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1.
Front Immunol ; 14: 1119510, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37063860

ABSTRACT

Polatuzumab vedotin, marketed under the trade name POLIVY®, is a CD79b-targeted antibody-drug conjugate that preferentially delivers a potent anti-mitotic agent (monomethyl auristatin E) to B cells, resulting in anti-cancer activity against B-cell malignancies. In 2019, polatuzumab vedotin in combination with rituximab and bendamustine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who have received at least two prior therapies. Recent Health Authority guidance recommendations for submitting an Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity were followed including a comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment, bioanalytical strategy, and immunogenicity data to support the registration of polatuzumab vedotin. Key components of the polatuzumab vedotin Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity and data are presented. Validated semi-homogeneous bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to polatuzumab vedotin and characterize the immune response in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The overall incidence of ADA observed for polatuzumab vedotin was low across seven clinical trials. The low incidence of ADA is likely due to the mechanism of action of polatuzumab vedotin that involves targeting and killing of B cells, thereby limiting the development to plasma cells and ADA secretion. Furthermore, patients are co-medicated with rituximab, which also targets B cells and results in B-cell depletion. Therefore, the immunogenicity risk is considered low and not expected to impact the polatuzumab vedotin benefit/risk profile.


Subject(s)
Immunoconjugates , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin , United States , Adult , Humans , Rituximab/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Immunoconjugates/adverse effects , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
2.
Am J Hematol ; 96(5): E175-E179, 2021 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33617672
3.
Pharm Res ; 37(12): 252, 2020 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33258982

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The established two-analyte integrated population pharmacokinetic model was applied to assess the impact of intrinsic/extrinsic factors on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of polatuzumab vedotin (pola) in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) following bodyweight-based dosing. METHODS: Model simulations based on individual empirical Bayes estimates were used to evaluate the impact of intrinsic/extrinsic factors as patient subgroups on Cycle 6 exposures. Intrinsic factors included bodyweight, age, sex, hepatic and renal functions. Extrinsic factors included rituximab/obinutuzumab or bendamustine combination with pola and manufacturing process. The predicted impact on exposures along with the established exposure-response relationships were used to assess clinical relevance. RESULTS: No clinically meaningful differences in Cycle 6 pola exposures were found for the following subgroups: bodyweight 100-146 kg versus 38-<100 kg, age ≥ 65 years versus <65 years, female versus male, mild hepatic impairment versus normal, mild-to-moderate renal impairment versus normal. Co-administration of rituximab/obinutuzumab or bendamustine, and change in the pola manufacturing process, also had no meaningful impact on PK. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NHL, bodyweight-based dosing is adequate, and no further dose adjustment is recommended for the heavier subgroup (100-146 kg). In addition, no dose adjustments are recommended for other subgroups based on intrinsic/extrinsic factors evaluated.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacokinetics , Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Models, Biological , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage , Body Weight , Clinical Trials as Topic , Computer Simulation , Drug Dosage Calculations , Female , Humans , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Young Adult
4.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol ; 85(5): 831-842, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32222808

