ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study investigated the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on diabetes-induced disturbances in AD-related factors (including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß), and tau protein) in the hippocampus, with the main focus on adiponectin signaling.In total, 28 male Wistar rats at the age of 8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 7 in each group): control (Con), type 2 diabetes (T2D), HIIT (Ex), and type 2 diabetes + HIIT (T2D + Ex). T2D was induced by a high-fat diet plus a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats in Ex and T2D + Ex groups performed 8 weeks of HIIT (running at 8-95% of Vmax, 4-10 intervals). Insulin and adiponectin levels in serum and hippocampus were measured along with hippocampal expression of insulin and adiponectin receptors, phosphorylated AMPK, dephosphorylated GSK3ß, and phosphorylated tau. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance beta (HOMA-ß), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated to assess insulin resistance and sensitivity. T2D decreased insulin and adiponectin levels in serum and hippocampus, as well as the hippocampal levels of insulin and adiponectin receptors and AMPK, but increased GSK3ß and tau in the hippocampus. HIIT reversed diabetes-induced impairments and consequently decreased tau accumulation in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß, and QUICKI were improved in Ex and T2D + Ex groups. Overall, our results confirmed that T2D has undesirable effects on the levels of some Alzheimer's-related factors in the hippocampus, and HIIT could ameliorate these impairments in the hippocampus.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , High-Intensity Interval Training , Insulin Resistance , Rats , Male , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Adiponectin/pharmacology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Receptors, Adiponectin/metabolism , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Insulin/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolismABSTRACT
Hypoglycemia is considered as a serious risk factor in neonates. In the majority of cases, it occurs with no clinical symptoms. Accordingly, early diagnosis is extremely imperative, which can also lead to less morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of screening blood glucose using glucometer (known as a quick and cost-effective diagnostic test) in comparison with laboratory method. A total of 219 neonates at risk of hypoglycemia were included in this study. Blood glucose was measured by glucometer and laboratory. In addition glucose level of capillary blood was measured by glucometer at the same time. Sensitivity and specificity of capillary blood glucose measurement by glucometer were 83.5%, 97.5% respectively (ppv=80%), (npv=98%). Capillary blood glucose measured by glucometer has an acceptable sensitivity and specificity in measurement of neonatal blood glucose. Therefore measurement by glucometer is recommended as a proper diagnostic test.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose/analysis , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Hypoglycemia/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Our aim was to compare different thresholds of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) and amniotic fluid delta optical density (Delta-OD) with fetal hemoglobin (Hb) during first and second intrauterine transfusions (IUT). METHODS: We determined serial MCA-PSV and Delta-OD in 27 red blood cell alloimmunized fetuses who needed IUT. Before the second IUT, MCA-PSV was measured. The sensitivity and specificity of MCA-PSV and Delta-OD were calculated and compared with fetal hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: From 27 fetuses, first time IUT MCA-PSV with a normal median value (MOM) cutoff of > 1.29 detected 60% of the moderate and 100% of the severe anemia cases. MCA-PSV of MOM > 1.5 detected none of the moderate and 93% of severe anemia cases. Delta-OD detected 50% of moderate anemic and 80% of severe anemic cases. At the second IUT, 91% of severe anemia cases were confirmed by MCA-PSV with MOM > 1.5 whereas MCA-PSV with MOM > 1.29 confirmed all cases. One case of moderate anemia was de-tected by MCA-PSV of MOM > 1.29 and none were detected by MCA-PSV with MOM > 1.5. CONCLUSION: Different thresholds of MCA-PSV have higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting moderate and severe fetal anemia compared with Delta-OD. It also has a high sensitivity at the second IUT.