Metabolic syndrome and the urinary microbiome of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Objective: To identify possible stone-promoting microbes, we compared the profiles of microbes grown from stones of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The association between MetS and urinary stone disease is well established, but the exact pathophysiologic relationship remains unknown. Recent evidence suggests urinary tract dysbiosis may lead to increased nephrolithiasis risk. Methods: At the time of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, bladder urine and stone fragments were collected from patients with and without MetS. Both sample types were subjected to expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC) and 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results: Fifty-seven patients included 12 controls (21.1%) and 45 MetS patients (78.9%). Both cohorts were similar with respect to demographics and non-MetS comorbidities. No controls had uric acid stone composition. By EQUC, bacteria were detected more frequently in MetS stones (42.2%) compared to controls (8.3%) (p=0.041). Bacteria also were more abundant in stones of MetS patients compared to controls. To validate our EQUC results, we performed 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. In 12/16 (75.0%) sequence-positive stones, EQUC reliably isolated at least one species of the sequenced genera. Bacteria were detected in both "infectious" and "non-infectious" stone compositions. Conclusion: Bacteria are more common and more abundant in MetS stones than control stones. Our findings support a role for bacteria in urinary stone disease for patients with MetS regardless of stone composition.

Urinary comprehensive genomic profiling predicts urothelial carcinoma recurrence and identifies responders to intravesical therapy.

Intravesical therapy (IVT) is the standard of care to decrease risk of recurrence and progression for high-grade nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, post-IVT recurrence remains common and the ability to risk-stratify patients before or after IVT is limited. In this prospectively designed and accrued cohort study, we examine the utility of urinary comprehensive genomic profiling (uCGP) for predicting recurrence risk following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and evaluating longitudinal IVT response. Urine was collected before and after IVT instillation and uCGP testing was done using the UroAmp™ platform. Baseline uCGP following TURBT identified patients with high (61%) and low (39%) recurrence risk. At 24 months, recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 100% for low-risk and 45% for high-risk patients with a hazard ratio (HR) of 9.3. Longitudinal uCGP classified patients as minimal residual disease (MRD) Negative, IVT Responder, or IVT Refractory with 24-month RFS of 100%, 50%, and 32%, respectively. Compared with MRD Negative patients, IVT Refractory patients had a HR of 10.5. Collectively, uCGP enables noninvasive risk assessment of patients following TURBT and induction IVT. uCGP could inform surveillance cystoscopy schedules and identify high-risk patients in need of additional therapy.

Impact of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and chemotherapy on the bladder microbiome in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Introduction: Intravesical therapy (IVT), including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is the standard of care for high grade (HG) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Despite the use of IVT, many patients recur after treatment. The bladder microbiome and its role in disease processes has recently risen to prominence. We aim to characterize changes that occur in the bladder microbiome over the course of intravesical therapy and assess whether these changes correlate with outcomes in patients with NMIBC. Methods: Patients with NMIBC undergoing induction BCG or intravesical therapy were prospectively enrolled from January 2019 to March 2020. Patients with clinical T2 or greater pathology or active urinary tract infection at enrollment were excluded. Twenty-nine patients had catheterized (bladder) urine samples collected prior to induction intravesical therapy and prior to each IVT instillation. Twenty-seven received BCG while 2 received intravesical gemcitabine. Bacteria were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Bladder microbiome changes were evaluated and differences between patients who recurred and patients who did not recur after IVT were investigated. Results: Across the 29 patients analyzed, bacterial richness decreased significantly following intravesical therapy (Richness, P=0.01). Evenness and overall diversity did not change significantly (Pielou, P=0.62; Shannon, P=0.13). Patients who experienced recurrence had a higher relative abundance of Aerococcus in their urine (P<0.01), while those who did not recur had significantly more Ureaplasma (P=0.01) and Escherichia/Shigella species (P=0.05). Patients with decreased levels of alpha diversity were more likely to fall within the non-recurrence cohort. Conclusion: IVT for NMIBC appears to change the urinary microbiome by decreasing richness while not altering evenness or overall diversity. The presence of Aerococcus species may be predictive of a poor cancer response to IVT, while the presence of Ureaplasma and Escherichia/Shigella may predict a favorable response to IVT. Further studies are warranted to elucidate and confirm the significance of changes in the bladder microbiome.

