Teenage parents and their children-position paper of the European academy of paediatrics and the European confederation of primary care paediatricians.

Introduction: Teenage parenthood presents multifaceted implications, affecting adolescent parents, their children, and extended families. Despite a decrease in teenage pregnancy rates across Europe, the phenomenon continues to present significant challenges, impacting not only the adolescent parents but also their offspring and extended families. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted. Key factors influencing teenage pregnancies, including socioeconomic background, family structure, and access to sex education and contraception, were examined. This review was supplemented by expert opinions from the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP). Results: The triad of mother, father, and child presents individual distinct healthcare needs and vulnerabilities, highlighting the importance of specialized support and healthcare. This paper explores the psychological, social, and educational repercussions of teenage parenthood on both parents and their children, including higher risks of postpartum depression, school dropout, and repeat pregnancies. Furthermore, it underscores the critical role that paediatricians and primary care providers play in supporting these young families. Discussion: The position paper advocates for comprehensive care for adolescent parents and their children. It recommends preventive measures such as proper sex education and access to contraception to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancies. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for specialized healthcare and support for teenage parents to address their unique challenges and improve outcomes for both parents and their children.

Pediatric endoscopy in times of pandemic: A nationwide retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure that carries an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection to medical staff. In patients, COVID-19 is a risk factor for adverse events of medical procedures. This study analyzed the real-life risk of, and factors contributing to, infection transmission to endoscopic personnel, and possible adverse events of the endoscopy procedure and anesthesia in children with COVID-19. METHODS: Nationwide retrospective analysis of medical records of children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy in Poland between February 2020 and February 2022. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included in the analysis, 35% of whom had COVID-19 symptoms at the time of endoscopy. The dominant indications for endoscopy were foreign body or corrosive substance ingestion and gastrointestinal bleeding. Nine cases of virus transmission were registered among endoscopic personnel. In all of these cases, the endoscopy team was unaware of the patient's infection (p < 0.01), although symptoms were present in 78% of the children. Lack of use of personal protective equipment was the strongest predictor of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (p < 0.01). The risk of infection was not statistically significantly dependent on the method of anesthesia, intubation or the type of endoscopy. No statistically significant correlation was found between symptomatic infection and adverse events of endoscopy or anesthesia occurrence. There was one reported anesthesia-related adverse event involving extubation difficulties due to worsening respiratory infection symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to endoscopic personnel during procedures in children is low and depends on compliance with infection prevention and control measures. Performing gastrointestinal endoscopy in children with COVID-19 does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of adverse events.

Sport activities for children and adolescents: the Position of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians 2023-Part 1. Pre-participation physical evaluation in young athletes.

The European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP) emphasize the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles within the pediatric population. Many health professionals have questions concerning adequate levels of physical activity for both the healthy pediatric population and for those who may have specific complications. Unfortunately, the academic literature that provides recommendations for participation in sport activities within the pediatric population that have been published during the last decade in Europe is limited and is mainly dedicated to specific illnesses or advanced athletes and not toward the general population. The aim of part 1 of the EAP and ECPCP position statement is to assist healthcare professionals in implementing the best management strategies for a pre-participation evaluation (PPE) for participation in sports for individual children and adolescents. In the absence of a uniform protocol, it is necessary to respect physician autonomy for choosing and implementing the most appropriate and familiar PPE screening strategy and to discuss the decisions made with young athletes and their families. This first part of the Position Statement concerning Sport Activities for Children and Adolescents is dedicated to healthy young athletes.

Pancreatic Involvement in the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children-A Multi-Center Study.

The coexistence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with pancreatic pathology is rare in children. A retrospective analysis of data from 1538 children diagnosed with IBD in 2014-2021 was conducted to determine the frequency and causes of pancreatitis and asymptomatic hyperlipasemia (HL) or hyperamylasemia (HA) in this group of patients. Among the 176 children (11.4%) with pancreatic involvement (PI), acute pancreatitis (AP) was diagnosed in 77 children (43.8%), and HA or HL was observed in 88 children (50.0%). Only a few patients were diagnosed with autoimmune or chronic pancreatitis (6.2%). PI was observed at the time of the IBD diagnosis in 26.1% of the cases. A total of 54.5% of the patients had moderate to severe IBD, and 96% had colonic involvement at the time of diagnosis of PI. Idiopathic PI was the most common (57%), followed by drug-induced PI (37%) and azathioprine (AZA). In patients with AZA-induced AP, the successful introduction of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) to therapy was noted in 62.5% of the children. Our results suggest that routine monitoring of pancreatic enzymes in patients with IBD should be performed, especially after the initiation of the AZA treatment. The presence of transient HA/HL in IBD does not necessarily indicate pancreatic pathology.