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The phase Ib/II open-label study (NCT01992653) evaluated the antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin (pola) plus rituximab/obinutuzumab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (R/G-CHP) as first-line therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). We report the pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) for pola. METHODS: Six or eight cycles of pola 1.0-1.8 mg/kg were administered intravenously every 3 weeks (q3w) with R/G-CHP. Exposures of pola [including antibody-conjugated monomethyl auristatin E (acMMAE) and unconjugated MMAE] and R/G-CHP were assessed by non-compartmental analysis and/or descriptive statistics with cross-cycle comparisons to cycle 1 and/or after multiple cycles. Pola was evaluated as a potential victim and perpetrator of a PK drug-drug interaction with R/G-CHP. Population PK (popPK) analysis assessed the impact of prior treatment status (naïve vs. relapsed/refractory) on pola PK. RESULTS: Pola PK was similar between treatment arms and independent of line of therapy. Pola PK was dose proportional from 1.0 to 1.8 mg/kg with R/G-CHP. Geometric mean volume of distribution and clearance of acMMAE ranged from 57.3 to 95.6 mL/kg and 12.7 to 18.2 mL/kg/day, respectively. acMMAE exhibited multi-exponential decay (elimination half-life ~ 1 week). Unconjugated MMAE exhibited formation rate-limited kinetics. Exposures of pola with R/G-CHP were similar to those in the absence of CHP; exposures of R/G-CHP in the presence of pola were comparable to those in the absence of pola. CONCLUSIONS: Pola PK was well characterized with no clinically meaningful DDIs with R/G-CHP. Findings are consistent with previous studies of pola + R/G, and support pola + R/G-CHP use in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Immunoconjugates , Lymphoma, B-Cell , Rituximab , Administration, Intravenous , Adult , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacokinetics , Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage , Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects , Cyclophosphamide/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Doxorubicin/adverse effects , Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Interactions , Drug Monitoring/methods , Female , Humans , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Immunoconjugates/adverse effects , Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy , Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology , Male , Maximum Tolerated Dose , Prednisone/administration & dosage , Prednisone/adverse effects , Prednisone/pharmacokinetics , Rituximab/administration & dosage , Rituximab/adverse effects , Rituximab/pharmacokinetics , Treatment Outcome , Vincristine/administration & dosage , Vincristine/adverse effects , Vincristine/pharmacokinetics
5.
Clin Cancer Res ; 26(2): 364-372, 2020 01 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31540980

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This phase I trial assessed the safety, tolerability, and preliminary antitumor activity of lifastuzumab vedotin (LIFA), an antibody-drug conjugate of anti-NaPi2b mAb (MNIB2126A) and a potent antimitotic agent (monomethyl auristatin E). PATIENTS AND METHODS: LIFA was administered to patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC), once every 3 weeks, by intravenous infusion. The starting dose was 0.2 mg/kg in this 3+3 dose-escalation design, followed by cohort expansion at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). RESULTS: Overall, 87 patients were treated at doses between 0.2 and 2.8 mg/kg. The MTD was not reached; 2.4 mg/kg once every 3 weeks was selected as the RP2D based on overall tolerability profile. The most common adverse events of any grade and regardless of relationship to study drug were fatigue (59%), nausea (49%), decreased appetite (37%), vomiting (32%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (29%). Most common treatment-related grade ≥3 toxicities among patients treated at the RP2D (n = 63) were neutropenia (10%), anemia (3%), and pneumonia (3%). The pharmacokinetic profile was dose proportional. At active doses ≥1.8 mg/kg, partial responses were observed in four of 51 (8%) patients with NSCLC and 11 of 24 (46%) patients with PROC per RECIST. All RECIST responses occurred in patients with NaPi2b-high by IHC. The CA-125 biomarker assessed for patients with PROC dosed at ≥1.8 mg/kg showed 13 of 24 (54%) had responses (≥50% decline from baseline). CONCLUSIONS: LIFA exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and an acceptable safety profile, with encouraging activity in patients with PROC at the single-agent RP2D of 2.4 mg/kg.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Organoplatinum Compounds/pharmacology , Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/pathology , Female , Humans , Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Maximum Tolerated Dose , Middle Aged , Patient Safety , Tissue Distribution , Treatment Outcome
6.
CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol ; 9(1): 48-59, 2020 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31749251

ABSTRACT

A two-analyte integrated population pharmacokinetic (PK) model that simultaneously describes concentrations of antibody-conjugated monomethyl auristatin E (acMMAE) and unconjugated MMAE following repeated administrations of polatuzumab vedotin (pola) was developed based on data from four clinical studies of pola in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A two-compartment model with a nonspecific, time-dependent linear clearance, a linear time-dependent exponentially declining clearance, and a Michaelis-Menten clearance provided a good fit of the acMMAE plasma PK profiles. All three acMMAE elimination pathways contributed to the input to the central compartment of unconjugated MMAE, which was also described by a two-compartment model. Population PK parameters, covariate effects, and interindividual variability of model parameters were estimated. The impact of clinically relevant covariates on PK exposures of each analyte were quantified and reported to support key label claims.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics , Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Models, Biological , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Linear Models , Time Factors
7.
Br J Pharmacol ; 176(19): 3805-3818, 2019 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31270798

