Imaging of the Diabetic Foot.

Diabetic foot complications are increasingly prevalent in the world, leading to significant morbidity and driving up associated health care costs. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current imaging modalities have made diagnosis challenging, mainly in the evaluation of superimposed foot infection to underlying arthropathy or other marrow lesions. Recent advances in radiology and nuclear medicine have the potential to streamline the assessment of diabetic foot complications. But we must be aware of the specific strengths and weaknesses of each modality, and their applications. This review offers a comprehensive approach to the spectrum of diabetic foot complications and their imaging appearances in conventional and advanced imaging studies, including optimal technical considerations for each technique. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are highlighted, illustrating their complementary role to conventional MRI, in particular their potential impact in avoiding additional studies.

Analgesic effects of low-dose radiotherapy in greater trochanteric pain syndrome: results in a clinical series of 155 patients with recurrent or refractory symptoms

PurposeThis prospective study assessed the effects of low-dose radiotherapy in patients diagnosed with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) with recurrent symptoms or refractory to previous conservative measures.MethodsWe evaluated a total of 155 patients (90.3% women, mean age 69 years). Most patients (n = 136) received 10 Gy (1 Gy/day/3 fractions per week on alternate days), but after recommendations of DEGRO guidelines published in 2015, the remaining 19 patients (12.2%) received 6 Gy (1 Gy/day/3 fractions per week on alternate days).ResultsAt the pre-treatment visit, the mean (standard deviation, SD) visual analog scale (VAS) score was 8), which decreased to 5 (SD 2.2) after 1 month of the end of treatment and to 4 (SD 2.3) after 4 months. An objective symptom response with increased mobility, better sleep quality, and reduction of analgesic medication was found in 56% of patients at 1 month. In 129 patients (83.2%), there was a decrease of at least 1 point in the VAS score, and in 49 patients (29.0%), the VAS score was lower than 3. The mean length of follow-up was 45 months. The probability of maintaining the analgesic response estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 53% at 5 years.ConclusionLow dose radiotherapy effectively improved pain in the trochanteric area in most patients with recurrent or refractory GTPS, allowing a reduction in the need for analgesic medications and, more, importantly, better functioning and mobility. Further randomized studies in selected populations of GTPS are needed to define the treatment position of low-dose radiotherapy in this clinical setting.

Analgesic effects of low-dose radiotherapy in greater trochanteric pain syndrome: results in a clinical series of 155 patients with recurrent or refractory symptoms.

PURPOSE: This prospective study assessed the effects of low-dose radiotherapy in patients diagnosed with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) with recurrent symptoms or refractory to previous conservative measures. METHODS: We evaluated a total of 155 patients (90.3% women, mean age 69 years). Most patients (n = 136) received 10 Gy (1 Gy/day/3 fractions per week on alternate days), but after recommendations of DEGRO guidelines published in 2015, the remaining 19 patients (12.2%) received 6 Gy (1 Gy/day/3 fractions per week on alternate days). RESULTS: At the pre-treatment visit, the mean (standard deviation, SD) visual analog scale (VAS) score was 8), which decreased to 5 (SD 2.2) after 1 month of the end of treatment and to 4 (SD 2.3) after 4 months. An objective symptom response with increased mobility, better sleep quality, and reduction of analgesic medication was found in 56% of patients at 1 month. In 129 patients (83.2%), there was a decrease of at least 1 point in the VAS score, and in 49 patients (29.0%), the VAS score was lower than 3. The mean length of follow-up was 45 months. The probability of maintaining the analgesic response estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 53% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Low dose radiotherapy effectively improved pain in the trochanteric area in most patients with recurrent or refractory GTPS, allowing a reduction in the need for analgesic medications and, more, importantly, better functioning and mobility. Further randomized studies in selected populations of GTPS are needed to define the treatment position of low-dose radiotherapy in this clinical setting.

Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with 18F-FDG PET/CT to differentiate osteomyelitis from Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy in diabetic foot.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) involving two region of interest (ROI) sizes with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) to differentiate diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) from Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CN). METHOD: Thirty-one diabetic patients were included in this prospective study. Two readers independently evaluated DWI (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC] and high-b-value signal pathological-to-normal bone ratio [DWIr]) and DCE-MRI parameters (Ktrans, Kep, Ve, internal area under the gadolinium curve at 60 s [iAUC60] and time intensity curve [TIC]) using two different ROI sizes, and 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters (visual assessment, SUVmax, delayed SUVmax, and percentage changes between SUVmax and delayed SUVmax). Techniques were compared by univariate analysis using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]. Reliability was analyzed with Kappa and Intraclass correlation [ICC]. RESULTS: DWIr, Ktrans and iAUC60 showed better diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.814-0.830) and reliability (ICC > 0.9) for large than for small ROIs (AUC = 0.736-0.750; ICC = 0.6 in Ktrans, 0.8 in DWIr and iAUC60). TIC showed moderate diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.739-0.761) and reliability (κ 0.7). Visual assessment of 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated a significantly higher accuracy (AUC = 0.924) than MRI parameters. Semi-quantitative 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters did not provide significant improvement over visual analysis (AUC = 0.848-0.903). CONCLUSION: DWIr, Ktrans and iAUC60 allowed reliable differentiation of DFO and CN, particularly for large ROIs. Visual assessment of 18F-FDG PET/CT was the most accurate technique for differentiation.