Leave no one behind: why WHO's regional office for Europe should prioritise children and adolescents in their program of work. A position statement from the European academy of paediatrics.

Children and adolescents are no longer a priority in the most recent European Programme of Work (EPW) 2020-2025 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. In this position statement we provide arguments for why we think this population should be explicitly addressed in this important and influential document. We firstly emphasize the persistent health problems and inequalities in access to care for children and adolescents that are challenging to solve, and thus require a continuous focus. Secondly, we urge the WHO to prioritize children and adolescents in their EPW due to the new and emerging health problems related to global issues. Finally, we explain why permanent prioritization of children and adolescents is essential for the future of children and of society.

Pediatric antibiotic stewardship programs in Europe: a pilot survey among delegates of The European Academy of Pediatrics.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Efforts to promote the judicious use of antibiotics and contain AMR are a priority of several medical organizations, including the WHO. One effective way to achieve this goal is the deployment of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs). This study aimed to survey the current situation of pediatric ASPs in European countries and establish a baseline for future attempts to harmonize pediatric ASPs and antibiotic use in Europe. Methods: A web-based survey was conducted among national delegates of the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP). The survey assessed the presence of pediatric ASPs in the representatives' countries in the inpatient and outpatient settings, the staff included in the programs, and their detailed activities regarding antibiotic use. Results: Of the 41 EAP delegates surveyed, 27 (66%) responded. Inpatient pediatric ASPs were reported in 74% (20/27) countries, and outpatient programs in 48% (13/27), with considerable variability in their composition and activities. Guidelines for managing pediatric infectious diseases were available in nearly all countries (96%), with those for neonatal infections (96%), pneumonia (93%), urinary tract (89%), peri-operative (82%), and soft tissue (70%) infections being the most common. Pediatric ASPs were reported at the national (63%), institutional (41%), and regional/local (<15%) levels. Pediatricians with infectious disease training (62%) and microbiologists (58%) were the most common members of the program personnel, followed by physician leaders (46%), infectious disease/infection control physicians (39%), pharmacists (31%), and medical director representatives (15%). Activities of the pediatric ASPs included educational programs (85%), monitoring and reporting of antibiotic use (70%) and resistance (67%), periodic audits with feedback (44%), prior approval (44%), and post-prescription review of selected antibiotic agents (33%). Conclusion: Although pediatric ASPs exist in most European countries, their composition and activities vary considerably across countries. Initiatives to harmonize comprehensive pediatric ASPs across Europe are needed.

Adolescent pregnancy: An important issue for paediatricians and primary care providers-A position paper from the European academy of paediatrics.

Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, remain a widespread health-related problem with potential short and long-term consequences. Comprehensive social, economic, environmental, structural, and cultural factors heavily impact on adolescents' sexual and reproductive health and early pregnancy. Health professionals can play a pivotal role in the prevention of unplanned pregnancy. Improved access to family planning, sexuality education in schools, community-based interventions, and policies contribute greatly to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy and the adoption of respectful and responsible sexual behaviour. Additionally, health care professionals can support pregnant adolescents in making decisions under these circumstances and provide adequate health care. This review highlights actions that can guide healthcare professionals in empowering young adolescents to become more aware and capable of making informed decisions about their sexual life, health, and future.

Old but Fancy: Curcumin in Ulcerative Colitis-Current Overview.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of unclear etiology affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by unpredictable exacerbation and remission phases. Conventional treatment options for UC include mesalamine, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. The management of UC is challenging, and other therapeutic options are constantly being sought. In recent years more attention is being paid to curcumin, a main active polyphenol found in the turmeric root, which has numerous beneficial effects in the human body, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative properties targeting several cellular pathways and making an impact on intestinal microbiota. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the role of curcumin in the UC therapy.

Early Enteral Nutrition in Paediatric Acute Pancreatitis-A Review of Published Studies.