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) being developed for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It contains a humanized anti-CD79b IgG1 monoclonal antibody linked to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an anti-mitotic agent. Polatuzumab vedotin binds to human CD79b only. Therefore, a surrogate ADC that binds to cynomolgus monkey CD79b was used to determine CD79b-mediated pharmacological effects in the monkey and to enable first-in-human clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Polatuzumab vedotin, the surrogate ADC, and the corresponding antibodies were evaluated in different assays in vitro and in animals. In vitro assessments included binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different species, binding to a human and monkey CD79b-expressing cell line, binding to human Fcγ receptors, and stability in plasma across species. In vivo, ADCs were assessed for anti-tumour activity in mice, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in monkeys, and toxicity in rats and monkeys. KEY RESULTS: Polatuzumab vedotin and surrogate ADC bind with similar affinity to human and cynomolgus monkey B cells, respectively. Comparable in vitro plasma stability, in vivo anti-tumour activity, and mouse pharmacokinetics were also observed between the surrogate ADC and polatuzumab vedotin. In monkeys, only the surrogate ADC showed B-cell depletion and B-cell-mediated drug disposition, but both ADCs showed similar MMAE-driven myelotoxicity, as expected. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The suitability of the surrogate ADC for evaluation of CD79b-dependent pharmacology was demonstrated, and anti-tumour activity, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and toxicity data with both ADCs supported the entry of polatuzumab vedotin into clinical trials.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy , CD79 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors , Immunoconjugates/pharmacology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/immunology , Binding Sites/drug effects , Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology , CD79 Antigens/immunology , Cell Line , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Immunoconjugates/chemistry , Immunoconjugates/immunology , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Mice , Mice, SCID , Molecular Conformation , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, IgG , Structure-Activity Relationship
8.
Bioanalysis ; 11(17): 1555-1568, 2019 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31208199

ABSTRACT

Aim: To evaluate the clinical immunogenicity of eight antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), multi-domain biotherapeutics that could theoretically pose a greater immunogenicity risk than monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) because they contain non-natural structural motifs. Methodology & results: Immunogenicity strategies and assays for these ADCs included those commonly used for conventional biotherapeutics with additional characterization. A tiered approach was adopted for testing Phase I and II clinical study samples with screening, confirmatory assays and additional domain characterization. Antidrug antibody incidences with these ADCs were within those reported for mAb biotherapeutics with no apparent impact on clinical outcomes. Conclusion: These data suggest that the ADC hapten-like structure across these eight ADCs does not appear to increase patient immune responses beyond those generally observed for mAb biotherapeutics.


Subject(s)
Clinical Trials as Topic , Immunoconjugates/immunology , Immunologic Techniques , Humans
9.
MAbs ; 10(8): 1312-1321, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30183491

ABSTRACT

Few treatment options are available for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. DCLL9718A is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1). This receptor is prevalent on monocytes, neutrophils, and AML blast cells, and unlike CD33, is not expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, thus providing possible hematopoietic recovery. DCLL9718A comprises an anti-CLL-1 IgG1 antibody (MCLL0517A) linked to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer payload, via a cleavable disulfide-labile linker. Here, we characterize the in vitro and in vivo stability, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys. Three key PK analytes were measured in these studies: total antibody, antibody-conjugated PBD dimer and unconjugated PBD dimer. In vitro, DCLL9718A, was stable with most (> 80%) of the PBD dimer payload remaining conjugated to the antibody over 96 hours. This was recapitulated in vivo with antibody-conjugated PBD dimer clearance estimates similar to DCLL9718A total antibody clearance. Both DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A showed linear PK in the non-binding rodent species, and non-linear PK in cynomolgus monkeys, a binding species. The PK data indicated minimal impact of conjugation on the disposition of DCLL9718A total antibody. Finally, in cynomolgus monkey, MCLL0517A showed target engagement at all doses tested (0.5 and 20 mg/kg) as measured by receptor occupancy, and DCLL9718A (at doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) showed strong PD activity as evidenced by notable reduction in monocytes and neutrophils.