The rising incidence of ductal adenocarcinoma and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: Diagnostic accuracy of biopsy, MRI-visibility, and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Ductal adenocarcinoma (DA) and intraductal carcinoma (IDC) of the prostate are associated with higher stage disease at radical prostatectomy (RP). We evaluated diagnostic accuracy of biopsy, MRI-visibility, and outcomes for patients undergoing RP with DA/IDC histology compared to pure acinar adenocarcinoma (AA) of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of men receiving RP between 2014 and 2021 revealing AA, DA, or IDC on final pathology was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed. RESULTS: A total of 609 patients were included with 103 found to have DA/IDC. Patients with DA/IDC were older and had higher PSA, biopsy grade group (GG), RP GG, and other pathologic findings (extraprostatic extension, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, pN stage) compared to AA patients (all P < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, higher age, RP GG, and pT3a were associated with DA/IDC on RP (all P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of biopsy compared to RP for diagnosis of DA/IDC was 29.1% (16.7% DA, 27.8% IDC) and 96.6% (99.3% DA, 96.6% IDC), respectively. In a subset of 281 men receiving MRI, PI-RADS distribution was similar for patients with DA/IDC vs. AA (90.7% vs. 80.7% with PI-RADS 4-5 lesions, P = 0.23) with slightly higher biopsy sensitivity (41.9%). DA/IDC was associated with worse BCR (HR = 1.77, P = 0.02) but not biopsy DA/IDC (P = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity of prostate biopsy was low for detection of DA/IDC histology at RP. Patients with DA/IDC histology had unfavorable pathologic features at RP and worse BCR. Of patients with DA/IDC at RP, 90.7% were categorized as PI-RADS 4 to 5 on preoperative MRI.

MRI versus non-MRI diagnostic pathways before radical prostatectomy: Impact on nerve-sparing, positive surgical margins, and biochemical recurrence.

PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to biopsy has improved detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (CaP), but its impact on surgical outcomes is less well established. We compared MRI vs. non-MRI diagnostic pathways among patients receiving radical prostatectomy (RP) for impact on surgical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men diagnosed with CaP and receiving RP at Loyola University Medical Center (2014-2021) were categorized into MRI or non-MRI diagnostic pathways based on receipt of MRI before prostate biopsy. Primary outcomes of interest included positive surgical margin (PSM) rates, the performance of bilateral nerve-sparing, and biochemical recurrence (BCR). Multivariable logistic regression models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazards regression were employed. RESULTS: Of 609 patients, 281 (46.1%) were in the MRI and 328 (53.9%) in the non-MRI groups. MRI patients had similar PSA, biopsy grade group (GG) distribution, RP GG, pT stage, and RP CaP volume compared to non-MRI patients. PSM rates were not statistically different for the MRI vs. non-MRI groups (22.8% vs. 26.8%, P = 0.25). Bilateral nerve-sparing rates were higher for the MRI vs. non-MRI groups (OR 1.95 (95%CI 1.32-2.88), P = 0.001). The MRI group demonstrated improved BCR (HR 0.64 (95%CI 0.41-0.99), P = 0.04) after adjustment for age, PSA, RP GG, pT, pN, and PSM status. On meta-analysis, a 5.2% PSM reduction was observed but high heterogeneity for use of nerve-sparing. CONCLUSIONS: An MRI-based diagnostic approach selected patients for RP with a small reduction in PSM rates, greater utilization of bilateral nerve-sparing, and improved cancer control by BCR compared to a non-MRI approach even after adjustment for known prognostic factors.

Imaging Features of Renal Masses to Select Optimal Candidates for Tumor Enucleation Partial Nephrectomy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this paper was to critically evaluate preoperative findings that optimally select candidates for renal tumor enucleation partial nephrectomy. RECENT FINDINGS: Tumor enucleation has been widely accepted as a management option for patients with chronic kidney disease, hereditary renal cell carcinoma, or multifocal disease. Recent evidence suggests safety and efficacy in the management of routine small renal masses. With recent advances in imaging, the literature for ruling out aggressive renal cell carcinoma and selection for tumor enucleation is robust. As the incidence of renal cell carcinoma rises, partial nephrectomy continues to be the mainstay of treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma. Tumor enucleation maximizes preservation of renal parenchyma without hindering oncologic outcomes. It is important to recognize key tumor radiologic findings which urologists may use to optimize patient selection for tumor enucleation.

