[Connected bras for breast cancer detection in 2021: Analysis and perspectives]. / Détection du cancer du sein à l'aide de soutiens-gorge connectés en 2021 : analyses et perspectives.

OBJECTIVES: Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women worldwide with about 2 million new cases and 685,000 deaths each year. Mammography is the most widely used screening and diagnostic method. Currently, digital technologies advances facilitate the development of connected and portable devices. To overcome some of the disadvantages of mammography (breast compression, difficulty in analyzing dense breasts, radiation, limited accessibility in some countries, etc.), portable devices, conventionally known as connected bras (CB), have been created to offer an alternative method to mammography. The objective of our review was to list all the published CBs in order to know their main characteristics, their potential indications and their possible limitations. METHOD: A bibliographical search in the PUBMED database selecting only articles written in French or English, between 2011 and 2020, found 7 CBs under development. RESULTS: These CBs use thermal, ultrasonic and impedance sensors. Their advantages are an absence of irradiation, an absence of breast compression and a flexibility of use (outside an X-ray cabinet). Mammary gland analysis times vary, depending on the device, between 30min and 24h. They are all connected to data transmission systems and models that analyze the results. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These CBs are mostly still undergoing clinical validation (only [iTBra] has been evaluated in a clinical trial) and require evaluation steps that will eventually allow their future use for breast cancer detection in high-risk women, particularly in women with dense breasts and in women between screening waves.

[Atypical purpuric oedema of the nose during granulomatosis with polyangiitis]. / Un œdème purpurique du nez atypique au cours d'une granulomatose avec polyangéite.

INTRODUCTION: Granulomatosis with polyangeitis or Wegener's disease is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium vessels associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). The most frequent sites are lung, ear, nose and throat and kidney. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report the case of a 47-year-old woman presenting purpuric oedematous plaque with bullous detachment of the nose and hospitalised for the assessment of two suspicious neoplastic lung lesions discovered as a result of a recent stroke and repeated seromucosal otitis. Granulomatosis with polyangeitis was suspected because of multiple systemic lesions. The histopathology of skin lesions and laboratory investigation results were consistent with this diagnosis. A favourable outcome was achieved with corticosteroids and rituximab. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of GPA is based on criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology. The cutaneous clinical aspect described in our case confirms the polymorphism of the cutaneous lesions possibly associated with this disease. They are rarely isolated but, in some cases, allow early diagnosis with improved prognosis, which remains severe in the absence of treatment.

A survey of breast cancer screening techniques: thermography and electrical impedance tomography.

Breast cancer is a disease that threat many women's life, thus, the early and accurate detection play a key role in reducing the mortality rate. Mammography stands as the reference technique for breast cancer screening; nevertheless, many countries still lack access to mammograms due to economic, social and cultural issues. Last advances in computational tools, infra-red cameras and devices for bio-impedance quantification allowed the development of parallel techniques like, thermography, infra-red imaging and electrical impedance tomography, these being faster, reliable and cheaper. In the last decades, these have been considered as complement procedures for breast cancer diagnosis, where many studies concluded that false positive and false negative rates are greatly reduced. This work aims to review the last breakthroughs about the three above-mentioned techniques describing the benefits of mixing several computational skills to obtain a better global performance. In addition, we provide a comparison between several machine learning techniques applied to breast cancer diagnosis going from logistic regression, decision trees and random forest to artificial, deep and convolutional neural networks. Finally, it is mentioned several recommendations for 3D breast simulations, pre-processing techniques, biomedical devices in the research field, prediction of tumour location and size.

[Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis associated with erythema nodosum]. / Mastite granulomateuse idiopathique associée à un érythème noueux.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, chronic, granulomatous, inflammatory disorder with potentially misleading clinical and radiological features. IGM is diagnosed after exclusion of infectious or tumoral diseases. Herein we report a case of erythema nodosum associated with IGM, which serves as a reminder that erythema nodosum may constitute an extra-mammary sign of IGM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 36-year-old nulliparous woman presented with fever and skin rash at our dermatology clinic at the North Franche-Comté hospital in July 2017. Symptoms had occurred 2 days previously. The patient had a fever of 38.8°C and typical erythema nodosum on the limbs. Physical examination showed an irregular, inflammatory, abscessed mass measuring 20cm with multiple shrinkage zones that had been developing for 4 weeks and for which breast examinations were being performed. Laboratory tests showed an inflammatory state (CRP 155mg/mL, WBC 14.6×109/L), other tests (serum electrolytes and calcium, hepatic and renal tests, Streptotest, T-spot, HIV, HBV, HCV serology, anti-streptolysin, anti-streptodornase, local microbiology samples, antinuclear antibodies, soluble antigens antibodies, hemocultures, angiotensin-converting-enzyme and chest x-rays) were normal. Microbiology investigations were negative. Mammography revealed invasive mastitis. Breast sample biopsies showed giant cell granulomas without caseous necrosis or tumor cells, and histochemical staining (PAS, Ziehl, Grocott, Gram) was negative. The final diagnosis was of IGM associated with erythema nodosum. Symptoms rapidly improved with oral steroids. DISCUSSION: As reported herein, erythema nodosum may be associated with IGM and support the diagnosis thereof. This association is rare, with fewer than 30 case reports described in the literature. IGM is an uncommon benign disorder of the breast that can mimic two frequent breast disorders: breast carcinoma and breast abscess. It usually occurs in young sexually active women. It appears as a tumor with an inflammatory solid painful mass, with nipple and skin retraction, occasionally with abscesses and accompanied by homolateral axillary lymphadenopathies. Radiologic findings are usually not specific for or suggestive of cancer. The histopathological picture of IGM is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid histiocytes forming non-caseating granulomas around lobules. Minor ductal and periductal inflammation is usually present. IGM is rarely associated with autoimmune system manifestations, especially erythema nodosum, arthritis, episcleritis or hidradenitis suppurativa. Although the physiopathology of IGM remains unclear, this case serves as additional evidence that the etiology of IGM is of autoimmune origin. While there is no recommendation for the treatment of IGM, oral steroids remain the cornerstone of therapy. CONCLUSION: We report a case of IGM associated with erythema nodosum. Dermatologists must be aware of this association.

[Hemothorax disclosing hemorrhagic necrosis of a pheochromocytoma: circumstance for detection of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa. Detection of 5 familial cases]. / Hémothorax révélateur d'une nécrose hémorragique d'un phéochromocytome: circonstance de découverte d'une néoplasie endocrine multiple de type II a. Dépistage de cinq cas familiaux.

Whilst investigating 26 members of the same family, we discovered 5 cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia type II a. The present report demonstrates the diagnostic value of basal plasma thyrocalcitonin (TCT) assays, before and after stimulation with pentagastrin, and of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays. Some of the clinical features encountered were novel--e.g. in one patient the phaeochromocytoma was revealed by a haemothorax with cardiovascular collapse--and others were peculiar; thus, in 4 cases the medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) was less than 2 cm in diameter and without lymph node or visceral metastases, even in patients aged 87, 59 and 56. More classically, MTC, always multifocal, was clinically silent, as were the two cases of phaeochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism. Phaeochromocytomas were difficult to diagnose. Ultrasonic tomography did not prove very helpful and the disease was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Finally, MTC secreted a variety of substances (TCT, CEA, beta-endorphin, somatostatin), and HLA A2-B15 antigens were found in 3 patients.