Subject(s)
Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics , Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use , Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism , Acute Disease , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Area Under Curve , Benzodiazepines/immunology , Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use , Humans , Immunoconjugates/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use , Lectins, C-Type/immunology , Leukemia, Myeloid/blood , Macaca fascicularis , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Mice , Pyrroles/immunology , Pyrroles/therapeutic use , Rats , Receptors, Mitogen/immunology , Species Specificity
10.
Clin Cancer Res ; 23(5): 1167-1176, 2017 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27601593

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Pinatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate with the potent antimicrotubule agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugated to an anti-CD22 antibody via a protease-cleavable linker. This phase I study determined its recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and evaluated its safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity alone and with rituximab in relapsed/refractory (r/r) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).Experimental Design: Patients received escalating doses of pinatuzumab vedotin every 21 days. Clinical activity at the RP2D alone or with rituximab was evaluated in r/r diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and r/r indolent NHL (iNHL) patients.Results: Seventy-five patients received single-agent pinatuzumab vedotin. The RP2D was 2.4 mg/kg, based on dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of grade 4 neutropenia >7 days in 1 of 3 patients and grade 4 neutropenia <7 days in 2 of 3 patients treated at 3.2 mg/kg (maximum assessed dose). No DLTs occurred at 2.4 mg/kg. At the RP2D, neutropenia was the most common grade ≥3 adverse event. Peripheral neuropathy-related grade ≥2 adverse events most frequently resulted in treatment discontinuation. Rituximab cotreatment did not impact safety, tolerability, or pharmacokinetics of pinatuzumab vedotin. Unconjugated MMAE exposure was much lower than antibody-conjugated MMAE exposure, without accumulation with repeat dosing. At the RP2D, objective responses were observed in DLBCL (9/25) and iNHL (7/14) patients; 2 of 8 patients treated with pinatuzumab vedotin (RP2D) and rituximab had complete responses. CLL patients showed no objective responses.Conclusions: The RP2D of pinatuzumab vedotin alone and with rituximab was 2.4 mg/kg, which was well tolerated, with encouraging clinical activity in r/r NHL. Clin Cancer Res; 23(5); 1167-76. ©2016 AACR.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Rituximab/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aminobenzoates/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Immunoconjugates/adverse effects , Immunoconjugates/immunology , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Oligopeptides/administration & dosage , Rituximab/adverse effects , Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
11.
Br J Pharmacol ; 174(8): 628-640, 2017 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28009435

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CD22 and CD79b are cell-surface receptors expressed on B-cell-derived malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). An anti-mitotic agent, monomethyl auristatin E, was conjugated to anti-CD22 and anti-CD79b antibodies to develop target-specific therapies for NHL. The mechanism of action (MOA) and pharmacological and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of these antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) were investigated in cynomolgus monkeys. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Animals were administered anti-CD22 or anti-CD79b ADCs, respective unconjugated antibodies or vehicle. Pharmacodynamic effects on total and proliferating B cells and serum PK were then assessed. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the ADCs were evaluated in vitro. KEY RESULTS: Depletion of B cells was observed after administration of either ADC or the respective unconjugated antibodies. An extended duration of depletion was observed in animals administered ADCs. Similarly, preferential depletion of proliferating B cells in blood and germinal centre B cells in spleen were only observed in animals administered ADCs. Serum PK profiles of ADCs and respective unconjugated antibodies were comparable. In vitro, anti-human CD22 and anti-human CD79b antibodies showed no or only moderate ADCC activity, respectively; neither antibody had CDC activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings support the proposed MOA: initial depletion of total B cells by antibody-mediated opsonization, followed by preferential, sustained depletion of proliferating B cells by the auristatin conjugate due to its anti-mitotic action. Delivering potent anti-mitotic agents to B cells via the specificity of monoclonal antibodies provides a means to eliminate pathogenic B cells in NHL with improved risk-benefit profiles over traditional chemotherapeutics.