Robotic-assisted tumor enucleation versus standard margin partial nephrectomy: Perioperative, renal functional, and oncologic outcomes for low and intermediate complexity renal masses.

PURPOSE: Standard margin partial nephrectomy (SPN) with sharp incision across normal renal parenchyma carries perioperative morbidity and renal functional implications. Tumor enucleation (TE) is an alternative approach using a natural plane of dissection around the tumor pseudocapsule to maximize parenchymal preservation. We compared perioperative, functional, and oncologic outcomes for robotic-assisted TE to SPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients ≥18 years of age undergoing robotic-assisted TE or SPN were included (2008-2020). Baseline demographics and tumor characteristics were compared. Perioperative, renal functional, and oncologic outcomes were assessed for comparative effectiveness. RESULTS: A total of 467 patients were included with 176 (37.7%) TE and 291 (62.3%) SPN. Baseline characteristics and final histology were comparable; 18% of patients had baseline stage 3 chronic kidney disease. TE had lower median blood loss, operative time, length of stay, and fewer complications compared to SPN. Positive margin rates were higher for TE vs. SPN (8.5% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.04) with similar recurrence rates (2.3% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.48) and no difference in cancer-specific or overall survival with median 4.0 years follow-up. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was comparable (76.1 vs. 78.2, P = 0.63) while renal function in the first year was better preserved with TE (74.6 vs. 68.1, P < 0.001) showing an 8-point estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.001) advantage after adjustment. The rate of stage ≥3 chronic kidney disease by 12 months was lower for TE compared to SPN (21.5% vs. 34.1%, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: TE is an alternative approach to SPN associated with favorable perioperative and renal functional outcomes. While positive margin rates are higher, longer-term recurrence rates are no different suggesting pseudocapsule disruption during TE has limited impact on oncologic outcomes.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic diverticulectomy with ureteral reimplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to describe our experience with robot-assisted laparoscopic diverticulectomy with extravesical ureteral reimplantation in a pediatric patient. METHODS: A 7-year-old male presented with a symptomatic urinary tract infection secondary to Staphylococcus epidermidis. The patient was found to have a large congenital paraureteral bladder diverticulum on work-up. His options were discussed and he proceeded with robotic diverticulectomy. Intraoperatively, the diverticulum was found to obscure the left ureteral orifice, which necessitated synchronous dismembered extravesical ureteral reimplantation. RESULTS: Robot-assisted laparoscopic diverticulectomy with extravesical ureteral reimplantation was performed. The procedure time was 283 min, and estimated blood loss was 3 mL. The patient was discharged home on post-operative day 1. He was last seen in clinic six months after surgery and was doing well without any recurrent urinary tract infections. CONCLUSION: This video demonstrates a robotic approach for the treatment of complex congenital bladder diverticula. Robotic surgery offers the benefits of good visualization in the pelvis, minimal blood loss, and quick convalescence. Key portions of the diverticulectomy and ureteral reimplantation are clearly illustrated in this video, which can help other surgeons adopt this technique.

RIPK1 Mediates TNF-Induced Intestinal Crypt Apoptosis During Chronic NF-κB Activation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major pathogenic effector and a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet the basis for TNF-induced intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death is unknown, because TNF does not kill normal IECs. Here, we investigated how chronic nuclear factor (NF)- κB activation, which occurs in human IBD, promotes TNF-dependent IEC death in mice. METHODS: Human IBD specimens were stained for p65 and cleaved caspase-3. C57BL/6 mice with constitutively active IKKß in IEC (Ikkß(EE)IEC), Ripk1D138N/D138N knockin mice, and Ripk3-/- mice were injected with TNF or lipopolysaccharide. Enteroids were also isolated from these mice and challenged with TNF with or without RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors or butylated hydroxyanisole. Ripoptosome-mediated caspase-8 activation was assessed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: NF-κB activation in human IBD correlated with appearance of cleaved caspase-3. Congruently, unlike normal mouse IECs that are TNF-resistant, IECs in Ikkß(EE)IEC mice and enteroids were susceptible to TNF-dependent apoptosis, which depended on the protein kinase function of RIPK1. Constitutively active IKKß facilitated ripoptosome formation, a RIPK1 signaling complex that mediates caspase-8 activation by TNF. Butylated hydroxyanisole treatment and RIPK1 inhibitors attenuated TNF-induced and ripoptosome-mediated caspase-8 activation and IEC death in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to common expectations, chronic NF-κB activation induced intestinal crypt apoptosis after TNF stimulation, resulting in severe mucosal erosion. RIPK1 kinase inhibitors selectively inhibited TNF destructive properties while preserving its survival and proliferative properties, which do not require RIPK1 kinase activity. RIPK1 kinase inhibition could be a potential treatment for IBD.