Thoracic wall trauma-misdiagnosed lesions on radiographs and usefulness of ultrasound, multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Blunt injuries to the chest wall are an important chapter on emergency room (ER) departments, being the third most common injuries in trauma patients which ominous complications could appear. This article describes different types of traumatic events affecting the chest wall, which maybe misdiagnosed with conventional X-ray. Special emphasis has been done in computed tomography (CT) and multidetector CT (MDCT) imaging. This technique is considered the "gold-standard" for those traumatic patients, due to its fast acquisition covering the whole area of interest in axial plane, reconstructing multiplanar (2D, 3D) volume-rendered images with a superb quality and angiographic CT capabilities for evaluating vascular damage. Complementary techniques such as ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may improve the diagnostic accuracy due to its great capacity in visualising soft-tissue trauma (muscle-tendinous tears) and subtle fractures. All these imaging methods have an important role in quantifying the severity of chest wall trauma. The findings of this study have been exposed with cases of our archives in a didactic way.

Mineral metabolism disorders, vertebral fractures and aortic calcifications in stable kidney transplant recipients: The role of gender (EMITRAL study).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The relationship between mineral metabolism disorders, bone fractures and vascular calcifications in kidney transplant recipients has not been established. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study in 727 stable recipients from 28 Spanish transplant clinics. Mineral metabolism parameters, the semi-quantification of vertebral fractures and abdominal aortic calcifications were determined centrally. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency (25OHD3<15ng/ml) was more common in female recipients at CKD-T stages I-III (29.6% vs 44.4%; p=0.003). The inverse and significant correlation between 25OHD3 and PTH was gender-specific and women exhibited a steeper slope than men (p=0.01). Vertebral fractures (VFx) with deformity grade ≥2 were observed in 15% of recipients. Factors related to VFx differed by gender; in males, age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) and CsA treatment (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.6-6.3); in females, age (OR 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.12) and PTH levels (OR per 100pg/ml increase: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.043-1.542). Abdominal aortic calcifications were common (67.2%) and related to classical risk factors but not to mineral metabolism parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is more common among female kidney transplant recipients at earlier CKD-T stages, and it contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Prevalent vertebral fractures are only related to high serum PTH levels in female recipients.

2012 Provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative.

The objective of this study was to develop European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Candidate criteria were evaluated in a 6-month prospective cohort study of 125 patients with new-onset PMR and 169 non-PMR comparison subjects with conditions mimicking PMR. A scoring algorithm was developed based on morning stiffness >45 minutes (2 points), hip pain/limited range of motion (1 point), absence of rheumatoid factor and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibody (2 points), and absence of peripheral joint pain (1 point). A score ≥4 had 68% sensitivity and 78% specificity for discriminating all comparison subjects from PMR. The specificity was higher (88%) for discriminating shoulder conditions from PMR and lower (65%) for discriminating RA from PMR. Adding ultrasound, a score ≥5 had increased sensitivity to 66% and specificity to 81%. According to these provisional classification criteria, patients ≥50 years old presenting with bilateral shoulder pain, not better explained by an alternative pathology, can be classified as having PMR in the presence of morning stiffness >45 minutes, elevated C-reactive protein and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and new hip pain. These criteria are not meant for diagnostic purposes.

Patient-reported outcomes in polymyalgia rheumatica.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the disease course and the performance of clinical, patient-reported outcome (PRO) and musculoskeletal ultrasound measures in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). METHODS: The study population included 85 patients with new-onset PMR who were initially treated with prednisone equivalent dose of 15 mg daily tapered gradually, and followed for 26 weeks. Data collection included physical examination findings, laboratory measures of acute-phase reactants, and PRO measures. Ultrasound evaluation was performed at baseline and Week 26 to assess for features previously reported to be associated with PMR. Response to corticosteroid treatment was defined as 70% improvement in PMR on visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: At baseline, 77% had hip pain in addition to shoulder pain and 100% had abnormal C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. On ultrasound, 84% had shoulder findings and 32% had both shoulder and hip findings. Response to corticosteroid treatment occurred in 73% of patients by Week 4 and was highly correlated with percentage improvement in other VAS measures. Presence of ultrasound findings at baseline predicted response to corticosteroids at 4 weeks. Factor analysis revealed 6 domains that sufficiently represented all the outcome measures: PMR-related pain and physical function, an elevated inflammatory marker, hip pain, global pain, mental function, and morning stiffness. CONCLUSION: PRO measures and inflammatory markers performed well in assessing disease activity in patients with PMR. A minimum set of outcome measures consisting of PRO measures of pain and function and an inflammatory marker should be used in practice and in clinical trials in PMR.

MRI signal changes of the bone marrow in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy: correlation with clinical parameters.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, imaging appearance, and clinical significance, of bone marrow MR signal changes in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with lipodystrophy syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy syndrome treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, and 12 HIV-negative controls underwent MRI of the legs. Whole-body MRI, SPECT/CT, and a complete radiographic skeletal survey were obtained in subjects with signal changes in bone marrow. MRI and clinical evaluations were reviewed 6 months after baseline to determine changes after switching from thymidine analogs (TA) to tenofovir-DF (TDF). MRI results correlated with clinical parameters. RESULTS: We observed foci of a serous-like pattern (low signal and no enhancement on T1-weighted, high signal on T2-weighted images) in 4 out of 28 patients (14.3%) and an intermediate signal on T1-weighted images in 4 out of 28 patients (14.3%). Serous-like lesions were located in the lower limbs and scattered in the talus, calcaneus, femurs, and humeral bones; they showed slight uptake on SPECT bone scans and were normal on CT and radiographs. Patients with serous-like lesions had significantly lower peripheral and total fat at baseline than other groups (P < 0.05). No changes at 6 months were observed on MRI, and the serous-like lesion group showed good peripheral fat recovery after changing drug treatment. CONCLUSION: A serous-like MRI pattern is observed in the peripheral skeletons of HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy, which correlates with peripheral lipoatrophy, and should not be misdiagnosed as malignant or infectious diseases. Although the MR lesions did not improve after switching the treatment, there was evidence of lipoatrophy recovery.