overall survival was 94.1% (95% CI 84.9%-97.7%) with no difference between the child and adult participants (p=0.889). After excluding participants with graft failure (n=8), participants with engraftment had median whole blood donor chimerism values at D+180 and D+365 post-transplant of 100.0% (IQR 99.8 - 100.0%; n=59) and 100.0% (IQR 100.0 - 100.0%; n=58), respectively, and 96.6% (57/59) were off immunosuppression at 1-year post-transplant. The 1-year grades III-IV acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) rate was 10.0% (95% CI 4.6 - 18.6%), and the 2-year moderate-severe chronic GvHD rate was 10.0% (95% CI 4.6 - 18.6%). Five participants (7.1%) died from infectious complications. We demonstrate that non-myeloablative haploidentical BMT with thiotepa and PTCy is a readily available curative therapy for most adults, even those with organ damage, instead of the more expensive myeloablative gene therapy and gene editing. Additional strategies are required for children to decrease graft failure rates (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01850108).

Transcranial doppler velocity in iron-deficient Nigerian children with sickle cell anemia.

Oral iron supplementation in iron deficient children with sickle cell anemia and normal transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) velocities does not reduce arterial flow in the middle cerebral artery.

Barriers and facilitators to a task-shifted stroke prevention program for children with sickle cell anemia in a community hospital: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are at high risk for stroke. Protocols for stroke prevention including blood transfusions, screening for abnormal non-imaging transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurements, and hydroxyurea therapy are difficult to implement in low-resource environments like Nigeria. This study aimed to examine the contextual factors around TCD screening in a community hospital in Nigeria using qualitative interviews and focus groups. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive qualitative study in a community hospital in Kaduna, Nigeria, using focus groups and interviews. Interview guides and analysis were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using an iterative deductive (CFIR)/Inductive (transcribed quotes) qualitative methodology. RESULTS: We conducted two focus groups and five interviews with health care workers (nurses and doctors) and hospital administrators, respectively. Themes identified key elements of the inner setting (clinic characteristics, resource availability, implementation climate, and tension for change), characteristics of individuals (normative, control, and behavioral beliefs), and the implementation process (engage, implement, and adopt), as well as factors that were influenced by external context, caregiver needs, team function, and intervention characteristics. Task shifting, which is already being used, was viewed by providers and administrators as a necessary strategy to implement TCD screening in a clinic environment that is overstressed and under-resourced, a community stressed by poverty, and a nation with an underperforming health system. CONCLUSION: Task shifting provides a viable option to improve health care by making more efficient use of already available human resources while rapidly expanding the human resource pool and building capacity for TCD screening of children with SCD that is more sustainable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05434000.

Impact of maternal depression on malnutrition treatment outcomes in older children with sickle cell anemia.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and sickle cell anemia (SCA) result in high childhood mortality rates. Although maternal depression is an established risk factor for malnutrition in younger children, little is known about its impact on treatment response in children with malnutrition. We aimed to determine the relationship, if any, between maternal depression scores and malnutrition treatment outcomes in older children with SCA. METHODS: We conducted a planned ancillary study to our randomized controlled feasibility trial for managing severe acute malnutrition in children aged 5-12 with SCA in northern Nigeria (NCT03634488). Mothers of participants completed a depression screen using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).We used a multivariable linear regression model to describe the relationship between the baseline maternal PHQ-9 score and the trial participant's final body mass index (BMI) z-score. RESULTS: Out of 108 mother-child dyads, 101 with maternal baseline PHQ-9 scores were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. At baseline, 25.7% of mothers (26 of 101) screened positive for at least mild depression (PHQ-9 score of 5 or above). The baseline maternal PHQ-9 score was negatively associated with the child's BMI z-score after 12 weeks of malnutrition treatment (ß=-0.045, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depressive symptoms has an impact on malnutrition treatment outcomes. Treatment of malnutrition in older children with sickle cell anemia should include screening for maternal depression and, if indicated, appropriate maternal referral for depression evaluation and treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (#NCT03634488) on January 30, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03634488 .

Cerebral hemodynamic changes after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant in adults with sickle cell disease.