The importance of bidirectional block during pulmonary vein isolation.

The definition of a successful ablation of atrial fibrillation can vary among electrophysiologists. A commonly described endpoint is bidirectional block of the four pulmonary veins. A case is described in which entrance block into a pulmonary vein was achieved early during pulmonary vein isolation. However, triggers from the pulmonary vein continued to conduct into the atrium, revealing the block was only unidirectional. Further ablation resulted in true electrical isolation and highlights the importance of achieving bidirectional block.

Strict versus liberal target range for perioperative glucose in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a liberal blood glucose strategy (121-180 mg/dL) is not inferior to a strict blood glucose strategy (90-120 mg/dL) for outcomes in patients after first-time isolated coronary artery bypass grafting and is superior for glucose control and target blood glucose management. METHODS: A total of 189 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were investigated in this prospective randomized study to compare 2 glucose control strategies on patient perioperative outcomes. Three methods of analyses (intention to treat, completer, and per protocol) were conducted. Observed power was robust (>80%) for significant results. RESULTS: The groups were similar on preoperative hemoglobin A(1c) and number of diabetic patients. The liberal group was found to be noninferior to the strict group for perioperative complications and superior on glucose control and target range management. The liberal group had significantly fewer patients with hypoglycemic events (<60 mg/dL; P < .001), but severe hypoglycemic events (<40 mg/dL) were rare and no group differences were found (P = .23). These results were found with all 3 methods of analysis except for blood glucose variability, maximum blood glucose, and perioperative atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that maintenance of blood glucose in a liberal range after coronary artery bypass grafting led to similar outcomes compared with a strict target range and was superior in glucose control and target range management. On the basis of the results of this study, a target blood glucose range of 121 to 180 mg/dL is recommended for patients after coronary artery bypass grafting as advocated by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.

The restoration of permanent immature anterior teeth, root filled using MTA: a review.

OBJECTIVES: Immature anterior teeth are at high risk of root fracture following root canal treatment. The literature was explored to determine the current status for post-endodontic restorative management of these teeth. DATA AND SOURCES: The authors explored multiple search engine databases to November 2008. Experiments included in the review involved simulated human or animal immature teeth with mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical plug. The experiments were designed to assess and compare the fracture strength of teeth restored with various materials. Studies that did not fulfil inclusion criteria were omitted from the review. STUDY SELECTION: Four in vitro studies fulfilled selection criteria and were systematically reviewed. All studies differed in sources of teeth, their simulated immature tooth model and mode of force application. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Current evidence, mostly from laboratory studies, suggests the use of composite resin materials placed deep into the coronal aspect of the root canal to impart superior fracture resistance. Further clinical research is needed to assess other reinforcing materials, which include a variety of post systems and luting agents.

Calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers: a review.

The aim of this review was to consider laboratory experiments and clinical studies of calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers. An extensive search of the endodontic literature was made to identify publications related to calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers. The articles were assessed for the outcome of laboratory and clinical studies on their biological properties and physical characteristics. Comparative studies with other sealers were also considered. Several studies were evaluated covering different properties of calcium hydroxide-based sealers including physical properties, biocompatibility, leakage, adhesion, solubility, antibacterial properties, and periapical healing effect. Calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers have a variety of physical and biological properties. Comparative studies reveal their mild cytotoxicity, but their antibacterial effects are variable. Further research is required to establish the tissue healing properties of calcium hydroxide in root canal sealers.

Natural rubber latex allergy and dental practice.

Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is a significant clinical problem with potentially life-threatening complications. Oral health care professionals must be able to screen for NRL allergy and refer patients or staff to a specialist for definitive diagnosis. Protocol for its management must be developed and incorporated into daily practice. Practitioners must be able to recognize and treat NRL exposure emergencies. Knowledge of the availability of substitute products and an adequate fresh stock of such products in dental practice can minimise the risk of adverse NRL sensitivity.