Subject(s)
Antibodies/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/cytology , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , CD79 Antigens/immunology , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology , Animals , Antigen-Antibody Reactions , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Structure-Activity Relationship
12.
Lancet Oncol ; 16(6): 704-15, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25925619

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have an unfavourable prognosis with few treatment options. Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate containing an anti-CD79B monoclonal antibody conjugated to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin E. We aimed to assess the safety and clinical activity of polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory B-cell NHL and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). METHODS: In this phase 1, multicentre, open-label study, we enrolled patients with documented NHL or CLL expected to express CD79B (confirmation of CD79B expression was not required) and for whom no suitable therapy of curative intent or higher priority existed from 13 centres. The primary endpoints of the study were to assess safety and tolerability, determine the maximum tolerated dose, and identify the recommended phase 2 dose of polatuzumab vedotin as a single agent and in combination with rituximab. A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was used in which we treated patients with polatuzumab vedotin (0·1-2·4 mg/kg every 21 days) in separate dose-escalation cohorts for NHL and CLL. After determination of the recommended phase 2 dose, we enrolled patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and relapsed or refractory indolent NHL into indication-specific cohorts. We also enrolled patients with relapsed or refractory NHL into an additional cohort to assess the feasibility of the combination of polatuzumab vedotin and rituximab 375 mg/m(2). Patients who received any dose of polatuzumab vedotin were available for safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01290549. FINDINGS: Between March 21, 2011, and Nov 30, 2012, we enrolled 95 patients (34 to the NHL dose-escalation cohort, 18 to the CLL dose-escalation cohort, 34 with NHL to the expansion cohort at the recommended phase 2 dose, and nine with NHL to the rituximab combination cohort; no expansion cohort of CLL was started due to lack of activity in the dose-escalation cohort). The recommended phase 2 dose in NHL was 2·4 mg/kg as a single agent and in combination with rituximab; the maximum tolerated dose in CLL was 1·0 mg/kg as a result of dose-limiting toxic effects reported in two of five patients given 1·8 mg/kg. Grade 3-4 adverse events were reported in 26 (58%) of 45 patients with NHL treated at the single-agent recommended phase 2 dose, and the most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (18 [40%] of 45), anaemia (five [11%]), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (four [9%]). Serious adverse events were reported in 17 (38%) of 45 patients, and included diarrhoea (two patients), lung infection (two patients), disease progression (two patients), and lung disorder (two patients). Seven (77%) of nine patients in the rituximab combination cohort had a grade 3-4 adverse event, with neutropenia (five [56%]), anaemia (two [22%]), and febrile neutropenia (two [22%]) reported in more than one patient. 11 (12%) of 95 patients died during the study: eight with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (due to progressive disease in four patients, infections in three patients [two treatment related], and treatment-related worsening ascites in one patient) and three with relapsed or refractory CLL (due to progressive disease, pulmonary infection, and pneumonia; none thought to be treatment-related). At the recommended phase 2 dose, objective responses were noted in 23 of 42 activity-evaluable patients with NHL given single-agent polatuzumab vedotin (14 of 25 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, seven of 15 with indolent NHL, and two with mantle-cell lymphoma) and seven of nine patients treated with polatuzumab vedotin combined with rituximab. No objective responses were observed in patients with CLL. INTERPRETATION: Polatuzumab vedotin has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile in patients with NHL but not in those with CLL. Its clinical activity should be further assessed in NHL. FUNDING: Genentech.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , CD79 Antigens/immunology , Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , CD79 Antigens/biosynthesis , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Humans , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Rituximab
13.
Pharm Res ; 32(6): 1907-19, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25467958