ABSTRACT: Preliminary evidence from a series of 4 adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) suggests that hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) improves cerebral hemodynamics. HSCT largely normalizes cerebral hemodynamics in children with SCD. We tested the hypothesis in adults with SCD that cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) measured using magnetic resonance imaging, normalized to healthy values, comparing measurements from ∼1 month before to 12 to 24 months after HSCT (n = 11; age, 33.3 ± 8.9 years; 389 ± 150 days after HSCT) with age-, race- and sex-matched values from healthy adults without sickle trait (n = 28; age, 30.2 ± 5.6 years). Before transplant, 7 patients had neurological indications for transplant (eg, overt stroke) and 4 had nonneurological reasons for haploidentical bone marrow transplant (haplo-BMT). All received haplo-BMT from first-degree relatives (parent, sibling, or child donor) with reduced-intensity preparation and maintained engraftment. Before transplant, CBF was elevated (CBF, 69.11 ± 24.7 mL/100 g/min) compared with that of controls (P = .004). Mean CBF declined significantly after haplo-BMT (posttransplant CBF, 48.2 ± 13.9 mL/100 g/min; P = .003). OEF was not different from that of controls at baseline and did not change significantly after haplo-BMT (pretransplant, 43.1 ± 6.7%; posttransplant, 39.6 ± 7.0%; P = .34). After transplant, CBF and OEF were not significantly different from controls (CBF, 48.2 ± 13.4 mL/100 g/min; P = .78; and OEF, 39.6 ± 7.0%; P > .99). CMRO2 did not change significantly after haplo-BMT (pretransplant, 3.18 ± 0.87 mL O2/100 g/min; posttransplant, 2.95 ± 0.83; P = .56). Major complications of haplo-BMT included 1 infection-related death and 1 severe chronic graft-versus-host disease. Haplo-BMT in adults with SCD reduces CBF to that of control values and maintains OEF and CMRO2 on average at levels observed in healthy adult controls. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01850108.

The range of haploidentical transplant protocols in sickle cell disease: all haplos are not created equally.

The ideal curative therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) must be applicable across all ages and include individuals with strokes and preexisting heart, lung, and kidney disease. Myeloablative, matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) for children with SCD has shown excellent outcomes over the past 3 decades but has been restricted due to the limited availability of a human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donor (10%-15%) and increased treatment-related death in adults with myeloablative conditioning. To overcome these 2 significant barriers to curative therapy in SCD, related haploidentical HCT has become an active area of research. The use of related haploidentical donors (first- and second-degree relatives) increases the donor pool to at least 90% of those eligible across the life span. Importantly, most adults, even with strokes or significant comorbidities, can tolerate the nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen without treatment-related death. Since 2013, at least 3 related haploidentical HCT strategies have emerged as potential curative therapies for SCD: (1) a nonmyeloablative, T-cell replete, bone marrow transplant with thiotepa and posttransplant cyclophosphamide with a goal of complete donor chimerism; (2) a nonmyeloablative, in vivo T-cell depletion, using peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) with a goal of stable mixed donor-recipient chimerism; and (3) a myeloablative, ex vivo T-cell depletion using PBSCs and advanced-technology graft manipulation, with a goal of complete donor chimerism. We review the similarities, differences, outcomes, and gaps in knowledge with these 3 haploidentical HCT approaches for SCD.

Time-sensitive healthcare guidelines for youth with chronic diseases in custody: gaps in care.

CASE STUDY: On May 9th, 2023, a U.S. Border Patrol detained a family of five near Brownsville, TX. During processing, one of the family members, an eight-year-old girl, ADRA, was noted to have sickle cell anemia and a heart disease condition. Five days after they arrived at the Donna Facility, on May 14th, ADRA displayed symptoms, including abdominal pain and fever, and tested positive for Influenza A. She was administered medication and transferred to a designated isolation unit at the Harlingen Border Patrol Station. Despite her deteriorating condition and her mother's urgent requests for medical intervention, there were no documented consultations with an on-call physician or considerations for her transfer to a local hospital. On May 17th, ADRA's health critically declined, marked by multiple visits to the medical unit for vomiting and abdominal pain. An ambulance was dispatched only after ADRA experienced a seizure and became unresponsive, Fig. 1. Her subsequent death was deemed a "preventable tragedy" attributed to systemic failures in the Border Patrol's medical care and decision-making processes in a juvenile care monitor's report.1 IMPACT: This article adds to the existing literature by: Summarizing the gap in age-specific guidelines for six chronic diseases that occur in children and adolescents held in custody. Identifying the lack of adequate intervention strategies for acute management of chronic diseases for youth held in custody and strategies for improving health equity.

Risk factors in underweight older children with sickle cell anemia: a comparison of low- to high-income countries.