Nowadays, nutrition is said to be an integral aspect of acute pancreatitis (AP) treatment. Early enteral nutrition (EEN) is safe and beneficial for patients. This was confirmed by clinical experience and can be found in guidelines on managing adults with AP. Furthermore, paediatric recommendations encourage EEN use in AP. However, paediatric guidelines are based exclusively on studies in adults. Therefore, we present a review of published studies on the time of nutritional interventions in children with AP. A search was independently conducted in April 2022 by two of the authors. Only full-text papers published in English involving children between 0-21 were considered. Only four papers met our inclusion criteria: one randomised-control trial (RCT), one prospective study with retrospective chart review, and two retrospective chart reviews. All studies supported EEN and there was no recommendation of any delay in its initiation. The results of all four papers suggested EEN with a regular, normal-fat diet. EEN is safe in children with mild or moderately severe AP and may decrease the length of hospitalisation. Unfortunately, all the conclusions are based on a small amount of heterogeneous data that are mostly retrospective. Future prospective RCTs are needed.

Access to Vaccination among Disadvantaged, Isolated and Difficult-to-Reach Communities in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Review.

Vaccination has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. High vaccination coverage rates are required to achieve herd protection against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, limited vaccine access and hesitancy among specific communities represent significant obstacles to this goal. This review provides an overview of critical factors associated with vaccination among disadvantaged groups in World Health Organisation European countries. Initial searches yielded 18,109 publications from four databases, and 104 studies from 19 out of 53 countries reporting 22 vaccine-preventable diseases were included. Nine groups representing the populations of interest were identified, and most of the studies focused on asylum seekers, refugees, migrants and deprived communities. Recall of previous vaccinations received was poor, and serology was conducted in some cases to confirm protection for those who received prior vaccinations. Vaccination coverage was lower among study populations compared to the general population or national average. Factors that influenced uptake, which presented differently at different population levels, included health service accessibility, language and vaccine literacy, including risk perception, disease severity and vaccination benefits. Strategies that could be implemented in vaccination policy and programs were also identified. Overall, interventions specific to target communities are vital to improving uptake. More innovative strategies need to be deployed to improve vaccination coverage among disadvantaged groups.

Adolescents With Eating Disorders in Pediatric Practice - The European Academy of Paediatrics Recommendations.

In the face of the growing number of adolescents suffering from eating disorders (EDs) and access to psychiatric care limited by the epidemiological and demographic situation, the primary care pediatrician's role in diagnosing and treating EDs is growing. The European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) decided to summarize knowledge about EDs and formulate recommendations to support European pediatricians and improve care for adolescents with EDs.

Three-dimensional High-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Children With Non-retentive Fecal Incontinence.

Background/Aims: Three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HRAM) is a precise tool to assess the function of the anorectum. Our aim is to evaluate children diagnosed with non-retentive fecal incontinence (NRFI) using 3D-HRAM. Methods: In all children diagnosed with NRFI, manometric parameters and 3-dimensional reconstructions of the anal canal subdivided into 8 segments were recorded. All data were compared to raw data that were obtained from asymptomatic children, collected in our laboratory and published previously (C group). Results: Forty children (31 male; median age, 8 years; range, 5-17) were prospectively included in the study. Comparison of the NRFI group and C group revealed lower values of mean resting pressure (74.4 mmHg vs 89.2 mmHg, P > 0.001) and maximum squeeze pressure (182 mmHg vs 208.5 mmHg, P = 0.018) in the NRFI group. In the NRFI group, the thresholds of sensation, urge and discomfort (40 cm3, 70 cm3, and 140 cm3, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the C group (20 cm3, 30 cm3, and 85 cm3, respectively; P > 0.001). In the NRFI group, 62.5% presented a mean resting pressure above the fifth percentile, and 82.5% of patients presented a maximum squeeze pressure above the fifth percentile. The comparisons between segments obtained from these patients and those obtained from the C group revealed several segments with significantly decreased pressure values in the NRFI group. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated lower pressure parameters in children with NRFI. In patients with normal resting pressures, 3D-HRAM may reveal segments with decreased pressures, which may play a potential role in the pathomechanism of incontinence.

Impact of Selected Behavioral and Environmental Factors on the Antibiotic Therapy in Polish Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.

Antibiotic therapy must be carried out consistently and according to the guidelines. Viruses are the dominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children, as has been shown in many previous studies. Unnecessary antibiotic therapy should be avoided so that it does not affect patients' health and lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains. Here we report a national survey conducted in a group of 4,389 children to assess the impact of selected behavioral and environmental factors on antibiotic therapy in patients with URTIs. We found that selected environmental factors influenced the type of treatment. The place of residence, having siblings, an absence of vaccinations, the presence of allergies, and attendance at educational institutions were conducive to antibiotic therapy. These factors also influenced the frequency of hospitalization of children and their absence from nurseries, kindergartens, and schools, as well as the absence of their guardians from work.