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: A semi-mechanistic multiple-analyte population pharmacokinetics (PK) model was developed to describe the complex relationship between the different analytes of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) containing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and to provide insight regarding the major pathways of conjugate elimination and unconjugated MMAE release in vivo. METHODS: For an anti-CD79b-MMAE ADC the PK of total antibody (Tab), conjugate (evaluated as antibody conjugated MMAE or acMMAE), and unconjugated MMAE were quantified in cynomolgus monkeys for single (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg), and multiple doses (3 or 5 mg/kg, every-three-weeks for 4 doses). The PK data of MMAE in cynomolgus monkeys, after intravenous administration of MMAE at single doses (0.03 or 0.063 mg/kg), was included in the analysis. A semi-mechanistic model was developed and parameter estimates were obtained by simultaneously fitting the model to all PK data using a hybrid ITS-MCPEM method. RESULTS: The final model well described the observed Tab, acMMAE and unconjugated MMAE concentration-time profiles. Analysis suggested that conjugate is lost via both proteolytic degradation and deconjugation, while unconjugated MMAE in systemic circulation appears to be mainly released via proteolytic degradation of the conjugate. CONCLUSIONS: Our model improves the understanding of ADC catabolism, which may provide useful insights when designing future ADCs.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Models, Biological , Oligopeptides/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Intravenous , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/blood , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/blood , Biotransformation , Macaca fascicularis , Oligopeptides/administration & dosage , Oligopeptides/blood , Proteolysis
14.
Bioanalysis ; 5(2): 201-26, 2013 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23330562

ABSTRACT

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies with covalently bound cytotoxic drugs. They are designed to target tumor antigens selectively and offer the hope of cancer treatment without the debilitating side-effects of conventional therapies. The concept of ADCs is not new; however, development of these therapeutics is challenging and only recently are promising clinical data emerging. These challenges include ADC bioanalysis, such as quantifying in serum/plasma for PK studies and strategies for assessing immunogenicity. ADCs have complex molecular structures incorporating large- and small-molecule characteristics and require diverse analytical methods, including ligand-binding assays and MS-based methods. ADCs are typically mixtures with a range of drug-to-antibody ratios. Biotransformations in vivo can lead to additional changes in drug-to-antibody ratios resulting in dynamically changing mixtures. Thus, a standard calibration curve consisting of the reference standard may not be appropriate for quantification of analytes in vivo and represents a unique challenge. This paper will share our perspective on why ADC bioanalysis is so complex and describe the strategies and rationale that we have used for ADCs, with highlights of original data from a variety of nonclinical and clinical case studies. Our strategy has involved novel protein structural characterization tools to help understand ADC biotransformations in vivo and use of the analyte knowledge gained to guide the development of quantitative bioanalytical assays.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Biological Assay/methods , Immunoconjugates/chemistry , Immunoconjugates/immunology , Biotransformation , Drug Design , Humans
15.
J Clin Oncol ; 24(26): 4324-32, 2006 Sep 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16896006

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Ovarian cancers (OCs) frequently have HER2 activation in the absence of HER2 overexpression. Pertuzumab, a humanized antibody that prevents HER2 dimerization and inhibits multiple HER-mediated pathways, was studied in a phase II, multicenter trial in advanced, refractory OC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients (cohort 1) with relapsed OC received a loading dose of 840 mg pertuzumab intravenously followed by 420 mg every 3 weeks; 62 patients (cohort 2) received 1,050 mg every 3 weeks. Response rate was the primary end point. Fresh tumor biopsies were obtained in cohort 1 to assay for phosphorylated HER2 (pHER2). RESULTS: Median age was 57 years and median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was five. Fifty-five patients in cohort 1 and 62 patients in cohort 2 were assessable for efficacy. There were five partial responses (response rate [RR] = 4.3%; 95% CI, 1.7% to 9.4%), eight patients (6.8%) with stable disease (SD) lasting at least 6 months, and 10 patients with CA-125 reduction of at least 50% (includes two partial responses and four patients with SD > or = 6 months; total clinical activity, 14.5%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.6 weeks. Eight of 28 tumor biopsies (28.6%) were pHER2+ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; without gene amplification). Median PFS for pHER2+ patients was 20.9 weeks (n = 8) versus 5.8 weeks for pHER2- (n = 20; P = .14) and 9.1 weeks for unknown pHER2 status (n = 27). Pertuzumab was well tolerated with diarrhea in 69.1% (11.4% grade 3, no grade 4). Five patients had asymptomatic left ventricular ejection fraction decreases to less than 50% (one confirmed by central facility). CONCLUSION: Pertuzumab is well tolerated with a RR of 4.3% in heavily-pretreated OC patients. Further studies on pHER2 as a diagnostic are warranted.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Dimerization , Disease-Free Survival , Drug Administration Schedule , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genes, erbB-2 , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
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