Previously, we demonstrated that older children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) living in Nigeria are at increased risk of death if they are underweight (weight-for-age z score < -1). We now conducted a cross-sectional study in low- and high-income settings to determine the risk factors for being underweight a in children aged 5 to 12 years with SCA. The children from low- and high-income settings were eligible participants for the Primary Prevention of Stroke in Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Nigeria (SPRING; N = 928) and the Silent Cerebral Infarct (SIT, North America/Europe; N = 1093) trials, respectively. The median age in the SPRING and SIT cohorts was 8.1 and 8.5 years, respectively (P < .001). A total of 87.9% (n = 816) of participants in the SPRING trial (low-income) met the study criteria for being underweight (weight-for-age z score < -1), and 22.7% (n = 211) for severely underweight (weight-for-age z score < -3), significantly higher than the SIT (high-income) cohort at 25.7% underweight (n = 281) and 0.7% severely underweight (n = 8; P < .001 for both comparisons). In the combined cohort, older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; P < .001) and lower hemoglobin level (OR, 0.67; P < .001) were associated with being underweight. Age and hemoglobin level remained statistically significant in separate models for the SPRING and SIT cohorts. Older age and lower hemoglobin levels in children aged 5 to 12 years with SCA are associated with being underweight in low- and high-income settings.

Epidemiology of Maternal Nutritional Status and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Undernourished Mothers with Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.

In pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease (SCD), the maternal-fetal dyad is at high risk for mortality and morbidity. In healthy pregnancies, maternal nutritional status is a critical factor for the healthy growth and development of the fetus. However, there are no reviews of the current research on the nutritional status of pregnant women with SCD and pregnancy outcomes. First, we aim to assess the burden of malnutrition in pregnant women with SCD. Next, we aim to systematically evaluate if pregnant women with SCD who have poor nutritional status are at increased risk for adverse birth outcomes compared to pregnant women with sickle cell disease and normal nutritional status. We will systematically search multiple electronic databases. Our exposure is pregnant women with SCD and poor nutritional status. The primary outcomes of interest include low birth weight (categorical) and birth weight z-scores (continuous). We will also evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes as secondary outcomes. We will evaluate the risk of bias and overall certainty of evidence with Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and the overall evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. We will pool findings with a meta-analysis if sufficient homogeneity exists among studies. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to SCD advocacy groups. PROSPERO registration number: 429412.

A feasibility randomized controlled trial of an mHealth app vs booklets for patient-facing guidelines in adults with SCD.

Despite the increased number of evidence-based guidelines for sickle cell disease (SCD), dissemination of evidence-based guidelines in lay language for individuals or families with SCD has not been evaluated. We conducted a feasibility randomized controlled trial to determine the acceptability of a mobile health (mHealth) app with patient-facing guidelines to improve the knowledge of individuals with SCD about SCD-specific knowledge and reduce hospitalizations. Primary outcome measures include recruitment, retention, and adherence rates. Adults with SCD were enrolled at 2 sickle cell centers between 2018 and 2022. Participants were randomized to receive either an mHealth app + booklet with patient-facing guidelines or a booklet with the guidelines alone. Participants completed surveys at baseline and a final 6-month visit. Approximately 67 of 74 (91%) agreed to participate and were randomized, with 50 of 67 (75%) completing all the study components. All participants who completed the study in the treatment arm used the app. Our results demonstrated high recruitment, retention, and adherence rate for the first randomized trial for an mHealth app with patient-facing guidelines in adults with SCD. This clinical trial was registered at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ as #NCT03629678.

Barriers and Facilitators of Premarital Genetic Counseling for Sickle Cell Disease in Northern Nigeria.

In high-income countries, premarital genetic counseling for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a standard practice. However, in Nigeria, there is no formal premarital genetic counseling program available for SCD. We conducted a series of focus group discussions with health care professionals, patients with SCD, and parents of the patients with or without SCD to gain an understanding of their attitudes and beliefs towards SCD/Sickle Cell Trait and premarital genetic counseling for SCD. Data were analyzed using Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory approach. Two themes were highlighted in the analysis as follows: (1) the difference between the perception of premarital sickle cell screening among individuals with SCD versus the general population, and (2) the personal beliefs and physical challenges that could lead to the avoidance of premarital screening within the general community. Lack of disease-related knowledge, testing facilities, transportation, and stigma associated with the disease were the most commonly perceived barriers to premarital testing. Also, a willingness to receive premarital testing for SCD exists within our community to reduce the spread of the disease and advocate for improved health-related quality of life of patients with SCD. The content and structure of a premarital genetic counseling program in Kano, Northern Nigeria, needs to be developed.

Feasibility trial for the management of severe acute malnutrition in older children with sickle cell anemia in Nigeria.

Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) living in Nigeria are at an increased risk of malnutrition, which contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. However, evidence-based guidelines for managing malnutrition in children with SCA are lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled feasibility trial to assess the feasibility and safety of treating children with SCA aged from 5 to 12 years and having uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (body mass index z score of <-3.0). Children with SCA and uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition were randomly allocated to receive supplemental ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) with or without moderate-dose hydroxyurea therapy (20 mg/kg per day). Over a 6-month enrollment period, 3190 children aged from 5 to 12 years with SCA were evaluated for eligibility, and 110 of 111 children who were eligible were enrolled. During the 12-week trial, no participants withdrew or missed visits. One participant died of unrelated causes. Adherence was high for hydroxyurea (94%, based on pill counts) and RUTF (100%, based on the number of empty sachets returned). No refeeding syndrome event or hydroxyurea-related myelosuppression occurred. At the end of the trial, the mean change in body mass index z score was 0.49 (standard deviation = 0.53), and 39% of participants improved their body mass index z score to ≥-3.0. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and potential of outpatient treatment for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in children with SCA aged from 5 to 12 years in a low-resource setting. However, RUTF sharing with household and community members potentially confounded the response to malnutrition treatment. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03634488.

Barriers and Facilitators to a Task-Shifted Stroke Prevention Program for Children with Sickle Cell Anemia in a Community Hospital: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are at high risk for stroke. Protocols for stroke prevention including blood transfusions, screening for abnormal non-imaging transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurements, and hydroxyurea therapy are difficult to implement in low-resource environments like Nigeria. This study aimed to examine the contextual factors around TCD screening in a community hospital in Nigeria using qualitative interviews and focus groups. Methods: We conducted focus groups with health care providers and interviews with administrative leadership of the community hospital. Interview guides and analysis were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using an iterative deductive (CFIR)/Inductive (transcribed quotes) qualitative methodology. Results: We conducted two focus groups and five interviews with health care workers (nurses and doctors) and hospital administrators, respectively. Themes identified key elements of the inner setting (clinic characteristics, resource availability, implementation climate, and tension for change), characteristics of individuals (normative, control, and behavioral beliefs), and the implementation process (engage, implement, and adopt), as well as factors that were influenced by external context, caregiver needs, team function, and intervention characteristics. Task shifting, which is already being used, was viewed by providers and administrators as a necessary strategy to implement TCD screening in a clinic environment that is overstressed and under-resourced, a community stressed by poverty, and a nation with an underperforming health system. Conclusion: Task shifting provides a viable option to improve health care by making more efficient use of already available human resources while rapidly expanding the human resource pool and building capacity that is more sustainable. Trial registration: NCT05434000.

Toward Automated Detection of Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Children and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Anemia.

BACKGROUND: Silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) in sickle cell anemia (SCA) are associated with future strokes and cognitive impairment, warranting early diagnosis and treatment. Detection of SCI, however, is limited by their small size, especially when neuroradiologists are unavailable. We hypothesized that deep learning may permit automated SCI detection in children and young adults with SCA as a tool to identify the presence and extent of SCI in clinical and research settings. METHODS: We utilized UNet-a deep learning model-for fully automated SCI segmentation. We trained and optimized UNet using brain magnetic resonance imaging from the SIT trial (Silent Infarct Transfusion). Neuroradiologists provided the ground truth for SCI diagnosis, while a vascular neurologist manually delineated SCI on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and provided the ground truth for SCI segmentation. UNet was optimized for the highest spatial overlap between automatic and manual delineation (dice similarity coefficient). The optimized UNet was externally validated using an independent single-center prospective cohort of SCA participants. Model performance was evaluated through sensitivity and accuracy (%correct cases) for SCI diagnosis, dice similarity coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (metric of volumetric agreement), and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The SIT trial (n=926; 31% with SCI; median age, 8.9 years) and external validation (n=80; 50% with SCI; age, 11.5 years) cohorts had small median lesion volumes of 0.40 and 0.25 mL, respectively. Compared with the neuroradiology diagnosis, UNet predicted SCI presence with 100% sensitivity and 74% accuracy. In magnetic resonance imaging with SCI, UNet reached a moderate spatial agreement (dice similarity coefficient, 0.48) and high volumetric agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.76; ρ=0.72; P<0.001) between automatic and manual segmentations. CONCLUSIONS: UNet, trained using a large pediatric SCA magnetic resonance imaging data set, sensitively detected small SCI in children and young adults with SCA. While additional training is needed, UNet may be integrated into the clinical workflow as a screening tool, aiding in SCI diagnosis.