E-Cigarettes as a Growing Threat for Children and Adolescents: Position Statement From the European Academy of Paediatrics.

As the tobacco epidemic has waned, it has been followed by the advent of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) primarily manufactured by the tobacco industry to try to recruit replacements for deceased tobacco addicts. This document sets out the ten recommendations of the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) with regard to e-cigarettes and children and young people (CYP). The EAP notes that nicotine is itself a drug of addiction, with toxicity to the foetus, child and adult, and were ENDS only to contain nicotine, their use to create a new generation of addicts would be rigorously opposed. However, e-cigarettes include numerous unregulated chemicals, including known carcinogens, whose acute and long term toxicities are unknown. The EAP asserts that there is incontrovertible evidence that the acute toxicity of e-cigarettes is greater than that of "traditional" tobacco smoking, and a variety of acute pulmonary toxicities, including acute lung injuries, have been recorded due to e-cigarettes usage. The chronic toxicity of e-cigarettes is unknown, but given the greater acute toxicity compared to tobacco, the EAP cannot assume that e-cigarettes are safer in the long term. The high uptake of e-cigarettes by CYP, including under-age children, is partly fuelled by deceitful marketing and internet exposure, which is also unregulated. Although proposed as aids to smoking cessation, there is no evidence that e-cigarettes add anything to standard smoking cessation strategies. In summary, the EAP regards these devices and liquids as very dangerous, and ineluctably opposed to their use, and their direct or indirect marketing.

Exploring Physicians' Perspectives on the Introduction of Complementary Foods to Infants and Toddlers.

Complementary feeding is the subject of many recommendations regarding the benefits of its use, illustrating its crucial impact on further health. However, it still poses a significant problem for caregivers, and thus for doctors. This survey focused on nutritional problems faced by the parents of infants and toddlers, as well as how physicians deal with these problems. Based on the responses from 303 doctors, it was determined that the time and sequence of introducing complementary foods raise the greatest doubts in parents. This study also found that at least one-third of pediatricians experience difficulties in providing effective nutritional counseling. Increasing the nutritional awareness of physicians can allow them to provide more appropriate support to parents.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Children and Adolescents-A Joint Statement of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Confederation for Primary Care Paediatricians.

Stopping the COVID-19 pandemic and its socio-economic consequences is only possible with a multifaceted strategy, including mass vaccination. Studies have been conducted mainly in adults, and data on the pediatric population is relatively limited. However, it appears that vaccination in children and adolescents is highly effective and safe. Despite the apparent benefits of vaccinating this age group, there are some medical and ethical concerns. Based on the above considerations, the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) and the European Confederation of Primary Care Pediatricians (ECPCP) assessed the current situation and presented recommendations for international and national authorities, pediatricians, and pediatric societies regarding vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents.

Knowledge of Medical Students and Medical Professionals Regarding Nutritional Deficiencies in Patients with Celiac Disease.

A gluten-free diet provides relief from symptoms for patients with celiac disease, although there is still a risk of nutritional deficiencies. These patients can potentially consume an excessive amount of fat and insufficient amounts of fiber, iron, vitamin D, and calcium. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of medical students and healthcare professionals in Poland regarding nutritional deficiencies and the prevention of such deficiencies in patients with celiac disease who are on a gluten-free diet. Of the 430 survey participants, 46% did not realize the risk of nutritional deficiencies in patients with celiac disease. The knowledge of the participants was lowest regarding the risk of being overweight or obese. Among the healthcare professionals, an acceptable level of correct answers was provided by only 37% of individuals and was highest for the dietitians' group. Our results demonstrate the need to improve the education of healthcare professionals concerning nutrition in patients with celiac disease.

EAP and ECPCP Statement Risks for Children's Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Call for Maintenance of Essential Pediatric Services.

The COVID-19 pandemic and global lockdown have had drastic socioeconomic and psychological effects on countries and people, respectively. There has been limited access to health care and education. These negative consequences have had a significant impact on the well-being of children and adolescents. Therefore, the EAP and the ECPCP are requesting state, health, and education authorities as well as European pediatric societies and the healthcare professionals that special attention be given to this population and the problems they face as a result of the pandemic.