ABSTRACT
Body feminization, as part of gender affirmation process of transgender women, decreases the volume of their cortical and subcortical brain structures. In this work, we implement a rat model of adult male feminization which reproduces the results in the human brain and allows for the longitudinal investigation of the underlying structural and metabolic determinants in the brain of adult male rats undergoing feminization treatments. Structural MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) were used to non-invasively monitor in vivo cortical brain volume and white matter microstructure over 30â¯days in adult male rats receiving estradiol (E2), estradiol plus cyproterone acetate (CA), an androgen receptor blocker and antigonadotropic agent (E2â¯+â¯CA), or vehicle (control). Ex vivo cerebral metabolic profiles were assessed by 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR (1H HRMAS) at the end of the treatments in samples from brain regions dissected after focused microwave fixation (5â¯kW). We found that; a) Groups receiving E2 and E2â¯+â¯CA showed a generalized bilateral decrease in cortical volume; b) the E2â¯+â¯CA and, to a lesser extent, the E2 groups maintained fractional anisotropy values over the experiment while these values decreased in the control group; c) E2 treatment produced increases in the relative concentration of brain metabolites, including glutamate and glutamine and d) the glutamine relative concentration and fractional anisotropy were negatively correlated with total cortical volume. These results reveal, for the first time to our knowledge, that the volumetric decreases observed in trans women under cross-sex hormone treatment can be reproduced in a rat model. Estrogens are more potent drivers of brain changes in male rats than anti-androgen treatment.
Subject(s)
Brain/drug effects , Cyproterone Acetate/pharmacology , Estradiol/pharmacology , Feminization , Metabolome/drug effects , Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology , Animals , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Diffusion Tensor Imaging , Female , Feminization/chemically induced , Feminization/metabolism , Feminization/pathology , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Transsexualism/chemically induced , Transsexualism/diagnostic imaging , Transsexualism/metabolism , Transsexualism/pathologyABSTRACT
Androgenization in adult natal women, as in transsexual men (TM), affects brain cortical thickness and the volume of subcortical structures. In order to understand the mechanism underlying these changes we have developed an adult female rat model of androgenization. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy were used to monitor brain volume changes, white matter microstructure and ex vivo metabolic profiles over 32 days in androgenized and control subjects. Supraphysiological doses of testosterone prevents aging decrease of fractional anisotropy values, decreased general cortical volume and the relative concentrations of glutamine (Gln) and myo-Inositol (mI). An increase in the N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/mI ratio was detected d. Since mI and Gln are astrocyte markers and osmolytes, we suspect that the anabolic effects of testosterone change astrocyte osmolarity so as to extrude Mi and Gln from these cells in order to maintain osmotic homeostasis. This mechanism could explain the brain changes observed in TM and other individuals receiving androgenic anabolic steroids.