Fungal diversity notes 1512-1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa.

This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.

The smut fungi of Greenland.

The first taxonomic treatment of the smut fungi in Greenland is provided. A total of 43 species in 11 genera are treated and illustrated by photographs of sori, microphotographs of spores in LM and SEM, and distribution maps. Two species, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae and Urocystis tothii, are recorded as new from North America. Thirteen species, Anthracoidea altera, A. capillaris, A. limosa, A. liroi, A. pseudofoetidae, A. scirpoideae, A. turfosa, Microbotryum lagerheimii, M. stellariae, Schizonella elynae, Stegocintractia luzulae, Urocystis fischeri, and U. tothii, are reported for the first time from Greenland. Three new fungus-host combinations, Anthracoidea capillaris on Carex boecheriana, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae on Carex maritima, and Urocystis tothii on Juncus biglumis, are given. Five plant species are reported as new hosts of smut fungi in Greenland, namely, Carex nigra for Anthracoidea heterospora, C. canescens for Anthracoidea karii, C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Anthracoidea misandrae, C. maritima for Orphanomyces arcticus, and C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Schizonella melanogramma. Three species, Microbotryum violaceum s. str. (recorded as 'Ustilago violacea'), Urocystis anemones, and U. junci, which were previously reported from Greenland, are considered wrongly identified. Additional distribution records are given for 12 species from Greenland: Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. caricis, A. elynae, A. lindebergiae, A. misandrae, A. nardinae, A. rupestris, A. scirpi, Schizonella melanogramma, Stegocintractia hyperborea, Urocystis agropyri, and U. sorosporioides. The most numerous distribution groups are the following: circumpolar-alpine and Arctic-alpine species - 14; circumboreal-polar species - 10; and circumpolar and Arctic species - 6. The most widely distributed smut fungi in Greenland were Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, and M. vinosum. Most species were found in the High Arctic zone (29 species), while from the Low Arctic zone and the Subarctic zone, 26 and 19 species were known, respectively. Ten species, Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. capillaris, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, M. koenigiae, M. pustulatum, M. silenes-acaulis, M. vinosum, Schizonella elynae, and Urocystis sorosporioides, were recorded from all three zones. Only plants belonging to six families, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Polygonaceae, out of a total of 55 in the flora of Greenland, hosted smut fungi. Cyperaceae was the plant family with most host species (23). Carex was the genus with the highest number of host species (22). The total number of the host plants (45 species) was 8.5 % out of a total of 532 vascular plants in the flora of Greenland. A new combination in Carex, C. macroprophylla subsp. subfilifolia, is proposed for Kobresia filifolia subsp. subfilifolia.

Marasmius oreades substances block NF-kappaB activity through interference with IKK activation pathway.

The activation pathway of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a key mechanism for the progression of carcinogenesis at the molecular level. NF-kappaB is related to the promotion of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and the enhancement of tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Marasmius oreades culture liquid extract, which was previously shown to affect NF-kappaB activation through inhibition of the phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein kappa B (IkappaBalpha), was subjected to liquid chromatography in order to investigate the specific mechanism of action of the active moieties present in the extract. Four fractions were obtained and tested for their abilities to block NF-kappaB activation pathway at different molecular levels. All fractions showed an anti-proliferative potential with no apparent cytotoxicity on MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Two out of the four fractions strongly affected the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and the NF-kappaB reporter activity in MCF7 breast cancer cell line. In addition, these two fractions prevented the p65 nuclear translocation and seemed to interfere with the IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation pathway. The IKK pathway is a major cellular signaling pathway set at a crossroad leading to NF-kappaB activation by a variety of stimuli. Also, these two fractions induced apoptosis of MCF7 cells. This study adds additional valuable data to our knowledge on the anticancer potential of fungal metabolites. It is the first report showing the medicinal value of M. oreades as a natural source of low-molecular-weight bioactive substances able to affect the process of tumorogenesis through the direct blockage of NF-kappaB activation at the IKK level.

Morphological and molecular analyses support the existence of host-specific Peronospora species infecting Chenopodium.

About 20 species of Peronospora have been reported to cause downy mildew on Chenopodium, but, particularly in plant pathology literature, only one species, P. farinosa, is considered to be involved. We performed sequence analysis of the ITS rDNA to reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Peronospora specimens from five species of Chenopodium, viz. C. album, C. ambrosioides, C. bonus-henricus, C. hybridum, and C. polyspermum. The five clades corresponded to particular Chenopodium species, and showed a high level of sequence divergence. Differences in the morphology of the conidia and ultimate branchlets also supported the separation of the five groups at the host species level. These results suggest that the names P. variabilis, P. boni-henrici, P. chenopodii, and P. chenopodii-polyspermi should be used for the four downy mildew pathogens specific to C. album, C. bonus-henricus, C. hybridum, and C. polyspermum, respectively. The Peronospora on C. ambrosioides was found to be an independent species.

Fungal metabolites modulating NF-kappaB activity: an approach to cancer therapy and chemoprevention (review).

Fighting cancer is considered one of the most important areas of research in medicine and immunology. Due to the ability of cancer cells to mutate and become resistant to available drugs, new scientific approaches, focused on molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, are needed. A new direction in cancer treatment has arisen, devoted to the adjuvant use of natural bioactive compounds in conventional chemotherapy. This kind of research is gaining more attention. In particular, fungi can be used not only as strong immunoceuticals but also as a source of potent metabolites, capable of penetrating cell membranes and interfering with particular signal transduction pathways linked to processes such as inflammation, cell differentiation and survival, carcinogenesis, and metastasis. One such a crucial pathway involved in the above-mentioned processes, is the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). This review compiles the available data on fungal metabolites, known to modulate the activity of NF-kappaB, thus demonstrating their potential use as novel anti-cancer agents in the rapidly advancing field of molecular therapy.

Fungal substances as modulators of NF-kappaB activation pathway.

MCF7 breast cancer cell line, carrying a luciferase reporter gene under the control of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-responsive promoter, was established and used for the screening of fungal organic extracts for their ability to interfere with the NF-kappaB activation pathway. Twenty-eight crude fungal extracts, out of 242, were found to inhibit NF-kappaB reporter activity by more than 40%. Furthermore, positive extracts were used to evaluate their antiproliferative activity as well as their ability to influence the phosphorylation and degradation levels of IkappaBa. Fungal extracts prepared from Marasmius oreades and Cyathus striatus showed significant inhibitory effects on the NF-kappaB activation pathway. Taken together, our results support the notion of the presence of novel activities that might be utilized as cancer therapeutics.